10-6-2014 1
CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT
UNITED INDIVERSITY
HKU University of the Arts
Rene KOOYMANHKUJune 2014
10-6-2014 2
History of European Integration
The Signature of the Treaty of Paris, April 18, 1951
The Signature of the Treaty of Rome, March 27, 1957
1945: End of World War II
1946: Churchill calls for “a kind of United States of Europe”
1950: Schuman Declaration
1951: Treaty of Paris: European Coal and Steel Community
1954: European Defense Community fails
1957: Treaty of Rome: European Economic Community and Euratom (EEC)
1963: France blocks entry of UK
1972: The UK, along with Ireland and the Denmark, joins the European Communities
10-6-2014 3
Europe of coal and steel
Founding Six:
France Germany Italy Belgium Netherlan
ds Luxembou
rg
10-6-2014 4
1973-1993
1973 United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland granted membership
1981 Greece join
1986 Spain and Portugal allowed in
1992 Maastricht Treaty Signed
1993 European Union formed out of the old EEC
10-6-2014 5
First decade of the 21st century: the Euro and the biggest enlargement
1 January 2002: 12 countries introduce the euro
2004: enlargement to Central and Eastern European countries - 10 new Member States join: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and SloveniaEurope has 25 Member States
2007: Bulgaria and Romania join Europe has 27 Member States
2013: Croatia joinsEurope now has 28 Member States
10-6-2014 6
The European Union: More then 500 million people – 28 countries
Member states of the European UnionCandidate countries
Members:
Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom
10-6-2014 7
EU Member States by Population 1 Germany
81,305,856 2 France
65,630,692 3 United Kingdom
63,047,162 4 Italy 61,261,254 5 Spain 47,042,984 6 Poland
38,415,284 7 Romania
21,848,504 8 Netherlands
16,730,632 9 Greece
10,767,827 10 Portugal
10,781,459 11 Belgium
10,438,353 12 Czech Republic
10,177,300 13 Hungary
9,958,453 14 Sweden
9,103,788
15 Austria 8,219,743 16 Bulgaria 7,037,935 17 Denmark 5,543,453 18 Slovakia 5,483,088 19 Finland 5,262,930 20 Ireland 4,722,028 21 Lithuania 3,525,761 22 Latvia 2,191,580 23 Slovenia 1,996,617 24 Estonia 1,274,709 25 Cyprus 1,138,071 26 Luxembourg 509,074 27 Malta 409,836
adapted from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html#ee
10-6-2014 8│ 8
A fair system for all EU regions(eligibility simulation)
3 categoriesof regions
< 75 % of EU averageGDP/capita*
*index EU27=100
75-90 % > 90 %
CanariasGuyaneRéunion Guadeloupe/MartiniqueMadeiraAçoresMalta
Less developed regions
Transition regions
More developed regions
Regional GDP figures: 2006-07-08© EuroGeographics Association for the administrative boundaries
│ 8
10-6-2014 99
The EU is run by five institutions
1. European Parliament - elected by the peoples of the Member States
2. Council of the Union - composed of the governments of the Member States
3. European Commission - driving force and executive body
4. Court of Justice - compliance with the law
5. Court of Auditors - sound and lawful management of the EU budget
10-6-2014 10
Policies and activities
EU member countries have transferred some of their law-making authority to the EU, in certain areas such as agriculture and fisheries
In culture policy-making is shared between the EU and the member governments
principle of subsidiarity
10-6-2014 11
History of cultural policy
The Council of Europe, which is distinct from the European Union (EU), first formalized cultural cooperation policy in Europe with its European Cultural Convention (since 1954 : signature is one of the conditions for becoming a participating state in the Bologna Process and its European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Now 47 Members
However, specific EU policy on cultural cooperation began between member states since its inclusion in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
10-6-2014 12
Culture occupies a special place in politics
Cultural activities are not considered the same as commercial goods and services, excluded from competition laws, free traffic, etc.
They play an important role in conveying European identity and values
Cultural diversity is strengthened by the free flow of ideas and nurtured by constant exchanges and interaction among Europeans
10-6-2014 13
EU Programs
MEDIA Programme European Capital of Culture European Cultural Route European Cultural Month Erasmus+ Programme European Heritage Days Modul-dance , Video Active Protected areas of the European Union Europeana.eu : digital access > six
million objects European Library
10-6-2014 14
Economic layer:
the visual matrix of cultural activitiesMain choices are
justified by:
i) focusing on creation
ii) production of data
Compared with the FCS2009 of UNESCO: coherency but more restricted boundaries
(exclusion of software, telecoms, recreation, sports, natural heritage, supporting materials)
10-6-2014 15
The Future
It is possible that Turkey will be next to join - as they have tried to become a member since 1987, but: 70 million inhabitants; second largest
after DE 99.7 % muslim; against EU multi-
culturalism efforts 23% under age of 15 / increasingly
aging EU Middle-East pride
EU Sceptics ??
The Entrepreneurial Dimensionof Cultural and Creative Industries in
Europe
Cultural and creative industries
‘Cultural industries’: goods or services that embody cultural expressions,irrespective commercial value: film, DVD, video, television and radio, video games, new media, music, books and press, performing arts, visual arts.‘Creative industries’ : use culture as an input , whose outputs are mainly functional: architecture, advertising, gaming, design and fashion.’
Delineation of the Cultural&Creative sector(KEA 2005)
Contribution Cultural/Creative sector
• UNCTAD: Creative Economy Report 2010• EU: See EDCCI Page 102
The new SME definition
Three criteria:
• Staff headcount• Annual turnover
or:• Balance sheet
turnover• ????
Size of EnterprisesBy sector across CCIs
eurokleis 2009
EDCCI: Page 64
CCIs : EU Top
Regions
LQ is an indicator of CCI employment relative to the total employment of the region, where LQ>1 indicatesan over-representation of CCI employment
Source: European Cluster Observatory
See EDCCI Page 102
Staff headcount - turnover
o Very small (< 2 milj EUR)o SMEs (2 – 10 m EUR)o Large enterprises:
Cultural Industries BRDo 763.000 taxable employees
Fesel/Söndermann BRD 2009
97% of headcount 27 % turnover3 % headcount 32 % turnover
< 1 % nr headcount 40 % turnover
o 210.000 Free-lance workersnot registered
Creative industries: headcount / turnover
Labour Market Characteristics• Labour market of the CCIs is complex• Thrives on numerous small initiatives• Careerwise a high degree of uncertainty • Non-conventional forms of employment; part-time,
temporary contracts, self-employment , free-lancers• Multiple job-holdings; combined other sources• New type of employer; the ‘entrepreneurial individual’
or ‘entrepreneurial cultural worker’• Does not fit into typical patterns of full-time pro’s• Heterogeneity of human resources categories; higher
professional training, vernacular backgrounds, craft industry, any other category
Product characteristics
• Creative inputs and products are abundant • Hypercompetitive environment• Succes is uncertain: ‘nobody knows’• Knowledge-based and labour-intensive input• Not ‘simply merchandise’, but express cultural
uniqueness and identities• Experience goods; production and
consumption ‘on the spot’• Product life-cycles are often short
Entrepreneurship indicators
OECD, Measuring entrepreneurship, 2010
Rene Kooyman3 June 2014
The Urban Quest
What’s going on?
Urbanisation From industrial production to a
knowledge society Growth falters; is absent Small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) of strategic value
EU Policy
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of strategic value
' Old School ' no longer valid: innovation = needed
The economic powerof the cultural and creativeindustries
Size of Enterprises
EDCCI: Page 64
2010 HKU Entrepreneurial Dimension of Cultural and Creative Industries
Talking about cities
• Demographics: aging population• Mobility: multicultural societies• Changing consumer patterns• The networks: a connected society
Abandoned Industrial area's
Revitalisation
Spatial components: metropolis and decay
Changing perspectives:Long-term /top-downBottom-up cooperative initiatives Jacobs Bourdieu Florida
The CURE Partners
CURE-WEB.EU
cre8te, Edinburgh
Colchester Borough Council
Grundstücksgesellsch Kettwig
Stadt Hagen (Lead Partner)
Stadt Dinslaken
Stad Brugge
Lille Métropole
Dublin: Temple Bar (observer)
Utrecht University of the Arts (academic partner)
Creative Urban Renewal (CURE)
Aims to facilitate triggered growth of the creative economy in decayed urban areas in medium-sized cities in Northwest-Europe
Very different situations:Tourism/heritage (Edinburgh, Brugge)Abandoned industrial sites: Essen Kettwig
(scheidshce Hallen), coal-mining areas Dinslaken, former textile industry Elbershallen, social-economical problem areas (Hagen, Lille)
Do we need a theoretical framework?
Concepts are an abstraction of reality We cannot communicate without
using concepts about the reality Creates a certain unity in objects
described and definitions Offers a self-audit facility to ensure
cohesion and appropriate conceptualisation for conclusions.
Creative Zone Innovator (CZI)
Sub-values and Indi-cators
Scheidt’sche Hallen Kettwig
Former Spinning Mill Closed in 1974 Public planning completed 2011 Housing area sold to an investor Partial demolition, reconstruction
and restauration 10.000 m2 for Creative Industries Flow of Diversity / Business
Modelling
Kreativ Quartier Lohberg Dinslaken
Coal mine closed in 2005 Total 40 ha with 11 heritage buildings City Council and Investment Company
develop a partner-based concept Principles of sustainability and economic
feasibility Combine renewable energy and Creative
Industries “Idea meets Market”: Learning Lab,
Creative Value Chain
Cultural Factory Elbershallen Hagen
Former Textile Industry redeveloped since 2000
Public private partnership: City of Hagen
4.5 ha : first businesses commercially driven; now diversified; daycare centre, bowling alley, supermarket; and Creative Industries (music school, dance studio, Theater an der Volme)
Diversity, Business Modelling
Creative Zone 22 Hagen
Underprivileged neighbourhood
Top-down initiative Slowing down shrinking
population Multi-cultural
advantages Co-working space Creatve Value Chain
Lille Metropole
Textile crisis 1970; regional unemployment, poverty
Trans-national initiative; concentrating on ‘the image’
Requalification of derelict areas into AV Cultural and Creative Incubator
4 dimensions: LL, CVC, FOD, CBM
Creative Value Chain: Screenworks Film Collective
Creative desks program: incubator (CBM), Non-profit coworking and learning space (LL) for
independent workers, freelancers, start-ups, and the local community
Collaboration with private sector and academia
Creative Edinburgh
CURE-WEB.EU
ICE ICE Store: Creative OutletStore
CURE-WEB.EU
ICE Store:ICE Store is a new way of doing business. It is a not for profit social enterprise consisting of a retail store selling the work of independent artists and designers from Scotland. Everything in ICE Store is handmade giving special meaning to all of our products.
ICE Store for Creatives:Picture this: a city centre location to showcase your work, a place where you will have an audience of thousands and the support to take your talents to the wider world. A dream? ICE Store makes this a reality!
ICE Store for Customers:Don’t you hate it when you can’t get that unique dress or necklace that suits you and the occasion perfectly? Or when finding the perfect gift for a friend becomes an impossible task? ICE Store makes it easy!
Brugge: cultural heritage
Empty shopping street not viable
Now: • pop-up shop• courses • vernacular design
Brugge – „design met wortels“Design with roots
CURE-WEB.EU
Contemporary design meets old handcraft techniques
Run workshops on knitting, making jewels with wax, old fabrics
Colchester UK
Hidden Kiosk
This One Wall
First site
How is it done?
1. Identify your fundamentals: basic dimensions (learning lab, creative value chain, flow of diversity, business modeling
2. Define the Core Values3. Identify and select Sub-values4. Specify and select Indicators
The Toolkit
Take Time: Urban Area Development is not done on a short-term strategy
Persist: hold on to your perspective Spread the word: communications
is key-factor Build alliances: define, discuss and
re-define your projects Learn when you move along......
Re-thinking uban policy
• comprehend the economic benefits (market and non-market) of the arts and culture
• recognise the fundamental importance of cultural value as a component of the urban value created by the cultural sector
• foster a positive climate for private sector engagement with the arts
• promote cultural policy as a core government function involving a wide range of departments including culture, heritage, education, urban / regional development, etc.
An effective urban policy will: