Distributional!Consequences!of!Labor!Demand!Adjustments!to!a!Downturn!Olivier!Bargain,!Herwig!Immervoll,!Andreas!Peichl,!Sebastian!Siegloch
GINI!DISCUSSION!PAPER!6!-!APPENDIXJANUARY!2011
INCOME!INEQUALITY!AND!PARTICIPATION:A!COMPARISON!OF!24!EUROPEAN!COUNTRIES!
APPENDIX
Bram!Lancee!and!Herman!van!de!Werfhorst!
GROWING!INEQUALITIES’!IMPACTS
January 2011
© Bram Lancee, Herman van de Werfhorst, Amsterdam
General contact: [email protected]!
Bibliographic!Information
Lancee, B., Werfhorst, H.G. van de (2011). Income Inequality and Participation: A Comparison of 24 European
Countries - Appendix. Amsterdam, AIAS, GINI Discussion Paper 6.
Information may be quoted provided the source is stated accurately and clearly.
Reproduction for own/internal use is permitted.
This paper can be downloaded from our website www.gini-research.org.
Income!Inequality!and!ParticipationA!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries
APPENDIX!
26!January!2011DP!6!-!Appendix
Bram!Lancee
University!of!AmsterdamAmsterdam!Centre!for!Inequality!Studies
Herman!van!de!Werfhorst
University!of!AmsterdamAmsterdam!Centre!for!Inequality!Studies
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Bram!Lancee,!Herman!van!de!Werfhorst
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!of!contents
APPENDIX:!COUNTRY!REGRESSIONS!.........................................................................................................................................7
Table!A.1.!Mean!social!participation!per!country!............................................................................................................7
Figure!A.1.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!social!participation!ordered!by!MDMI!..............7
Table!A.2!Country!OLS!regressions!explaining!social!participation.!...............................................................................8
Table!A.3.!Mean!cultural!participation!per!country!......................................................................................................11
Figure!A.2.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!cultural!participation!ordered!by!MDMI!.........11
Table!A.4!Country!OLS!regressions!explaining!cultural!participation.!.........................................................................12
Table!A.5.!Mean!civic!participation!per!country!............................................................................................................15
Figure!A.3.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!civic!participation!ordered!by!MDMI!..............15
Table!A.6!Country!logistic!regressions!explaining!civic!participation!.........................................................................16
GINI!DISCUSSION!PAPERS!................................................................................................................................................19
INFORMATION!ON!THE!GINI!PROJECT!.....................................................................................................................................21
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Appendix:!Country!regressions
Table!A.1.!Mean!social!participation!per!countryMean
AT 0.72
BE 0.74
CY 0.85
CZ 0.74
DE 0.73
DK 0.75
EE 0.66
ES 0.74
FI 0.80
FR 0.69
GR 0.85
HU 0.71
IE 0.73
IS 0.79
IT 0.75
LT 0.67
LU 0.72
LV 0.62
NL 0.74
NO 0.79
PL 0.64
PT 0.77
SE 0.75
SI 0.71
SK 0.73
UK 0.76
Figure!A.1.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!social!participation!ordered!by!MDMI
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Table!A.2!Country!OLS!regressions!explaining!social!participation.AT BE CY CZ DE DK EE ES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .056*** .002 .036*** .025*** .012*** -.006 .034*** .040***
(.008) (.001) (.007) (.006) (.003) (.008) (.006) (.005)Female .070*** .058*** .045*** .055*** .056*** .009 .074*** .065***
(.010) (.010) (.012) (.009) (.006) (.007) (.010) (.007)Age -.018*** -.030*** -.018*** -.031*** -.027*** -.024*** -.029*** -.022***
(.004) (.004) (.004) (.004) (.002) (.003) (.004) (.003)Age!squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000***
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married -.036** -.016 -.049** -.066*** -.055*** .026** -.053*** -.018*
(.012) (.012) (.017) (.014) (.008) (.009) (.013) (.008)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.023 -.030* -.094*** -.020 -.007 .053*** -.014 -.007
(.015) (.014) (.024) (.013) (.008) (.013) (.014) (.014)Widowed -.056 -.009 -.053 .035 .045** .051 .044* .024
(.030) (.030) (.036) (.019) (.017) (.027) (.021) (.020)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .020 .038* .056** .071*** .007 .003 .089*** .030**
(.014) (.016) (.017) (.014) (.009) (.011) (.014) (.010)Working!part-time .031 .054** .085*** .073** .035*** -.003 .046 .030*
(.016) (.017) (.026) (.026) (.009) (.015) (.027) (.015)Unemployed -.059* -.008 -.008 .033 -.038** -.005 .015 -.051***
(.028) (.022) (.037) (.023) (.013) (.022) (.027) (.015)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .077*** .013 .021 .074*** .065*** .010 .099*** .059***
(.014) (.013) (.014) (.017) (.012) (.010) (.017) (.009)Post-secondary!and!tertiary .099*** .032* .006 .081*** .069*** -.014 .107*** .076***
(.016) (.013) (.016) (.020) (.012) (.011) (.018) (.008)Constant 1.875*** 2.096*** 2.067*** 2.139*** 2.056*** 2.073*** 1.974*** 1.942***
(.080) (.077) (.087) (.083) (.052) (.066) (.082) (.057)Observations 4744 4433 2961 5644 10627 3970 4435 9436Adj.!R2 .083 .044 .059 .085 .051 .050 .130 .076
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Com
parison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!A.2!continuedFI FR GR HU IE IS IT LT
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .002 .023*** .017*** .014*** .020** .014** .004 .047***
(.002) (.005) (.005) (.004) (.006) (.004) (.004) (.006)Female .035*** .075*** .030** .028** .094*** .066*** .043*** .074***
(.006) (.007) (.009) (.011) (.013) (.011) (.006) (.011)Age -.019*** -.030*** -.014*** -.032*** -.017*** -.017*** -.020*** -.030***
(.002) (.003) (.003) (.004) (.005) (.004) (.002) (.005)Age!squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000** .000** .000*** .000***
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married -.022** .008 -.039** -.032* -.009 -.010 -.041*** -.081***
(.008) (.009) (.012) (.014) (.014) (.012) (.007) (.020)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .040*** .023* -.004 -.005 -.014 .016 -.041*** -.023
(.009) (.011) (.021) (.014) (.019) (.021) (.012) (.015)Widowed .022 .057** -.040 .064** .073** .066 -.022 .002
(.021) (.022) (.025) (.021) (.025) (.047) (.015) (.025)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .012 -.000 .024 .045** .060*** .016 .061*** .108***
(.008) (.011) (.012) (.014) (.016) (.016) (.008) (.017)Working!part-time .018 .006 .020 .042 .016 .006 .035** .027
(.012) (.014) (.018) (.028) (.018) (.021) (.012) (.036)Unemployed .009 -.030 .009 .025 -.013 .033 -.066*** .051
(.014) (.018) (.021) (.025) (.033) (.062) (.017) (.027)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education -.001 .005 .040*** .075*** .061*** .001 .061*** .094***
(.008) (.011) (.011) (.015) (.016) (.013) (.006) (.022)Post-secondary!and!tertiary -.024** .022 .032** .128*** .031* .012 .068*** .131***
(.009) (.011) (.012) (.017) (.014) (.013) (.008) (.022)Constant 2.066*** 2.043*** 1.954*** 2.099*** 1.817*** 2.008*** 1.910*** 1.948***
(.049) (.060) (.075) (.086) (.105) (.084) (.049) (.096)Observations 7512 6660 4139 5978 3011 1945 16528 3605Adj.!R2 .042 .054 .033 .075 .074 .090 .036 .143
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Table!A.2!continuedLU LV NL NO PL PT SE SK UK
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25Income .020* .030*** .030*** .000 .047*** .029*** .030*** .009 .005
(.009) (.006) (.007) (.001) (.004) (.005) (.007) (.007) (.003)Female .070*** .067*** .069*** .028** .051*** .030* .042*** .064*** .094***
(.012) (.015) (.010) (.010) (.006) (.012) (.008) (.010) (.008)Age -.026*** -.045*** -.029*** -.017*** -.032*** -.027*** -.018*** -.022*** -.024***
(.004) (.005) (.003) (.004) (.002) (.005) (.003) (.004) (.003)Age!squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000***
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married .034* -.057** .004 .011 -.040*** -.050** .014 -.010 -.040***
(.015) (.020) (.010) (.011) (.009) (.017) (.009) (.015) (.010)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.008 -.015 .016 .010 .003 -.000 .028* -.021 .021
(.018) (.017) (.013) (.015) (.012) (.023) (.011) (.017) (.015)Widowed .080** .002 .054* .126*** .009 -.026 .092** .015 .017
(.029) (.026) (.023) (.036) (.014) (.032) (.035) (.021) (.011)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .052** .111*** .004 .022 .043*** .064*** .019 .061*** .037***
(.017) (.022) (.014) (.015) (.009) (.018) (.012) (.018) (.011)Working!part-time .062** .039 .012 .028 .009 -.007 .041** .004 .053***
(.021) (.040) (.013) (.020) (.015) (.030) (.014) (.032) (.012)Unemployed -.093** -.051 -.028 .016 .000 .039 -.045 -.007 -.037
(.036) (.033) (.040) (.031) (.012) (.028) (.025) (.026) (.030)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .049*** .127*** .032** .049*** .078*** .049** .019 .097*** .028**
(.015) (.022) (.012) (.014) (.009) (.018) (.012) (.024) (.011)Post-secondary!and!tertiary .040** .200*** .036** .037** .121*** .069*** .005 .126*** -.005
(.015) (.024) (.012) (.014) (.012) (.018) (.013) (.027) (.011)Constant 1.914*** 2.190*** 2.168*** 1.933*** 1.989*** 2.122*** 1.927*** 1.854*** 2.015***
(.093) (.111) (.070) (.078) (.050) (.100) (.060) (.084) (.064)Observations 3306 3254 4315 2660 11785 3071 4615 4110 6253Adj.!R2 .058 .171 .098 .062 .117 .071 .061 .074 .054
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!A.3.!Mean!cultural!participation!per!countryMean
AT 0.25
BE 0.19
CY 0.12
CZ 0.13
DE 0.21
DK 0.26
EE 0.13
ES 0.20
FI 0.26
FR 0.22
GR 0.10
HU 0.15
IE 0.18
IS 0.27
IT 0.14
LT 0.11
LU 0.24
LV 0.12
NL 0.22
NO -
PL 0.09
PT 0.13
SE 0.23
SI 0.16
SK 0.14
UK 0.23
Figure!A.2.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!cultural!participation!ordered!by!MDMI
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Table!A.4!Country!OLS!regressions!explaining!cultural!participation.AT BE CY CZ DE DK EE ES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .814*** .103* .375*** .381*** .330*** .401*** .591*** .725***
(.076) (.041) (.078) (.063) (.041) (.080) (.049) (.056)Female .619*** .166* .164* .514*** .452*** .339*** .395*** .275***
(.080) (.073) (.072) (.049) (.042) (.071) (.050) (.057)Age -.123*** -.071** -.103*** -.131*** -.130*** -.108*** -.107*** -.049*
(.030) (.027) (.026) (.020) (.016) (.029) (.021) (.020)Age!squared .001*** .001** .001** .001*** .001*** .001*** .001*** .000*
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married .554*** .492*** .403*** .262*** .385*** .264** .076 .726***
(.096) (.092) (.116) (.071) (.052) (.088) (.065) (.067)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .272* .158 .071 .015 .101 .308* -.021 .461***
(.106) (.090) (.125) (.063) (.053) (.123) (.067) (.109)Widowed -.058 .090 -.043 -.081 .226* .199 -.119 .168
(.175) (.199) (.157) (.087) (.114) (.267) (.089) (.134)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .162 .608*** .025 .596*** .353*** .556*** .447*** .178*
(.109) (.105) (.090) (.069) (.060) (.108) (.062) (.072)Working!part-time .513*** .535*** .143 .460** .338*** .357** .482** .057
(.133) (.113) (.150) (.140) (.058) (.131) (.147) (.112)Unemployed -.541** -.007 -.300 -.067 -.540*** .096 -.017 -.275**
(.174) (.122) (.203) (.088) (.074) (.224) (.099) (.094)Lower!secondary!education!and!below !!ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education 1.357*** .754*** .538*** .653*** .668*** .725*** .459*** 1.110***
(.079) (.072) (.072) (.053) (.059) (.080) (.055) (.069)Post-secondary!and!tertiary 2.765*** 2.182*** 1.558*** 2.134*** 1.590*** 1.727*** 1.276*** 1.962***
(.105) (.087) (.105) (.100) (.064) (.096) (.072) (.075)Constant 6.947*** 4.829*** 6.162*** 6.519*** 6.968*** 7.122*** 6.002*** 5.513***
(.646) (.594) (.599) (.433) (.365) (.635) (.465) (.456)Observations 4735 4435 2961 5674 10479 4127 4466 9421Adj.!R2 .246 .204 .228 .246 .171 .178 .259 .256
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Com
parison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!A.4!continuedFI FR GR HU IE IS IT LT
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .207* .607*** .310*** .317*** .258*** .237*** .404*** .580***
(.087) (.076) (.039) (.042) (.072) (.060) (.054) (.042)Female .448*** .223*** .216*** .149* .277** .183 .121*** .271***
(.055) (.061) (.054) (.058) (.090) (.108) (.034) (.051)Age -.152*** -.050* -.043* -.132*** -.056 -.127** -.039** -.054*
(.023) (.024) (.019) (.022) (.033) (.041) (.013) (.023)Age!squared .002*** .001* .000 .001*** .001 .001* .000* .000
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married -.002 .430*** .658*** .560*** .050 .128 .721*** .327***
(.071) (.073) (.074) (.082) (.089) (.119) (.040) (.090)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .109 .289** .265* .186** -.058 .174 .483*** .298***
(.091) (.094) (.125) (.071) (.124) (.192) (.066) (.079)Widowed .157 .184 -.159 .241* -.032 -.060 .080 .262*
(.197) (.179) (.093) (.097) (.157) (.464) (.072) (.106)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .629*** .095 .283*** .455*** .707*** .105 .246*** .427***
(.081) (.089) (.059) (.067) (.107) (.161) (.043) (.064)Working!part-time .788*** .227* .188 .522*** .336** -.108 .083 .283*
(.124) (.114) (.099) (.153) (.108) (.194) (.066) (.130)Unemployed -.171 -.358** .113 -.270** -.002 .328 -.222*** .078
(.117) (.129) (.108) (.086) (.158) (.676) (.064) (.095)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .712*** .460*** .554*** .597*** .993*** .566*** .886*** .166**
(.069) (.073) (.056) (.052) (.106) (.116) (.038) (.055)Post-secondary!and!tertiary 1.990*** 2.006*** 1.386*** 2.343*** 1.953*** 1.703*** 1.714*** .770***
(.084) (.097) (.073) (.095) (.105) (.131) (.058) (.063)Constant 8.918*** 5.713*** 4.592*** 7.183*** 5.539*** 8.722*** 4.794*** 4.792***
(.494) (.511) (.440) (.486) (.773) (.896) (.284) (.486)Observations 7618 6665 4139 5970 3012 1953 16528 3606Adj.!R2 .237 .206 .298 .301 .307 .176 .225 .267
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Table!A.4!continuedLU LV NL PL PT SE SK UK
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Income .501* .367*** .573*** .530*** .338*** .456*** .127 .508***
(.205) (.051) (.073) (.027) (.061) (.070) (.069) (.060)Female .482*** .360*** .145 .127*** -.052 .103 .220*** .229***
(.102) (.059) (.081) (.028) (.066) (.063) (.061) (.061)Age .033 -.124*** -.071* -.066*** -.096*** -.142*** -.125*** -.059**
(.032) (.025) (.028) (.010) (.026) (.024) (.025) (.022)Age!squared -.000 .001*** .001** .001*** .001** .002*** .001*** .001**
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married .828*** -.080 .370*** .357*** .487*** .259*** .454*** .213**
(.113) (.079) (.084) (.042) (.099) (.071) (.093) (.073)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .239 .074 .106 .208*** .509*** .067 .185 -.176
(.130) (.072) (.099) (.054) (.136) (.092) (.112) (.104)Widowed -.186 -.184* .085 .046 -.230* .609* .149 .077
(.199) (.090) (.165) (.050) (.110) (.303) (.104) (.084)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .332* .179* .231* .251*** .197* .506*** .344*** .394***
(.145) (.077) (.110) (.037) (.082) (.094) (.097) (.083)Working!part-time .414* .305* .445*** .075 .038 .387*** .128 .348***
(.168) (.152) (.099) (.062) (.116) (.106) (.171) (.089)Unemployed -.557** -.295*** -.191 -.031 -.021 -.173 -.408*** -.358*
(.183) (.085) (.218) (.041) (.133) (.162) (.117) (.160)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education 1.144*** .329*** .774*** .265*** 1.263*** .545*** .501*** 1.139***
(.112) (.061) (.077) (.027) (.128) (.083) (.088) (.067)Post-secondary!and!tertiary 2.653*** 1.270*** 1.975*** 1.548*** 2.223*** 1.760*** 1.586*** 2.053***
(.183) (.088) (.089) (.054) (.186) (.095) (.127) (.077)Constant 2.962*** 6.722*** 5.514*** 5.291*** 6.482*** 7.816*** 6.992*** 5.122***
(.696) (.555) (.622) (.225) (.597) (.522) (.512) (.499)Observations 3309 3254 4325 11785 3068 4624 4114 6812Adj.!R2 .268 .280 .182 .348 .348 .190 .151 .191
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
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Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!A.5.!Mean!civic!participation!per!countryMean
AT 0.25
BE 0.19
CY 0.12
CZ 0.13
DE 0.21
DK 0.26
EE 0.13
ES 0.20
FI 0.26
FR 0.22
GR 0.10
HU 0.15
IE 0.18
IS 0.27
IT 0.14
LT 0.11
LU 0.24
LV 0.12
NL 0.22
NO -
PL 0.09
PT 0.13
SE 0.23
SI 0.16
SK 0.14
UK 0.23
Figure!A.3.!Summary!country!regressions.!Coefficient!of!income!on!civic!participation!ordered!by!MDMI
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Table!A.6!Country!logistic!regressions!explaining!civic!participationAT CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .343*** .390*** .158** .130*** .123 .308*** .266*** .082
(.061) (.086) (.055) (.030) (.074) (.049) (.036) (.098)Female -.400*** -.451*** -.422*** -.238*** -.121 .020 -.223*** .187***
(.070) (.084) (.065) (.047) (.068) (.080) (.049) (.049)Age -.026 .002 -.028 -.023 .118*** -.015 .040* -.052*
(.027) (.032) (.027) (.017) (.029) (.031) (.018) (.020)Age!squared .000 .000 .000 .000 -.001*** .000 -.000 .001**
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married .002 -.442*** .082 -.119* -.181* -.085 -.053 -.328***
(.084) (.127) (.091) (.057) (.085) (.104) (.058) (.064)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .010 -.489** -.042 -.069 -.126 .005 .045 -.175*
(.095) (.152) (.087) (.060) (.113) (.111) (.092) (.079)Widowed .247 -.093 .054 .213 -.170 .170 .215 -.335
(.174) (.228) (.146) (.128) (.246) (.165) (.123) (.179)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .054 .369** .504*** -.052 .250* .726*** .121 .165*
(.095) (.114) (.095) (.066) (.101) (.125) (.065) (.076)Working!part-time .213 .450* .318 .158* .114 .948*** .178 .126
(.118) (.188) (.189) (.065) (.131) (.201) (.100) (.103)Unemployed .038 -.292 -.389* -.491*** -.130 -.122 -.079 -.295**
(.177) (.259) (.183) (.096) (.204) (.270) (.099) (.108)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .664*** .501*** .695*** .389*** .391*** .254 .597*** .446***
(.100) (.104) (.132) (.086) (.087) (.149) (.061) (.066)Post-secondary!and!tertiary 1.115*** .922*** 1.589*** .826*** .900*** .987*** .874*** .976***
(.110) (.122) (.151) (.087) (.096) (.152) (.060) (.079)Constant -1.022 -1.222 -1.622** -.584 -3.277*** -2.506*** -2.314*** .852*
(.576) (.692) (.574) (.395) (.634) (.682) (.409) (.432)Observations 4747 2959 5676 10221 4113 4463 9415 7622Pseudo!R2 .045 .074 .065 .027 .035 .067 .047 .038
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
Page!!17
Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Com
parison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table!A.6!continuedFR GR HU IE IS IT LT LU
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .171*** .214*** .107*** .293* .081 .187*** .252*** .394***
(.040) (.046) (.028) (.147) (.072) (.025) (.049) (.075)Female -.306*** -.348*** -.293*** -.210* -.207* -.456*** .102 -.284***
(.055) (.085) (.080) (.090) (.104) (.040) (.113) (.084)Age .009 .062 .030 .083* .084* .013 -.008 .057*
(.022) (.032) (.032) (.033) (.039) (.016) (.047) (.029)Age!squared .000 -.001 -.000 -.001* -.001* .000 .000 -.000
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.001) (.000)Never!married -.229*** .148 -.007 -.225* -.157 .229*** .097 .301**
(.067) (.105) (.111) (.095) (.122) (.045) (.193) (.098)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.118 .038 .150 -.114 -.147 .282*** .186 .067
(.084) (.173) (.102) (.137) (.189) (.072) (.147) (.114)Widowed .106 -.219 .297* -.266 -1.293* -.101 .202 .352
(.156) (.230) (.149) (.173) (.534) (.112) (.226) (.222)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime -.054 .382*** .387*** .381** .162 .255*** .768*** .025
(.080) (.107) (.104) (.139) (.151) (.053) (.177) (.111)Working!part-time .055 .111 .466* .224 .255 .238** .847** .239
(.103) (.190) (.214) (.123) (.205) (.084) (.318) (.137)Unemployed -.208 -.664** -.426 -.132 .360 -.042 .163 -.378
(.127) (.240) (.231) (.212) (.527) (.096) (.303) (.211)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .290*** .608*** .754*** .647*** .623*** .605*** .799* .679***
(.077) (.105) (.132) (.114) (.119) (.046) (.323) (.090)Post-secondary!and!tertiary .901*** 1.080*** 1.886*** 1.047*** 1.065*** 1.178*** 1.551*** 1.032***
(.086) (.108) (.142) (.119) (.128) (.052) (.312) (.104)Constant -1.300** -3.566*** -3.974*** -2.813*** -2.003* -2.432*** -4.380*** -2.333***
(.474) (.726) (.692) (.768) (.829) (.346) (1.042) (.621)Observations 6642 4146 5976 3047 1954 16524 3606 3295Pseudo!R2 .033 .073 .082 .089 .051 .063 .066 .078
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
Page!!18
Bram!Lancee,!Herm
an!van!de!Werfhorst
Table!A.6!continuedLV NL NO PL PT SE SK UK
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Income .067* .318*** -.055 .314*** .183*** .379*** .027 .245***
(.030) (.089) (.031) (.035) (.039) (.084) (.038) (.038)Female .137 -.121 -.313*** -.338*** -.557*** -.181** -.350*** -.249***
(.106) (.087) (.086) (.062) (.097) (.066) (.070) (.056)Age .017 -.059* .176*** .066** .028 .101*** .008 -.024
(.040) (.030) (.032) (.025) (.039) (.024) (.029) (.020)Age!squared -.000 .001* -.002*** -.001* -.000 -.001*** -.000 .000*
(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)Never!married .028 -.426*** -.323** .138 .243 -.053 .015 -.127
(.145) (.088) (.101) (.082) (.134) (.077) (.099) (.066)Married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .006 -.566*** -.054 .147 .058 -.217* -.094 -.083
(.123) (.103) (.124) (.112) (.188) (.094) (.117) (.100)Widowed -.071 .034 -.074 .158 .509* .426 .283 -.142
(.191) (.193) (.280) (.138) (.243) (.291) (.144) (.077)Not!on!the!labour!market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Working!fulltime .881*** -.042 .420*** .524*** .473** .234* .347** .021
(.173) (.118) (.114) (.092) (.145) (.097) (.116) (.071)Working!part-time .395 .126 .286 .616*** .249 .121 .425* .143
(.303) (.108) (.164) (.154) (.248) (.112) (.207) (.082)Unemployed -.327 -.381 -.255 -.094 .109 -.377* -.091 -.365*
(.320) (.253) (.307) (.141) (.232) (.179) (.164) (.182)Lower!secondary!education!and!below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Upper!secondary!education .059 .546*** .337** .891*** .386** .481*** .512*** .602***
(.178) (.089) (.110) (.135) (.140) (.092) (.149) (.071)Post-secondary!and!tertiary .688*** .931*** 1.015*** 2.061*** 1.072*** .923*** 1.303*** .945***
(.182) (.097) (.119) (.146) (.145) (.100) (.167) (.073)Constant -3.350*** 1.955** -4.116*** -5.027*** -2.648** -2.516*** -1.911** -.626
(.884) (.655) (.698) (.549) (.864) (.532) (.595) (.446)Observations 3254 4309 2710 11801 3069 4627 4112 6831Pseudo!R2 .051 .041 .058 .122 .072 .039 .040 .047
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
Page! !19
Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Table
!A.6!co
ntin
ued
LVNL
NOPL
PTSE
SKUK
1718
1920
2122
2324
Inco
me
.067
*.3
18**
*-.
055
.314
***
.183
***
.379
***
.027
.245
***
(.030
)(.0
89)
(.031
)(.0
35)
(.039
)(.0
84)
(.038
)(.0
38)
Fem
ale.1
37-.
121
-.31
3***
-.33
8***
-.55
7***
-.18
1**
-.35
0***
-.24
9***
(.106
)(.0
87)
(.086
)(.0
62)
(.097
)(.0
66)
(.070
)(.0
56)
Age
.017
-.05
9*.1
76**
*.0
66**
.028
.101
***
.008
-.02
4(.0
40)
(.030
)(.0
32)
(.025
)(.0
39)
(.024
)(.0
29)
(.020
)Ag
e!squ
ared
-.00
0.0
01*
-.00
2***
-.00
1*-.
000
-.00
1***
-.00
0.0
00*
(.000
)(.0
00)
(.000
)(.0
00)
(.000
)(.0
00)
(.000
)(.0
00)
Neve
r!mar
ried
.028
-.42
6***
-.32
3**
.138
.243
-.05
3.0
15-.
127
(.145
)(.0
88)
(.101
)(.0
82)
(.134
)(.0
77)
(.099
)(.0
66)
Marr
iedre
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.Di
vorc
ed/S
epar
ated
.006
-.56
6***
-.05
4.1
47.0
58-.
217*
-.09
4-.
083
(.123
)(.1
03)
(.124
)(.1
12)
(.188
)(.0
94)
(.117
)(.1
00)
Wid
owed
-.07
1.0
34-.
074
.158
.509
*.4
26.2
83-.
142
(.191
)(.1
93)
(.280
)(.1
38)
(.243
)(.2
91)
(.144
)(.0
77)
Not!o
n!the!la
bour!m
arke
tre
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.W
orkin
g!ful
ltim
e.8
81**
*-.
042
.420
***
.524
***
.473
**.2
34*
.347
**.0
21(.1
73)
(.118
)(.1
14)
(.092
)(.1
45)
(.097
)(.1
16)
(.071
)W
orkin
g!par
t-tim
e.3
95.1
26.2
86.6
16**
*.2
49.1
21.4
25*
.143
(.303
)(.1
08)
(.164
)(.1
54)
(.248
)(.1
12)
(.207
)(.0
82)
Unem
ploy
ed-.
327
-.38
1-.
255
-.09
4.1
09-.
377*
-.09
1-.
365*
(.320
)(.2
53)
(.307
)(.1
41)
(.232
)(.1
79)
(.164
)(.1
82)
Lowe
r!sec
onda
ry!ed
ucat
ion!an
d!belo
wre
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.re
f.Up
per!s
econ
dary!ed
ucat
ion.0
59.5
46**
*.3
37**
.891
***
.386
**.4
81**
*.5
12**
*.6
02**
*(.1
78)
(.089
)(.1
10)
(.135
)(.1
40)
(.092
)(.1
49)
(.071
)Po
st-s
econ
dary!an
d!ter
tiary
.688
***
.931
***
1.01
5***
2.06
1***
1.07
2***
.923
***
1.30
3***
.945
***
(.182
)(.0
97)
(.119
)(.1
46)
(.145
)(.1
00)
(.167
)(.0
73)
Cons
tant
-3.3
50**
*1.
955*
*-4
.116
***
-5.0
27**
*-2
.648
**-2
.516
***
-1.9
11**
-.62
6(.8
84)
(.655
)(.6
98)
(.549
)(.8
64)
(.532
)(.5
95)
(.446
)Ob
serv
ation
s32
5443
0927
1011
801
3069
4627
4112
6831
Pseu
do!R
2.0
51.0
41.0
58.1
22.0
72.0
39.0
40.0
47
Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat;; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).
GINI!Discussion!Papers
Recent publications of GINI. They can be downloaded from the website www.gini-research.org under the subject Papers.
DP!6! Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!+!Appendix
!! Bram!Lancee!and!Herman!van!de!Werfhorst!! January!2011
DP!5! Household!Joblessness!and!Its!Impact!on!Poverty!and!Deprivation!in!Europe
!! Marloes!de!Graaf-Zijl!! January!2011
DP!4! Inequality!Decompositions!-!A!Reconciliation
!! Frank!A.!Cowell!and!Carlo!V.!Fiorio!! December!2010
DP!3! A!New!Dataset!of!Educational!Inequality
!! Elena!Meschi!and!Francesco!Scervini!! December!2010
DP!2! Coverage!and!adequacy!of!Minimum!Income!schemes!in!the!European!Union
!! Francesco!Figari,!Tina!Haux,!Manos!Matsaganis!and!Holly!Sutherland!! November!2010
DP!1! Distributional!Consequences!of!Labor!Demand!Adjustments!to!a!Downturn.!A!Model-based!Approach!with!Application!to!!! Germany!2008-09
!! Olivier!Bargain,!Herwig!Immervoll,!Andreas!Peichl!and!Sebastian!Siegloch!! September!2010
Page! !20
Bram!Lancee,!Herman!van!de!Werfhorst
Page! !21
Income!Inequality!and!Participation:!A!Comparison!of!24!European!Countries!!-!Appendix
Information!on!the!GINI!project
AimsThe core objective of GINI is to deliver important new answers to questions of great interest to European societies: What are the social, cultural and political impacts that increasing inequalities in income, wealth and education may have? For the answers, GINI combines an interdisciplinary analysis that draws on economics, sociology, political science and health studies, with improved methodologies, uniform measurement, wide country coverage, a clear policy dimension and broad dissemination.
Methodologically, GINI aims to:
exploit differences between and within 29 countries in inequality levels and trends for understanding the impacts and teasing out implications for policy and institutions,
elaborate on the effects of both individual distributional positions and aggregate inequalities, and
allow for feedback from impacts to inequality in a two-way causality approach.
The project operates in a framework of policy-oriented debate and international comparisons across all EU
countries (except Cyprus and Malta), the USA, Japan, Canada and Australia.
Inequality!Impacts!and!Analysis
Social impacts of inequality include educational access and achievement, individual employment oppor-tunities and labour market behaviour, household joblessness, living standards and deprivation, family and household formation/breakdown, housing and intergenerational social mobility, individual health and life expectancy, and social cohesion versus polarisation. Underlying long-term trends, the economic cycle and
increasing income/educational inequalities widen cultural and political ‘distances’, alienating people from
trust? Is acceptance of inequality and policies of redistribution affected by inequality itself ? What effects
and opportunity), and addresses the question what contributions policy making itself may have made to the growth of inequalities.
Support!and!ActivitiesThe project receives EU research support to the amount of Euro 2.7 million. The work will result in four
www.gini-research.org
Amsterdam!Institute!for!Advanced!labour!Studies!
University!of!Amsterdam!
!
Plantage!Muidergracht!12!! !!1018!TV!Amsterdam!! !!The!Netherlands!
Tel!+31!20!525!4199!! !!Fax!+31!20!525!4301!
[email protected]!! !!www.gini-research.org
Project funded under the
Socio-Economic sciences
and Humanities theme.