Footnote-Styles and Exercise
Prof. Vijender Kumar
Professor of Law & Commonwealth Fellow NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad
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Acknowledgement of Sources
FootnotesFootnotes Page-wiseFootnotes Chapter-wiseFootnotes Section-wise
Endnotes References
Use of footnotes1. To validate a point, statement or argument. In the
interest of scholarly honesty, the source or authority should be acknowledged through the use of footnotes.
2. To explain, supplement, or amplify material that is included in the main body of a paper/thesis.
3. Provide cross-reference to other sections of the paper/thesis.
4. Acknowledge direct or indirect quotations.5. Provide the reader with sufficient information to
enable him to consult sources independently.
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Information used in Footnotes
The following information is usually included in footnotes: Printed sources
i) Source of information, usually the name of the authorii) Title of the sourceiii) Year, edition, volume, or part of publicationiv) Publisher and place of publicationv) Exact page (s) of the source of reference
Information used in Footnotes
The following information is usually included in footnotes: Electronic sources
i) Source of information, usually the name of the authorii) Title of the sourceiii) Year, edition, volume, or part of publicationiv) Publisher and place of publicationv) Exact page (s) of the source of referencevi) URL addressvii) Date when the website was visited
(Exercise with illustrations)
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Citation Methods
1. Citation of a Book authored: (a) By a single writer:
Format: Name of the author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition,
Page no. Illustration:
Asutosh Mookerjee, "Marriage, Separation and Divorce", 3rd ed. 2002, p. 376.
Mookerjee Asutosh, Marriage, Separation and Divorce, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-379.
Mookerjee Asutosh, Marriage, Separation and Divorce, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-765.
Mookerjee Asutosh, MARRIAGE, SEPARATION AND DIVORCE, 3rd
ed. 2002, pp. 376-380.
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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style
Asutosh Mookerjee, MARRIAGE, SEPARATION AND DIVORCE, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-380.
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Citation Methods
(b) By two writers: Format:
Name of the authors, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.
Illustration: Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, "Family Law", 4th ed. 1998,
p. 87. Diwan Paras and Diwan Peeyushi, Family Law, 4th ed. 1998,
pp. 87-89. Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, Family Law, 4th ed. 1998,
p. 87. Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, FAMILY LAW, 4th ed. 1998,
p. 87.
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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style
Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, FAMILY LAW, 4th ed. 1998, p. 87.
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Citation Methods
(c) By Multiple writers (three or more): Format:
Name of the authors (the first one) et al., Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.
Illustration: Christina L. Kunz et al., "Legal Research", 4th ed. 1996, p. 154. Kunz Christina L. et al., Legal Research, 4th ed. 1996, pp. 154-
161. Christina L. Kunz et al., Legal Research, 4th ed. 1996, p. 154. Christina L. Kunz et al., LEGAL RESEARCH, 4th ed. 1996, p.
154.
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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style
Christina L. Kunz et al., LEGAL RESEARCH, 4th ed. 1996, p. 154.
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Citation Methods
2. Citation of a book edited: (i) By a single editor:
Format: Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book, No. of edition Year
of edition, Page no. Illustration:
R.K.Raizada (ed.), "Women and the Law", 1st ed. 1996, p. 45. Raizada R.K. (ed.), Women and the Law, 1st ed. 1996, pp. 45-
46. R.K.Raizada (ed.), Women and the Law, 1st ed. 1996, p. 45. R.K.Raizada (ed.), WOMEN AND THE LAW, 1st ed. 1996, p.
45.
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Citation Methods (ii) By two editors:
Format: Name of the editors (eds.), Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition,
Page no. Illustration:
Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), "Human Rights Education, Law and Society", 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.
Singh Ranbir and Singh Ghanshyam (eds.), Human Rights Education, Law and Society, 1st ed. 2004, pp. 293-305.
Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), Human Rights Education, Law and Society, 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.
Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION, LAW AND SOCIETY, 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.
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Citation Methods (iii) By three or more than three editors:
Format: Name of the editors, the first one only et al. (eds.), Title of the book, No. of
edition Year of edition, Page no. Illustration:
Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), "Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges", 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.
Singh Ranbir et al. (eds.), Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges, 1st ed. 2004, pp. 356-359.
Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges, 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.
Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), CYBER SPACE AND THE LAW-ISSUES AND CHALLENGES, 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.
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Citation Methods 3. Citation of a book revised:
(i) By a single author: Format:
Name of the revised author (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.
Illustration: Vijender Kumar (rev.), John D. Mayne, “Treatise
on Hindu Law and Usage”, 17th ed. 2014, p. 915. Satyajeet Desai (rev.), D. F. Mulla, PRINCIPLES
OF HINDU LAW, 20th ed. 2001, pp. 123-126.
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Citation Methods
(ii) By two authors: Format:
Name of the revised authors (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.
Illustration: Rangnath Mishra and Vijender Kumar (rev.),
John D. Mayne, “Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage”, 16th ed. 2008, p. 15.
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Citation Methods
(ii) By three or more than three authors: Format:
Name of the revised authors (the first one only) et al. (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.
Illustration: Vijender Kumar et al. (rev.), G. D. Banerjee,
“Marriage and Stridhan”, 2nd ed. 2010, p. 115.
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Article Published in the Journal-(i) Citation of an article published in a Journal:
NALSAR Law Review: 1NLR 2003
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of
the article, Vol. no. of the Journal, Part no. of the Journal (if any), Name/Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, Page no.
Illustration: Archana Parashar, “Welfare of the Child in Family
Laws-India and Australia”, 1NLR 2003, p. 49.
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Contd. Journal of the Indian Law Institute:
47 JILI (2005)51 JILI (2009)
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of the article, Vol.
no. of the Journal, Part no. of the Journal (if any), Name/Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, Page no.
Illustration: Vijender Kumar, "Basis and Nature of Pious Obligation of Son to Pay
Father's Debt vis-à-vis Statutory Modifications in Hindu Law", 36 JILI (1994), p. 339.
Kumar Vijender, Basis and Nature of Pious Obligation of Son to Pay Father's Debt vis-à-vis Statutory Modifications in Hindu Law, 36 JILI (1994), p. 339.
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Contd.
NALSAR Student Law Review: 2005 (1) NSLR <page no.>
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of
the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.
Illustration: Parvathy R Menon, “A Critical Analysis of State
Response to Farmer Suicide: Agrarian Distress in Andhra Pradesh”, 2005 (1) NSLR, p. 25.
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Citation Methods
(iii) Citation of an article Published in a book edited: Format:
Name of the author of the article, Title of the article, Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the Book, No. of edition, Year of Publication, Page no.
Illustration: Elizabeth S. Scott, "Marital Commitment and the Legal
Regulation of Divorce", Antony W Dunes (ed.), THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, 1st ed. 2002, p. 35.
Scott Elizabeth S., Marital Commitment and the Legal Regulation of Divorce, Dunes Antony W (ed.), THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, 1st ed. 2002, p. 35.
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(iv) Citation of a paper/ article Published in a Law/Case Reporter:
All India Reporter: AIR 2005 Journal 162
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of
the article, Name / Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, title of the section of the Reporter, Page no.
Illustration: Manoj Kumar Sharma, “Right to Health and Care as a
Fundamental Right”, AIR 2005 Journal 255.
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Contd. Supreme Court Journal: (2002) 1 S.C.J.
2005 (5) SCJ
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of
the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.
Illustration: K. Vivek Reddy, “Res Judicata in Execution Procedings:
A Decisional Analysis”, (2002) 1 S.C.J., p. 1.
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Contd.
Andhra Law Times: 2003 (6) ALT
FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of
the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.
Illustration: Shweta Pandey, “Domestic Violence Against Women:
Issues and Remedies”, 2003 (6) ALT, p. 44. K.V.G. Krishna Murthy, “Role of Judicial Officers in
Administration of Justice”, 2001 (3) ALT, p. 7.
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Contd.
Supreme Court Cases: (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 12
Format: Name of the Researcher (author of the paper/article), Title of the
paper/article, Year of Publication, Vol. no. of the Journal, Name / Title of the Law / Case Reporter, Journal section, Page no.
Illustration:
B B Pande, "Right to Life or Death?: For Bharat both cannot be 'Right", (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 19.
Pande B B, Right to Life or Death?: For Bharat both cannot be 'Right, (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 19.
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The Criminal Law Journal:
Mode of citation:
2005 Cri.L.J. 92 (SC)
2005 Cri.L.J. 2401 (MP)
2005 Cri.L.J., p….
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Company Cases:
Mode of citation:
Statutes: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas (St.), p….
Report: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas, p….
Journal: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas, (Journal), p….
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Company Law Journal:
Mode of Citation:
Reports: (2005) 5 Comp LJ (…)
Journal: (2005) 5 Comp LJ (journal), p…
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The All England Law Reporters:
Mode of Citation:
[1939] 1 All E R
Example:
X v. Y, [1985] 2 All E R 76
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(v) Citation of research Published as a part of a Survey of Law, (Annual Survey of Indian Law):
Annual Survey of Indian Law: XXXIX ASIL (2003)
Format: Name of the author of the research paper, Title of the
research paper, Vol. no., Name of the Survey, Year of publication, Page no.
Illustration: Poonam Pradhan Saxena, "Family Law and
Succession", XXXVII ASIL (2001), p. 311. Vepa P Sarathi, “Civil Procedure and Evidence”, XXXVIII
ASIL (2002), pp.43-63.
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Citation Methods (vi) Citation of a paper/write-up Published in a Newspaper:
Format: Name of the author, Title of the paper/write-up, Name of the
Newspaper, Place of Publication of the Newspaper, Day Date Year of Publication, Page no.
Illustration: Chirdeep Bagga, "Law may put daughters, sons on a par", THE
TIMES OF INDIA, Hyderabad, Friday, December 17, 2004, p. 10. Bagga Chirdeep, Law may put daughters, sons on a par, The Times
of India, Hyderabad, Friday, December 17, 2004, p. 10. Vaiju Naravane, "Women, a battered section of society", THE HINDU,
Hyderabad, Tuesday, March 9, 2004, p. 12. Naravane Vaiju, Women, a battered section of society, The Hindu,
Hyderabad, Tuesday, March 9, 2004, p. 12.
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Internet-method of citation: If the website gives information as to when it
was last modified/updated, that must be cited and also one must cite the date of visiting the website.
Format: Book / Article:Name of the Author, Title of the Book, URL address, Date of visit.
Illustration: Lon Fuller, “Morality of Law”,
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocot.html, p. 10, (September 24, 2013).
samples
http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in (visited September 14, 2013).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education_in_India, (visited September 15, 2013).
LAW SCHOOLS AND LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA by Dyutimoy Mukherje,
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=dyutimoy_mukherjee, (visited September 16, 2013).
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Unpublished Research work:
Thesis / Dissertation Ajai Kumar, “Changing Attitude Towards Marriage Under Various Personal Laws in India: A Socio-Legal Study”, (2001), (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, M.D. University, Rohtak), p. 116.
Vijender Kumar, “The Doctrine of Son’s Pious Obligation to Pay his Father’s Debt- A Socio-Legal Critique”, (1993), (Unpublished LL.M. Dissertation, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra), p. 245.
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Contd.
InterviewInterview with Upendra Baxi, Leader of Human Rights in Delhi, (February 23, 2014).
Subordinate footnotes
Ibid: ‘ibidem’; in the same place or work -used when two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work; if reference is to different page (s), page No. (s) are indicated.
Supra: ‘above’; used to refer to text already cited. Op. cit: ‘opere citato’; in the work cited- used when
reference is made to the same work as a preceding but not immediately preceding reference.
Infra: ‘below’ - used to refer text following.
Examples of Abbreviations
SIC: ‘thus’; used to call attention to the fact that an error in spelling, grammar or fact is in the original; enclosed by square brackets [ ] and placed immediately after the work or phrase in question.
V. VV.: verse, verses. Vs. : ‘versus’ ; against. Vid or vide: ‘see’ Rev.: revised or revision- e.g., rev. ed.: revised edition. E. G.: ‘Exempli gratia’, for example Et al.: ‘et alia’, and others (used to refer to co-author when
there are three or more)