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What are they?
Vitamins
Nutrition
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Nutrition
Vitamins
Why are we tired without them?
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Nutrition
Vitamins
Eijkman, Indonesia, 1890
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Vitamins
Definition
• Organic
• Essential
• Small Amounts
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Vitamins
International Units
1 International Unit Vitamin A = 0.0003 mg
1 International Unit Vitamin C = 0.000025 mg
1 International Unit Vitamin D = 0.05 mg
* International Units must NEVER be abbreviated to IU
This is mandated by JCAHO, IOM, ISMP
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Vitamins
General Functions
• Coenzymes
• Antioxidants
• Food Additives
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Vitamins
Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Adequate Intake (AI)
Tolerable Uptake Intake Level (UL)
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Vitamins
Properties
• Solubility
• Storage
• Excretion
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Vitamins
Solubility
Fat Soluble
Water Soluble
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Vitamins: Fat Soluble
Angels Do Everything Kindly
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Vitamin A (Retinol)
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Vitamin A (Retinol)
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Vitamin A (Retinol)
Double Vision
Hair Loss
Liver Damage
Night Blindness
Macular Degeneration
Brittle Hair and Skin
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Vitamin A (Retinol)
GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas)
Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s)
Children with deficient diets
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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Hypocalcemia
Children - Rickets
Adults - Osteoporosis
Calcification of Soft Tissues and Organs
Hypertension
Hypercalcemia
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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Taking a closer look at Rickets
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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas)
Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s)
Children
People with limited sunlight exposure
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Premature Infants – Hemolytic Anemia
Children and Adults – Weakness
Interferes with Vitamin K and clotting mechanism
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas)
Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s)
Premature Infants
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Vitamin K
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Vitamin K
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Vitamin K
May lead to hemorrhage
Interferes with anticoagulant effect of coumadin
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Vitamin K
Malabsorption Syndromes
Persons undergoing intestinal surgery
Newborns
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Vitamins: Water Soluble
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
GI Disturbances
Diarrhea
Tissue Bleeding
Poor wound healing
Scurvy
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Taking a closer look at Scurvy
Bleeding Gums
Periungual Bleeding
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
No known toxicities
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
BeriBeri
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Taking a closer look at BeriBeri
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Alcoholics
Diabetics
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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
No known toxicities
Usually found in conjunction with other B Vitamin deficienciesNo single B2 deficiency
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Disorders of the skin and nervous system
Pellegra
Flushing and tingling of the skin
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Taking a closer look at Pellegra
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Poor dietary intake
Eating disorders
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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
IrritabilityConvulsions Uncoordinated
MovementsNerve Damage
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
May mask Vitamin B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic Anemia
Neural Tube Defects
Spina Bifida
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Taking a closer look at Spina Bifida
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Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Pregnant Women
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
No toxicity symptomsPernicious Anemia – lack of the intrinsic factor necessary for B12 absorption
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Pernicious Anemia (lack of intrinsic factor)
Vegans (vegetarians who eat no meat)
Elderly (decreased intrinsic factor)
Stomach and/or intestinal surgeries
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The Others
The other water soluble vitamins are fairly plentiful in foods and are associated with no
significant deficiency or toxicity risks.
How to be sure your diet contains enough of the various vitamins?
Eat a balanced and varied diet.