From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Behavioral Cognitive Behavioral Cognitive ContinuumContinuum
Reference: Cole & Tufano, Reference: Cole & Tufano, Chapter 12Chapter 12
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Roots of BehaviorismRoots of Behaviorism
Pavlov – classical conditioningPavlov – classical conditioning Skinner – operant conditioningSkinner – operant conditioning Applied scientific method to Applied scientific method to
human behaviorhuman behavior Foundation for learning theoryFoundation for learning theory Began 1930s & 1940sBegan 1930s & 1940s
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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FocusFocus
Behavior that can be observed Behavior that can be observed and measuredand measured
Rules out unconscious Rules out unconscious motivationmotivation
Directly opposed to Directly opposed to psychoanalytic theorypsychoanalytic theory
Learning and behavior Learning and behavior modificationmodification
Includes perception & cognitionIncludes perception & cognition
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Continuum: Behavioral to Continuum: Behavioral to Cognitive Theories & TheoristsCognitive Theories & Theorists Behavior modification: Skinner, Behavior modification: Skinner,
Pavlov, LazarusPavlov, Lazarus Biomechanical, Rehabilitative: Biomechanical, Rehabilitative:
Trombly, Denton, Mosey, FidlerTrombly, Denton, Mosey, Fidler Cognitive Perceptual: Toglia & Cognitive Perceptual: Toglia &
AbreuAbreu Cognitive Disabilities: AllenCognitive Disabilities: Allen Cognitive Behavioral: Bandura, Cognitive Behavioral: Bandura,
Beck, Ellis, LinehanBeck, Ellis, Linehan
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Behavioral Cognitive Continuum, Behavioral Cognitive Continuum, Client ApplicationsClient Applications
Behavior Modification: allBehavior Modification: all Biomechanical, Rehabilitative: Biomechanical, Rehabilitative:
physical disabilitiesphysical disabilities Cognitive Perceptual: brain injury Cognitive Perceptual: brain injury
(TBI), Stroke (CVA), mental illness, (TBI), Stroke (CVA), mental illness, drug/alcohol rehab.drug/alcohol rehab.
Cognitive Disabilities (Allen)Cognitive Disabilities (Allen) Cognitive Behavioral: all mental Cognitive Behavioral: all mental
illness except psychosis, emotional illness except psychosis, emotional aspects of any disorder, preventionaspects of any disorder, prevention
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Behavior Modification, Behavior Modification, Concepts & TechniquesConcepts & Techniques Includes: goals & objectives, training, Includes: goals & objectives, training,
shaping, chaining, modeling, external shaping, chaining, modeling, external reinforcement, rehearsal & practice, reinforcement, rehearsal & practice, role playing, systematic role playing, systematic desensitization, biofeedbackdesensitization, biofeedback
OT examples: assertiveness training, OT examples: assertiveness training, social skills training, graded tasks, social skills training, graded tasks, relaxation, time management, stress relaxation, time management, stress managementmanagement
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Biomechanical Concepts & Biomechanical Concepts & TechniquesTechniques Strength, ROM, endurance, Strength, ROM, endurance,
positioning, prevention, restoration, positioning, prevention, restoration, compensation, adaptation, skill compensation, adaptation, skill training, biofeedback, context of ADLtraining, biofeedback, context of ADL
OT Examples: group exercise, group OT Examples: group exercise, group games involving graded movements, games involving graded movements, learning prevention strategies, learning prevention strategies, ergonomics in the workplace, work ergonomics in the workplace, work hardening, training in use of adaptive hardening, training in use of adaptive equipment, energy conservationequipment, energy conservation
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Cognitive Perceptual Cognitive Perceptual Concepts & TechniquesConcepts & Techniques Skill training (remediation) for Skill training (remediation) for
orientation, attention, visual orientation, attention, visual processing, motor planning, memory, processing, motor planning, memory, cognition, problem solving. cognition, problem solving. Multicontextual use of strategies, Multicontextual use of strategies, metacognition. Functional approach. metacognition. Functional approach. Quadraphonic approach (Abreu)Quadraphonic approach (Abreu)
OT Examples: group orientation, OT Examples: group orientation, labels & reminders, cancellation labels & reminders, cancellation sheets, computer programs, group sheets, computer programs, group multicontextual strategy practicemulticontextual strategy practice
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Cognitive Disabilities, AllenCognitive Disabilities, Allen
Assessment & management: Assessment & management: ongoing evaluation through crafts or ongoing evaluation through crafts or ADL tasks, cuing, assistance through ADL tasks, cuing, assistance through facilitation & probing, home safety facilitation & probing, home safety screenings, care giver education, screenings, care giver education, modification of task environmentsmodification of task environments
OT examples: use of cognitive OT examples: use of cognitive performance modes to accurately performance modes to accurately plan future placement, determine plan future placement, determine competence, predict need for competence, predict need for assistance, and adapt environment assistance, and adapt environment to produce best ability to function.to produce best ability to function.
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Concepts & StrategiesConcepts & Strategies Social learning, modeling, self-Social learning, modeling, self-
regulation, disputing irrational regulation, disputing irrational beliefs, thought stopping, beliefs, thought stopping, interruption, cognitive reframing or interruption, cognitive reframing or restructuring, dialectical strategiesrestructuring, dialectical strategies
OT Examples: psycoeducational OT Examples: psycoeducational modules, group learning, role modules, group learning, role playing, worksheets for self playing, worksheets for self awareness & understanding, awareness & understanding, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, regulation, distress tolerance, mindfulness mindfulness
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Behavioral Strategies: Goals Behavioral Strategies: Goals & Objectives & Objectives (Cole, 2005 p.142)(Cole, 2005 p.142)
Writing Long term goals: these Writing Long term goals: these are not always measurableare not always measurable
In your notebook write one In your notebook write one lifetime goal for yourself in each lifetime goal for yourself in each of the following categories:of the following categories: ProfessionalProfessional FamilyFamily FinancialFinancial SpiritualSpiritual
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Behavioral ObjectivesBehavioral Objectives
In contrast to long-term goals, In contrast to long-term goals, these have specific time limits.these have specific time limits.
Short steps toward a longer Short steps toward a longer term goalterm goal
Should be observableShould be observable Should imply way to measureShould imply way to measure Based on similar principles to Based on similar principles to
Allen & Toglia, observe behavior Allen & Toglia, observe behavior to infer thoughts & perceptionsto infer thoughts & perceptions
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Practice: Recognizing Practice: Recognizing Measurable Goals Measurable Goals (Cole, 2005, (Cole, 2005, p. 141)p. 141) Worksheets: circle measurable Worksheets: circle measurable
goals.goals. Correct answers: 2,4,9,10,12, Correct answers: 2,4,9,10,12,
14,15,17,1814,15,17,18 Discuss why these are Discuss why these are
measurable.measurable. Homework: write one behavioral Homework: write one behavioral
objective for each lifetime goal.objective for each lifetime goal.
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Conditioning & HabitsConditioning & Habits
Pavlov: classical conditioning. Pavlov: classical conditioning. What happens when you are What happens when you are hungry and you see a picture of hungry and you see a picture of a delicious pizza on TV? a delicious pizza on TV?
Stimulus is associated with Stimulus is associated with visual image, eventually visual visual image, eventually visual image replaces stimulus.image replaces stimulus.
Much of today’s advertising is Much of today’s advertising is based on this principle.based on this principle.
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Conditioning, cont.Conditioning, cont.
Skinner, operant conditioningSkinner, operant conditioning Behavior that is reinforced in the Behavior that is reinforced in the
environment tends to be repeatedenvironment tends to be repeated Behavior that is ignored tends to Behavior that is ignored tends to
diminishdiminish Many random reinforcements exist in Many random reinforcements exist in
the environmentthe environment Learning can be both positive and Learning can be both positive and
negative, depending on what is negative, depending on what is reinforcedreinforced
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Conditioning & Habits, cont.Conditioning & Habits, cont.
External reinforcement External reinforcement What are some examples?What are some examples?
Reinforcement can also be Reinforcement can also be internalized.internalized. What are some examples?What are some examples?
Once a behavior becomes Once a behavior becomes habitual, reinforcement is no habitual, reinforcement is no longer necessary.longer necessary.
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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HabitsHabits
Habit diminishes the conscious Habit diminishes the conscious attention with which our acts are attention with which our acts are performed. (James, 1985)performed. (James, 1985)
Familiar objects in the Familiar objects in the environment serve as stimuli for environment serve as stimuli for the habitual performance of the habitual performance of tasks.tasks.
Example: morning routinesExample: morning routines
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Shaping & ChainingShaping & Chaining
Uses principle of operant Uses principle of operant conditioning to learn new behaviorsconditioning to learn new behaviors
Breaks down task/activity into Breaks down task/activity into sequence of stepssequence of steps
Reinforces each step as it is Reinforces each step as it is performed successfully (shaping)performed successfully (shaping)
Each step serves as stimulus for Each step serves as stimulus for next step (chaining).next step (chaining).
From Cole, M. From Cole, M. Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’sApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach instructor’s manualmanual. Online document, . Online document, http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). http://www.efacultylounge.com, based on Cole, M. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approachApplied theories in occupational therapy: a practical approach. Thorofare, . Thorofare,
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Rehearsal & PracticeRehearsal & Practice
Basis of all learningBasis of all learning Used in approaches on the Used in approaches on the
continuumcontinuum Reinforcement needed when Reinforcement needed when
motivation is lackingmotivation is lacking How is this principle used in the How is this principle used in the
biomechanical frame of biomechanical frame of reference?reference?
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The EndThe End
Skinner FilmSkinner Film
A Phillip P. Blake Production in association A Phillip P. Blake Production in association with Research Press Company. Written by with Research Press Company. Written by David Seltzer. David Seltzer.
Additional Resource:Additional Resource:
Cole, M. (2005). Group Dynamics in Cole, M. (2005). Group Dynamics in Occupational Therapy: The Theoretical Occupational Therapy: The Theoretical Basis and Practice Application of Group Basis and Practice Application of Group Intervention. 3rd ed. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Intervention. 3rd ed. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.Incorporated.