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269
Pakistan Economic and Social Review
Volume 47, No. 2 (Winter 2009), pp. 269-292
EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ON
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN PAKISTAN
QAISAR ABBAS n! SARA "AQ##B$
Abstract . %&e 'tu! ' ime! to e*mine t&e e++et o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment
on emploee per+ormne in /i'tn. %&i' 'tu! ' on!ute! on'i!erin +ie
+tor' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment, i.e. o&in, trinin n! !eelopment,
empoerment, prtiiption n! !eletion n! it ' +oun! t&t t&e om1ine!
e++et o+ t&e'e +tor' in+luene' emploee per+ormne it& 03. oeer, re't
o+ t&e 03 ontri1ution tor!' emploee per+ormne ot&er t&n le!er'&ip
!eelopment +tor' n 1e t&e re'ult o+ ot&er +tor' 'u& '5 ttitu!e,
ommitment, motitionl +tor', n! tru't in t&e ornition, n! ot&er +tor'
'u& ' ompen'tion, rer! n! 1onu'e' et. n l'o inre'e t&e emploee
per+ormne. %&e +ie ri1le' olletiel ' le!er'&ip !eelopment +tor'
proe 'neri e++et n! inre'e t&e oerll emploee per+ormne. %&e
poli lterntie '&oul! 1e t&t ornition' mu't 1e lere! 1out t&e lernin
reuirement o+ t&e emploee'. %&ere+ore, 1ot& mner' n! emploee' mu't
oll1orte e++etiel n! ommunite t&e reui'ite +or per+ormne.
I. INTRODUCTION
8mploee per+ormne i' n importnt 1uil!in 1lo/ o+ n ornition n!
+tor' &i& l t&e +oun!tion +or &i& per+ormne mu't 1e nle! 1
t&e ornition'. Sine eer ornition nnot prore'' 1 one or to
in!ii!ul' e++ort, it i' olletie e++ort o+ ll t&e mem1er' o+ t&e
ornition. er+ormne i' m:or multi!imen'ionl on'trut ime! to
&iee re'ult' n! &' 'tron lin/ to 'trtei ol' o+ n ornition
(;it, 2000). ;ner' t ll t&e leel' &e to input t&eir e++ort' n! m/e
m*imum u'e o+ t&eir 1ilitie' &i& 'ometime' re pro!ue! un!er'uperi'ion or it&out it. oeer, t&ere re mn e*pettion' +rom
mner' or/in +or n ornition. %&e'e e*pettion' re 'ometime'
$%&e ut&or' re, re'petiel, A''oite ro+e''oron'euentl ue'tion ri'e' t&t &o n emploee n or/ more
e++iientl n! e++etiel to inre'e t&e pro!utiit n! rot& o+ n
ornition. An e++etie le!er'&ip prorm n 1e o+ n immen'e
''i'tne to &elp i!enti+ n! 1uil! le!er'&ip ulitie' mon in!ii!ul'
it&in t&e ornition. %&e reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip n!
per+ormne ' in!iret ' ell ' !iret (?!ot, 2007), &i& proe' t&e
importne o+ !eelopin le!er' t&rou& le!er'&ip !eelopment prorm'.
@te't 'tu!ie' proi!e t&t ornition' &eil ine't in umn Re'oure
=eelopment interention' to up!te n! '/ill t&e emploee' in or!er to
ttin :o1 per+ormne, :o1 'ti'+tion n! :o1 inolement. %&e'e '/ill' n
1e imprte! 1 proi!in nee''r te&nilurrentl le!er'&ip i' i!el reonie!, n!
eri+ie! t&rou& re'er&. @e!er'&ip !eelopment n 1e imprte! t&rou&
e*perientil lernin, iriou' lernin n! trn'+ormtionl lernin n! it
i' imprte! ' le!er' n in+luene t&e people n! motite t&em (opper,
200).
@e!er'&ip !eelopment i' 1eomin n inre'inl ritil n!
'trtei impertie +or ornition' in t&e urrent 1u'ine'' enironment
(S&eri-@nne, r1u!l 2007). @e!er'&ip !eelopment i' n importnt re
&i& i' on'i!ere! n! implemente! in ornition' to inre'e &umn
p1ilit n! 'ome ot&er 1ene+it' li/e to in ompetitie !nte. Some
!eelopmentl ''inment' n 1e rrie! out onurrentl it& reulr :o1
re'pon'i1ilitie', &ere' ot&er' reuire t/in temporr lee +rom one'
reulr :o1 ("u/l, 2002). %&e'e !eelopment ''inment' n 1e u'e! to
!eelop mneril '/ill' t urrent :o1', 'ome m 1e u'e! to !eelop ne
pro:et' or 1ein ne pro:et' 'erin ' !eprtment repre'enttie on
ro'' +untionl tem'. %rinin 'e''ion' pl n importnt role to improe
t&e per+ormne o+ ornitionl mner' rer!in ommunition '/ill',
li'tenin '/ill', motite ot&er', 'upport ot&er', n! '&re in+ormtion
(le, C997).
A le!er'&ip !eelopment prorm i' ime! to improe t&e '/ill' o+
mner' t ll leel' &et&er opertionl, ttil, 'trtei n! per'onl '
ell. er+ormne i' itl +eture o+ n ornitionD +urt&ermore,
!eelopment prorm' n 1e &elp+ul in i!enti+in n! mnin tem',
&ere roup !eelopment n! 'pei+ill per'onl !eelopment n! rot&
o+ mner' l'o t/e ple. %&e mo't importnt 'pet no!' i' t&t
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27!ABBAS n! "AQ##B5 Effect of Leadership Development in Pakistan
&o mner n !opt t&e le!er'&ip ttri1ute' n! e++etiel u'e t&em to
per+orm &i' :o1 re'pon'i1ilitie' ''ine!, t&e'e ttri1ute' n &elp &im or/
+urt&er t&n t&e :o1 re'pon'i1ilitie' n! !! more &ieement to t&e
ornition. @e!er'&ip !eelopment proe'' inten!' to !eelop le!er' n!
l'o inlu!e' trn'+er o+ ornitionl ulture n! lue' ultimtel
re'ultin into olletie '&rin mon ll t&e mem1er' o+ t&e ornition
to &iee t&e ornitionl o1:etie' (milton n! >nt&i, 200).
@e!er'&ip reuirement in to!' ornition' in /i'tni per'petie
i' er importnt to meet t&e lo1l 1u'ine'' &llene'. #n t&e ot&er &n!,
le!er'&ip !eelopment i' l'o m:or on'i!ertion n! &llene ro''
t&e lo1e n! &' m:or in+luene on emploee' per+ormne.
%&ere i' lre mount o+ or/ !one on le!er'&ip !eelopment n! it'
impt on riou' +tor' inlu!in emploee per+ormne in mn prt' o+
t&e orl!, &oeer, t&ere i' er limite! re'er& on!ute! in /i'tn1eu'e o+ &i& t&i' importnt re o+ ornition n! emploee
!eelopment remin' une*plore! t lre. oeer, %irmii (2002) &'
proi!e! 6-@ +rmeor/ mo!el o+ le!er'&ip re'er& n! !eelopment in
/i'tn n! &' !eelope! le!er'&ip !eelopment in'trument 1'e! on 6-
@ +rmeor/. #n t&e ot&er &n!, t&i' 'tu! i!enti+ie' 6 !imen'ion' to 1e
!eelope! 1ut &o to !eelop remin unn'er1le or t&e +tor' !ue to
&i& le!er'&ip !eelopment n 1e on!ute! re not +oun! 1ut proi!e'
ler ei!ene o+ importne n! nee! +or t&e le!er'&ip !eelopment in
/i'tn. %&e 'i* 6-@ +rmeor/ !imen'ion' !eelope! 1 %irmii re5
C. @e!' n! enoure &ne
2. @ie' 1 e*mple
E. @u!' &ieement
4. @en!' i'ion
. @eere' lernin n! !eelopment
6. @oo/' out +or ot&er'
ene, it i' importnt to reonie t&e le!er'&ip !eelopment n!
men' to !eelop, n! it' impt on t&e ornition n! it' emploee' in
/i'tni 1u'ine'' enironment. %&ere+ore, /eepin in ie t&e importne
o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment n! it' /nole!ment n! 1ene+it' !rn in ll
prt' o+ t&e orl!, t&i' re'er& i' ime! to 'tu! le!er'&ip !eelopment
lue n! 1ene+it' on 1u'ine'' 'etor in prtiulr emploee per+ormne in
/i'tn. Aprt +rom t&i', le!er'&ip !eelopment n l'o 1e &elp+ul in
implementin &ne e++ort'. %&ere n 1e mn met&o!oloie' to imple-
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272 Pakistan Economic and Social Review
ment t&i' prorm t&rou& trinin, or/'&op', 'eminr' et. No!' in
/i'tn t&ere i' n emerin tren! o+ orporte trinin on!ute! 1 t&e
ornition to !eelop t&e &umn pitl n! per'onl !eelopment o+
mner'. %&i' tren! i' l'o reonie! 1 riou' oernment in'titution'
' ell.
%&e oerll o1:etie o+ t&e re'er& i' to 'tu! t&e le!er'&ip
!eelopment n! it' impt on emploee per+ormne. %&e 'tu! ill 1e
per+orme! on /i'tni ornition' &i& re +ou'in on +orml met&o!'
o+ !eelopin t&eir emploee'. %&i' 'tu! ill 1e on!ute! in +e 'etor'
o+ /i'tn 'u& ' Bn/in n! %eleommunition 'etor. %&ere+ore, t&i'
'tu! ill &i&li&t t&e importne o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment, it' poer to
inre'e t&e per+ormne n! it in+luene on /i'tn' 1u'ine''
enironment.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLO"Y
%&i' &ole 'tu! reole' roun! t&e importne o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment
n! it' impt on emploee per+ormne. In t&i' 'tu! e &e !eelope!
propo'ition 1'e! on t&e +t t&t le!er'&ip !eelopment n 1e
ompli'&e! t&rou& riou' i!enti+ie! element' &i& n 1e u'e! in
imprtin le!er'&ip ulitie' mon t&e or/ +ore o+ n ornition. Weill tr to 'tu! t&eir 'ini+ine n! lue in /i'tni ornition. %&o'e
i!enti+ie! element' re o&in, trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment,
prtiiption n! !eletion n! t&eir impt on per+ormne ill 1e
me'ure!.
RESEARCH DESI"N
%&i' re'er& i' inten!e! to 'tu! t&e reltion'&ip 1eteen t&e ri1le' o+
le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee per+ormne. 8& ri1le !e+ine' it'on !imen'ion'. An! &' rie! in+luene on emploee per+ormne.
oeer t&e 'trent& n! !iretion o+ reltion'&ip oul! 1e me'ure! to
i!enti+ t&e tpe n! inten'it o+ t&e reltion'&ip. %&ere+ore t&e re'er& i'
e*plortor in nture.
SELECTION OF SAMPLE
%o on!ut t&e re'er& re'pon!ent' ere 'elete! &o ere or/in in n
ornition n! &! 'u++iient uli+ition n! e*periene. %&ere+oreoneniene 'mplin te&niue ' u'e! in t&e 'tu!. Anot&er re'on o+
t&i' 'mplin te&niue ' time on'trint n! 'ine t&e 'tu! ' onl
ime! in tin itie', i.e.Rlpin!i n! I'lm1! onl t&ere+ore t&i' tpe
o+ 'mplin te&niue ' pre+erre!.
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%&e !t ill 1e t&ere! +rom t&e top n! mi!!le leel mner',
&oeer ne entrnt' or in ot&er or!' +ront line mner' ere not
on'i!ere! +or t&e 'tu! ' t&e &! in'u++iient or/ e*periene n!
m:orit ere not !elete!, prtiipte!, empoere! 'pei+ill !e'pite o+
t&e +t t&e ere trine!. %&ere+ore to &e ut&enti in+ormtion t&i'
prtiulr roup ' omitte!.
THEORETICAL FRAME$ORK
%o implement t&e 'tu! riou' !epen!ent, in!epen!ent n! mo!ertin
ri1le' ill 1e !e+ine! +or t&eoretil +rmeor/. %&e in!epen!ent
ri1le i' le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee per+ormne i' !epen!ent
ri1le. %&e re'on & t&e'e to ri1le' &e 1een &o'en i' to 'ee t&e
reltion'&ip 1eteen t&em, i.e.i+ le!er'&ip !eelopment i' implemente!
t&en !oe' it ++et' t&e emploee per+ormneF %o 'tu! t&e'e to ri1le'
t&eir tool' re l'o i!enti+ie! t&rou& &i& t&e reltion'&ip 1eteen t&e tooul! 1e 'tu!ie!. It i' ei!ent +rom t&e e*i'tin literture t&t t&ere re
i!enti+ie! ri1le' &i& in+luene t&e emploee'. %&ere+ore le!er'&ip
!eelopment on emploee per+ormne ill 1e me'ure! t&rou& o&in,
trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment, prtiiption n! !eletion.
%&e t&eoretil +rmeor/ n 1e 'een +rom t&e +olloin '&emti
!irm (Giure C).
GI?HR8 C
%&eoretil Grmeor/ ;o!el
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
#n t&e 1'i' o+ t&e t&eoretil +rmeor/ pre'ente! 1oe, t&e &pot&e'e'
!eelope! re ' +ollo'.
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COACHIN" AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
>o&in n 1e u'e! on :o1 to i!enti+ t&e pro1lem re &ere n emploee
i' l/in, or 'olin t&e pro1lem o+ n emploee n! to enoure n! 'ole
pro1lem' t&em'ele'. Aor!in to >&mpt&e' (2006), o&in &'
1eome n importnt te&niue to improe per+ormne. It i' not one ommunition n! proe' to 1e to ommunition' &ere o&e'
i!enti+ &t n 1e improe! n! &o it n 1e improe!. Gurt&er o&in
!!re''e' t&e 1elie+' n! 1e&ior' t&t &in!er per+ormne (%oit, 2007). It
n 1e +urt&er 'een t&t o&in i' ll 1out &elpin 'ome one el'e to
improe per+ormne (Strr, 2004). %&ere+ore e n !r t&e +olloin
&pot&e'i' '5
5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopmentC
tool, i.e.o&in n! emploee per+ormne.
TRAININ" AND DEVELOPMENT
AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
%rinin n! !eelopment re !e'ine! to '/ill emploee' 'o t&e n
per+orm ell. %&i' n 1e !one 1 +ormll !eelopin %rinin n!
=eelopment prorm' or in+ormll on :o1 trinin n 1e o++ere!.
GI?HR8 2
Brmle' In!ii!ul ;o!el o+ %rinin
Soure5 >ite! +rom S&ini!i' n! Bouri' (200)
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8mploee' m not +eel motite! n! l/ ommitment !ue to
in'u++iient /nole!e n! '/ill' &i& n 1e imprte! to t&em t&rou&
trinin. %&i' in'u++iien m re'ult into on+lit it& ornitionl ol
&ieement n! eentull ++etin ornitionl per+ormne. %&ere+ore
ornition' mu't +ill in t&e p !e'ire! n! tul per+ormne (S&ini!i'
n! Bouri', 200). %&i' n 1e +urt&er illu'trte! 1 Giure 2.
%&ere+ore, it n 1e onlu!e! t&t trinin n! !eelopment in+luene'
emploee per+ormne n! e n !r t&e &pot&e'i'.
5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopment2
tool, i.e.%rinin n! =eelopment n! emploee per+ormne.
EMPO$ERMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
=ull (C999) !e+ine' 'ue'' ' &ieement, ompli'&ment n!
ttinment &i& i' on'euene o+ empoerment. e reel' t&i'on'euene in +orm o+ 'ue'' t&rou& empoerment ' (C) In!ii!ul
'ue'' in +orm o+ emploee' role per+ormne, (2) #rnitionl 'ue''
&i& i' &iee! ' mem1er' o+ t&e ornition ompli'& olletie
ornitionl ol' n! o1:etie', n! (E) A' ornitionl mem1er'
'&re mutull 1ene+iil n! 'ti'+in or/ e*periene meetin 1ot&
'oil n! per'onl rot& nee!'. Gurt&er Brtrm n! >'imir (2007) reel
in t&eir 'tu! t&t empoerment &! 'ini+int po'itie orreltion' it&
1ot& per+ormne n! 'ti'+tion. An! 'pei+ill empoerment ' more
'tronl orrelte! it& t&e in-role per+ormne o+ +olloer' t&n it&
'ti'+tion it& t&e le!er. %&ere+ore out o+ t&e'e 'upportie rument' t&e+olloin &pot&e'i' i' propo'e!.
5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopmentE
tool, i.e.empoerment n! emploee per+ormne.
PARTICIPATION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
Re'er&er' 'ue't t&t prtiiption i' u'e+ul o+ inolin
emploee' to u'e t&eir '/ill' in pro1lem 'olin. >&en n! %:o'ol! (2006)
&e 'tu!ie! t&e prtiiption n! it' importne 1 Amerin n! >&ine'e
mner' in >&in. %&ere re'er& reel' t&t prtiiption mnement i'1out inolin emploee' in t&e !ei'ion m/in proe'' &ere t&e
emploee' +eel t&t t&e &e t&e opportunit to !i'u'' pro1lem' n! n
in+luene ornitionl !ei'ion'. %&e oerll impt o+ prtiiption i'
inre'e! emploee :o1 per+ormne n! lo turn oer.
Gurt&er, @m et al. (2002) 'ue't t&t ornition' n t to inre'e
or !ere'e t&e leel' o+ t&e'e me!itor ri1le' it&in t&eir per'onl' n!
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potentill 'trent&en t&e po'itie per+ormne e++et' o+ emploee
prtiiption.
%&ere+ore out o+ t&e 1oe mentione! !i'u''ion &pot&e'i' n 1e
!rn ' +ollo'5
5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopment4
tool, i.e.prtiiption n! emploee per+ormne.
DELE"ATION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
"u/l (2002) !i'u''e', !eletion inole' ''inment o+ ne
re'pon'i1ilitie' to emploee' n! !!itionl ut&orit to rr t&em.
oeer !eletion i' u'e! to !e'ri1e riet n! !i++erent +orm' o+
poer '&rin it& in!ii!ul 'u1or!inte'. %&ere re mn re'on' +or
!eletin 1ut mon't t&em t&e 'trone't re'on i' to !eelop 'u1or!inte'
'/ill' n! on+i!ene. 5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopment
tool, i.e.=eletion n! emploee per+ormne
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
>om1in t&e entire 1oe mentione! &pot&e'i' it n 1e 'een t&t
le!er'&ip !eelopment i' ompli'&e! t&rou& o&in, trinin n!
!eelopment, empoerment, prtiiption n! !eletion. %&ere+ore t&e
+olloin &pot&e'i' i' !erie!. 5 %&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopment n!
6
emploee per+ormne.
%&ere+ore, 1'e! on t&e t&eoretil +rmeor/ n! &pot&e'e' !rn
'&emti illu'trtion n 1e !rn ' '&on in Giure E.
DATA COLLECTION TOOL
%o i!enti+ t&e re'ult o+ t&e 'tu! primr n! 'eon!r 'oure' o+ !t
olletion re u'e!. %o me'ure t&e outome o+ t&e 1oe mentione! 'i*
&pot&e'e' ue'tionnire ' primr 'oure ' !e'ine!, n! 'upportiemteril n! re'er& lre! per+orme! +rom interntionl :ournl' il1le
online ' 'eon!r 'oure ' u'e! to 'upport t&e +in!in' o+ t&e urrent
'tu!. %&e le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee per+ormne ere
me'ure! /eepin in ie t&e 1oe mentione! &pot&etil mo!el.
%&ere+ore, t&e ue'tionnire on'i'te! o+ +ie ue'tion' e& o+ o&in,
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trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment, prtiiption, n! !eletion to 'ee
t&e 'ini+ine on emploee per+ormne on'i'tin o+ 'een ue'tion'.
GI?HR8 E
%&e pot&e'ie! ;o!el o+ @e!er'&ip =eelopment
n! 8mploee er+ormne Reltion'&ip =irm
@e!er'&ip
6
=eelopment
C 8mploee>o&in
er+ormne
@e!er'&ip
2!eelopment %rinin n!
t&rou& t&e !eelopment
ri1le'
E
8mpoerment
4
rtiiption
=eletion
%&e ue'tionnire ' !e'ine! to 'tu! t&e impt o+ o&in,
importne o+ trinin n! !eelopment, +eelin o+ empoerment, leel o+
prtiiption in !ei'ion m/in n! !eletion o+ ut&orit on t&eirper+ormne. %&ere+ore +e ue'tion' ere 1'e! on t&eir per'onl
elution 'u& ' trinin !eelopment n! empoerment n! +e it&
re'pet to t&eir 'uperi'or, i.e.o&in, prtiiption, n! !eletion. %&e
ue'tionnire inlu!e! totl o+ E2 ue'tion' n! ' !e'ine! on @i/ert'le tpe +rom C to 'u& ' 'tronl !i'ree, !i'ree, neutrl, ree, n!
'tronl ree.
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DATA ANALYSIS
A totl o+ 200 ue'tionnire' ere irulte! n! C4 ere reeie!, out o+
&i& 44 ue'tionnire' ere un+ille! n! C6 ue'tionnire' ere !i'r!e!
!ue to mi''in !t. %&ere+ore, C40 ue'tionnire' ere on'i!ere! +or t&e
'tu! ' re'pon!ent' or/in in !i++erent ornition. No 'pei+i 'etor i'!e+ine! +or t&e re'er& ' t&e 'tu! i' ime! to +in! t&e in+luene o+
le!er'&ip !eelopment on emploee per+ormne.
%&e !t reeie! +rom t&e re'pon!ent' ' nle! it& &elp o+'tti'til 'o+tre prorm SSS-C4. %o te't t&e &pot&e'i' er'on
>orreltion nl'i' ' on!ute! to e*mine &et&er t&e &pot&e'i' '
epte! or re:ete!. @i/e orreltion, rere''ion nl'i' ' l'o
per+orme! me'urin t&e +ie in!epen!ent ri1le' impt in!ii!ull on
emploee per+ormne n! om1ine! e++et in o+ t&e ll t&e ri1le' in one
ri1le, i.e. le!er'&ip !eelopment on emploee per+ormne.
III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
DATA SAMPLE INFORMATION
A totl o+ 200 ue'tionnire' ere !i'tri1ute! to emploee' or/in in
pu1li n! prite ornition. %&e 'ure ' !one in 1n/in 'etor,
&otel in!u'tr teleommunition 'etor n! ot&er ornition' in
Rlpin!i n! I'lm1!. %&e ornition' &ere t&e ue'tionnire' ere
irulte! inlu!e! %>@, ;o1ilin/, A'/ri Bn/, 1i1 Bn/ @imite!,
;rriot, Seren, erl >ontinentl otel, NA=RA, NA, S&lum1erer et.#ut o+ &i& one &un!re! n! ei&t +our ere returne!, 'i*teen
ue'tionnire' ere re:ete! !ue to mi''in !t n! +ort +our ere returne!
un+ille!. %&ere+ore, C40 ue'tionnire' 'ere! ' !t +or nl'i' to pre'ent
t&e +in!in' n! !r onlu'ion. Gurt&er t&e !t nl'i' i' per+orme! to
re& t&e +in!in'.
%1le C reel' t&e !emorp&i in+ormtion o+ t&e re'pon!ent'. ;o't
o+ t&e re'pon!ent' ere +llin in t&e e roup o+ E0-E9 er' o+ t&e e
it& E.63 n! t&en JK29 er' o+ e it& E03. %&e !emorp&i' l'o
reel en!er !ii'ion o+ t&e re'pon!ent', m:orit o+ t&e re'pon!ent' ere
mle', i.e.73 repre'entin 1ier prt o+ t&e 'mple roup. oeer,
CE3 perent re'pon!ent' ere +emle'.
%&i' 'tu! ' onl ime! t t&e top n! mi!!le mnement n! +ront
line mner' ere not t/en into ount. %&e min re'on +or not
inolin t&ere re'pon'e ' t&t m:orit o+ +rontline mner' or/
e*periene ' le'' t&n 6 mont&' n! t&e &! not un!erone n /in! o+
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trinin, o&in, or ere not empoere!, !elete! or prtiipte! in
!ei'ion m/in proe'' t&t i' & t&i' roup o+ re'pon!ent' ere nete!.
oeer, er +e top mner' 'ere! ' re'pon!ent 1ut t&ere
in+ormtion ' 'u++iient enou& to on!ut t&e nl'i'. %&ere+ore, %1le
4 reel' 1out t&e re'pon!ent' leel in t&e ornition. %&e top mner'
ere mo'tl Vie pre'i!ent', >8#, n! ''i'tnt ie pre'i!ent' n! ?enerl
;ner' n! repre'ente! n C.63 o+ t&e 'mple roup. W&ere' mi!!le
mner' repre'ente! C.43.
%AB@8 C
Greuen =i'tri1ution o+ =emorp&i Vri1le' (N K C40)
Vri1le Greuen erent
Ae
JK 29 er' 42 E0
E0LE9 er' 4 E.6
40L49 er' 24 C7.C
MK 0 er' 20 C4.E
%otl C40 C00
?en!er
Gemle C CE
;le C22 7
%otl C40 C00
@eel in #rnition%op 26 C.6
;i!!le CC4 C.4
%otl C40 C00
8!utionl @eel
B&elor' E0 2C.4
;'ter' CC0 7.6
%otl C40 C00
Wor/ e*periene +ter uli+ition
JK4 er' 29 20.7-C0 er' 6C 4E.6
CC-C er' 2C C
C6-20 er' CC 7.9
MK2C er' C C2.
%otl C40 C00
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;:orit o+ t&e 'mple roup ere &ol!in m'ter' !eree. W&ile
nlin t&e !emorp&i !i'tri1ution it ' l'o i!enti+ie! t&t reter prt
o+ t&e re'pon!ent' &! multiple uli+ition. Gor in'tne, i+ re'pon!ent
' n enineer or ler &e l'o &el! m'ter' !eree 'u& ' ;BA or
;A. >oni'el t&ere ere 7.43 mi!!le n! C.63 top leel mner' '
t&e 'mple re'pon!ent'. Wor/ e*periene +ter uli+ition ' l'o t/en
into ount. ;o't o+ t&e re'pon!ent' +ell un!er t&e rne o+ -C0 er' o+
or/ e*periene t&t i' 4E.63. %&e minimum rne +or or/ e*periene '
JK 4 er' it& 20.73 re'pon!ent' n! t&e m*imum MK 2C er' it&
C2.3 re'pon!ent'.
CORRELATION ANALYSIS
er'on' >orreltion ' per+orme! to 'tu! t&e !iretion o+ reltion'&ip
1eteen t&e !epen!ent n! in!epen!ent ri1le'.
%AB@8 2
>orreltion' >oe++iient o+ t&e Reltion'&ip Beteen
@e!er'&ip =eelopment Vri1le' n! 8mploee er+ormne
%rinin8mploee
n! 8mpoer- rtii- =ele->o&in er+or-
=eelop- ment ption tionmne
ment
C(ac)*+,
er'on
>orreltion C .7($$) .E74($$) .604($$) .26($$) .49($$)
Si. (2-tile!) L 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
Tra*+*+, a+- D/0(1+t
er'on
>orreltion .7($$) C .467($$) .47($$) .06($$) .644($$)
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 L 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
E1(3r+t
er'on
>orreltion .E74($$) .467($$) C .406($$) .429($$) .C4($$)
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 0.000 L 0.000 0.000 0.000
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
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Part*c*1at*(+
er'on
>orreltion .604($$) .47($$) .406($$) C .E($$) .22($$)
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 0.000 0.000 L 0.000 0.000
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
D0,at*(+
er'on
>orreltion .26($$) .06($$) .429($$) .E($$) C .7E($$)
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 L 0.000
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
E10(4 Pr5(ra+c
er'on
>orreltion .49($$) .644($$) .C4($$) .22($$) .7E($$) C
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 L
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
$$>orreltion i' 'ini+int t t&e 0.0C leel (2-tile!).
%1le 2 repre'ent' t&e orreltion mtri* 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelop-
ment ri1le', i.e.o&in, trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment,
prtiiption, !eletion on t&e !epen!ent ri1le (emploee per+ormne).
All reltion'&ip 1eteen t&e !epen!ent n! in!epen!ent ri1le' re
po'itiel n! 'ini+intl orrelte!. %&e mo't 'ini+intl orrelte! n!'tron reltion'&ip o+ ll t&e ri1le' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment i' trinin
n! !eelopment rK 0.644, pJ 0.0C it& emploee per+ormne. %&e ne*t
'ini+int n! mo!erte orreltion i' +oun! 1eteen !eletion n!
emploee per+ormne it& rK 0.7E, pJ 0.0C. W&ere' o&in i'
orrelte! t rK 0.49, pJ 0.0C. 8mploee' &en inole! in !ei'ion
m/in proe'', i.e.prtiiption i' l'o po'itiel orrelte! t rK 0.22,
pJ 0.0C. Ginll empoerment n! emploee per+ormne i' l'o po'itiel
'ini+int t rK 0.C4, pJ 0.0C. ene, %1le 2 pre'ent' po'itie
reltion'&ip mon ll t&e ri1le' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee
per+ormne. oeer men lue o+ ll t&e ri1le' ' l'o lulte!into one ri1le, i.e. le!er'&ip !eelopment n! it ' orrelte! to
emploee per+ormne n! t&e +olloin reltion'&ip ' o1'ere!.
%1le E '&o' orreltion 1eteen om1ine! e++et' o+ ll t&e +ie
ri1le', i.e.o&in, trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment,
prtiiption, !eletion into one ri1le le!er'&ip !eelopment n! it'
orreltion it& emploee per+ormne re'ulte! into 'tron po'itie reltion
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it& rK 0.7CC, pJ 0.0C. %&i' lue o+ orreltion in!ite' 'troner
reltion'&ip n! 'ini+int t plue le'' t&n 0.0C.
%AB@8 E
>orreltion' >oe++iient o+ t&e Reltion'&ip Beteen
@e!er'&ip =eelopment n! 8mploee er+ormne
@e!er'&ip 8mploee
=eelopment er+ormne
@e!er'&ip =eelopment
er'on >orreltion C 0.7CC($$)
Si. (2-tile!) L 0.000
N C40 C40
8mploee er+ormne
er'on >orreltion 0.7CC($$) C
Si. (2-tile!) 0.000 L
N C40 C40
$$>orreltion i' 'ini+int t 0.0C leel (2-tile!).
RE"RESSION RESULTS
%&e rere''ion nl'i' ' l'o per+orme! n! re'ult' re reporte! in t&e
%1le 4.
%AB@8 4
8'timte! Re'ult' o+ Rere''ion Anl'i'
Vri1le'
%rinin @e!er->oe++iient n! 8mpoer- rtii- =ele- '&ip
>o&in=eelop- ment ption tion =eelop-
ment ment
>on'tnt 2.C7C$ C.0$ 2.E9$ 2.22$ 2.EE$ 0.92$$
(7.79) (7.E9E) (.470) (.064) (9.677) (E.2C2)
Bet .49$ 0.644$ 0.C4$ 0.22$ 0.7E$ 0.7CC$
(7.7C4) (9.76) (7.0E6) (7.C94) (. 204) (CC.70)
G 9.0$ 97.E6$ 49.06$ C.7C$ 67.299$ C40.$
R 0.E0C 0.4C4 0.264 0.27E 0.E2 0.02
N C40 C40 C40 C40 C40 C40
$ Sini+int t p J 0.0C, $$ Sini+int t p J 0.0
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%1le 4 reel' t&t t&e e++et o+ o&in on emploee per+ormne i'
po'itie n! 'tti'till 'ini+int t C3 leel o+ 'ini+ine. %&e'e re'ult'
re l'o 'upporte! 1 ir/ptri/ (2006), Arl et al. (2006) n! 8llinei
et al. (200E). An! t&e 'ue't t&t 'uperi'or o&in i' po'itiel
''oite! it& emploee' :o1 'ti'+tion n! per+ormne.
%&e e++et o+ trinin n! !eelopment on emploee per+ormne i' l'o
po'itie n! 'tti'till 'ini+int t C3 leel o+ 'ini+ine. %&e'e re'ult'
re l'o 'upporte! 1 Ru''ell et al. (C9) n! n (200E). n
'ue't' t&t it i' top &o ie +uture to 1uil! ompetenie' mu't !eelop
' to !eelop emploee' n! &e +urt&er !i'u''e' &i' 'trteie' to trinin
to inre'in ompetenie' n! ornitionl mem1er' n !eelop t&e
reuire! /no &o n! e*perti'e. Similrl empoerment i' l'o
'tti'till 'ini+int t C3 leel o+ 'ini+ine n! it i' l'o 'upporte! 1
?erli' n! %erio'/i (200E) ' t&e i!enti+ie! in t&eir or/ t&t
empoerment le!' to reter leel o+ emploee ell 1ein &i& re'ult' in
'uperior per+ormne leel'.
rtiiption i' l'o 'tti'till 'ini+int t C3 leel o+ 'ini+ine
n! t&e reltion'&ip o+ prtiiption n! emploee per+ormne i' l'o +oun!
'ini+int 1 Wner III (C994). In &i' 'tu! !i'u'' t&t prtiiption &'
po'itie e++et on emploee 'ti'+tion n! emploee per+ormne &oeer
it i' not lone +tor !eterminin per+ormne. W&i& i' l'o 'een in t&i'
'tu! t&t eer +tor ple' 'ini+int impt on emploee per+ormne
&oeer t&eir olletie impt ple' more 'tron reltion'&ip.
=eletion i' l'o 'tti'till 'ini+int t C3 leel o+ 'ini+ine n!
it' impt on emploee per+ormne n! i' l'o +oun! 'ini+int 1 ;uir
(C99). e 'ue't' t&t e++etie !eletion in 1ot& !iretion' &elp'
'uperi'or' to p lo'e ttention to emploee' to 'trent&en t&em.
In %1le 4 rere''ion nl'i' o+ ri1le' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment
&e 1een !i'u''e! 'eprtel n! om1ine! e++et o+ ll t&e ri1le' into
one le!er'&ip !eelopment i' nle! it& emploee per+ormne to
me'ure t&e om1ine! e++et o+ t&e inten!e! 'tu!. %&e e'timte! rere''ion
nl'i' o+ t&e le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee per+ormne i' l'o
'tti'till 'ini+int. It i' o1'ere! t&t le!er'&ip !eelopment &' m*imum impt on emploee per+ormne. It n 1e o1'ere! +rom t&e
+olloin t&t t&e G-'tti'ti K 0.92 i' 'ini+int t p J 0.0 &i& men'
t&t le!er'&ip !eelopment e*plin t&e rition in emploee per+ormne.
R 'ure '&o' 0.0, pJ 0.0C proportion o+ rition in t&e !epen!ent
ri1le e*pline! 1 t&e rere''ion mo!el. %&e oerll &pot&e'i' o+
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le!er'&ip !eelopment n! emploee per+ormne i' &ene 'tti'till
'ini+int n! i' l'o 'upporte! 1 eter'on' n! @ut&n' (200E).
HYPOTHESIS TESTIN"
%&e &pot&e'i' te'te! 'tti'till re !i'u''e! 'eprtel ' +ollo'5
H41(t)s*s H La-rs)*1 D/0(1+t T((0 C(ac)*+,!
a+- E10(4 Pr5(ra+c
%&e preiou'l mentione! orreltion re'ult' reel t&t t&ere i' 'ini+int
reltion'&ip 1eteen o&in n! emploee per+ormne, i.e. ( rK 0.49).
%&ere+ore, t&e &pot&e'i' i' 'upporte!. Gurt&er o&in n 1e nle!C
+rom rere''ion nl'i' 'ini+int it& Bet lue 7.7C4 t tK 7.7C4 n!
t&e R'ure lue o+ o&in n! emploee per+ormne i' 0.E0C
'ini+int t pJ 0.0C. A' mn re'er&er' &e lre! 'tu!ie! t&e
'ini+ine o+ t&e o&in on emploee per+ormne. >o&in i'onerne! it& retin on!ition &ere people n per+orm to t&e 1e't o+
t&eir 1ilit, l'o o&in &elp' people to !opt &ne ne 1e&ior', n!
'/ill' n l'o 1e !eelope! t&rou& o&in (&ilip', C99).
%&ere oul! 1e mn re'on' +or o&in 1ut mo'tl it i' per+orme! in
ornition' to 'ole mo't o+ t&e pro1lem' mon t&e emploee' n!
+ul+ill +e purpo'e' +or in'tne o&in i' proi!e! to emploee' in or!er
to let t&em /no &t i' e*pete! +rom t&em, &o !o not +eel tru'te!, &o
!o not et enou& ppreition, n! to t&o'e &o re not ettin t&e reer
!eelopment t&e nt (Wil'on, 2004). >o&in i' 1out !eelopinin!ii!ul' 1 inre'in t&eir 'el+-e'teem t&rou& improe! per+ormne,
not +er o+ +ilure (otter, C994).
H41(t)s*s H La-rs)*1 D/0(1+t T((0 Tra*+*+, a+-2
D/0(1+t a+- E10(4 Pr5(ra+c
%&ere i' po'itie n! &i&e't reltion'&ip o+ %rinin n! =eelopment
on 8mploee er+ormne ' ompre! to t&e ot&er ri1le' it&
orreltion lue rK 0.644 n! t&ere+ore t&e &pot&e'i' i' l'o proe!.2
Gurt&er t&e rere''ion nl'i' i' l'o in!ite 'ini+int reltion'&ip it&
R'ure K 0.4C4 n! G-'tti'ti K 97.E6, pJ 0.0C. %&ere+ore impt o+trinin n! !eelopment on emploee per+ormne i' not onl 'ini+int
1ut 'tu!ie' proe t&t it l'o inre'e' o1 Sti'+tion n! ommitment
tor!' t&e ornition. It n 1e 'een +rom t&e re'er& on!ute! t&t
trinin trn'+er i' more li/el to inre'e per+ormne, :o1 inolement, n!inre'e' motition to lern n! trn'+er (Vel! et al. , 2007).
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H41(t)s*s H La-rs)*1 D/0(1+t T((0 D0,at*(+&
a+- E10(4 Pr5(ra+c
%&e le!er'&ip !eelopment tool !eletion i' l'o proe! po'itie it& t&e
orreltion rK 0.7E n! rere''ion nl'i' n 1e nle! it&
R'ure K 0.E2, G-'tti'ti K 67.299, pJ 0.0C n! t&ere+ore t&e &pot&e'i' i' l'o proe!. =eletion n 1e e*eri'e! &en t&e emploee' po''e''
pproprite '/ill', n! it& !eletion n in!ii!ul i' l'o re'pon'i1le n!
ount1le (otter, C994). %&e 8mploee' &o proe more /nole!e i'
li/el to 1e !elete! more ("u/l, Gu, C999).
H41(t)s*s H La-rs)*1 D/0(1+t a+- E10(4 Pr5(ra+c6
%&e entire &pot&e'e' 'ue'te! erlier &e 1een proen n! !i'u''e!
1oe. %&ere+ore t&i' le!' to t&e 'upport o+ t&e oerll &pot&e'i' o+ t&e
'tu!, i.e.t&ere i' po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteen le!er'&ip !eelopment
n! emploee per+ormne. A+ter 'tu!in t&i' reltion'&ip on ornition'opertin in /i'tn it ' !i'oere! t&t le!er'&ip !eelopment
ontri1ution in term' o+ o&in, trinin n! !eelopment, empoerment,
prtiiption n! !eletion ' ppro*imtel 03 tor!' emploee
per+ormne.
otter (200C) '' t&t ornition' nee! to !eelop t&eir pitie' to
e*eri'e t&e le!er n! 'ue''+ul ornition' !ont it +or t&e le!er' to
ome. %&e 'ee/ +or potentil le!er' n! e*po'e t&em to e*periene' n!
nurture t&em to pl t&eir importnt role ' le!er n! !eelop ulture to
rete le!er' +or t&e ornition.
#rnition' mu't reonie t&t &t t&e re !oin in or!er to rete
&i& per+ormin enironment (8). A' 8 reole' roun! t&e e*pete!
per+ormne +orm t&e emploee', proi!e on'trutie &llene t&t people
n 'uee! on, &i& per+ormne 1elie+' n! ttitu!e' n! mn more
outome'. %&ere+ore, t&e ornition mu't reonie t&e le!er'&ip
re'pon'i1ilit n! le! n! !elier &i& per+ormne (one', 200).
IV. CONCLUSION%&e 'tu! ' ime! to e*mine le!er'&ip !eelopment on emploee
per+ormne n! t&e 'tu! 'upport' 'tron po'itie reltion'&ip 1eteent&em. Grom t&e 'upporte! mteril n! re'ult' o+ t&e 'tu! it i' onlu!e!
t&t mner mu't po''e'' le!er'&ip '/ill' to per+orm ell n! meet
per+ormne 'tn!r!' !e+ine! 1 t&e ornition. oeer it i' l'o /non
t&t &umn re'oure !oe' not po''e'' +ull 1len! o+ ompeten to per+orm,
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&en t&e re in!ute! !urin 'eletion proe''. %&i' 'tu! ' on!ute!
on'i!erin +ie +tor' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment, i.e.o&in, trinin
n! !eelopment, empoerment, prtiiption n! !eletion n! t&e
om1ine! e++et o+ t&e'e +tor' in+luene' emploee per+ormne it& 03.
oeer, re't o+ t&e 03 ontri1ution tor!' emploee per+ormne ot&er
t&n le!er'&ip !eelopment +tor' n 1e re'ult o+ ot&er +tor' 'u& ',
ttitu!e, ommitment, motitionl +tor', n! tru't in t&e ornition, n!
ot&er +tor' 'u& ' ompen'tion, rer! n! 1onu'e' et. n l'o
inre'e t&e emploee per+ormne.
%&e entire 'i* &pot&e'e' e't1li'&e! to on!ut t&e 'tu! re epte!
n! re po'itiel relte! to emploee per+ormne. %rinin n!
!eelopment &' 'trone't impt mon ll t&e ri1le' o+ le!er'&ip.
8mpoerment &' po'itie impt 1ut '&o' le'' impt ' ompre! to +ie
ri1le'. oeer, t&e +ie ri1le' olletiel ' le!er'&ip !eelopment
+tor' proe 'neri e++et n! inre'e t&e oerll emploee
per+ormne. Sine ll t&e ri1le' o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment l'o pre'ent
n in!epen!ent iepoint ' ell, t&e m not 1e or/in onurrentl 't&e m 1e e*eri'e! or!in to ornitionl reuirement. Gurt&er
'eein t&t o&in i' t&e proe'' &i& !el' it& t&e pro1lem 'olin'itution +e! 1 n emploee n! trinin n! !eelopment !el' it&
/nole!e n! lernin o+ or/ proe!ure' nee''r to per+orm on :o1.
oeer empoerment, prtiiption n! !eletion re onl e*eri'e!
&en t&e emploee' &e 'u++iient '/ill' n! pre'ent t&e potentil. %rinin
n! !eelopment i' m:or prtie in /i'tn n! m:orit o+ t&e
ornition trin t&eir emploee' 1e+ore n! een !urin :o1. %rinin n!
!eelopment n 1e u'e! to e++etiel inre'e t&e lernin n! m/e u'e o+
!eelope! '/ill' !urin pro1lem 'olin. %&ere+ore it n 1e nle! t&t ll
t&e +tor' pree!e or 'uee! e& ot&er. An! t&eir om1ine! e++et
in+luene' t&e emploee per+ormne n! i+ t&e re properl plnne! t&en
t&e'e +tor' n re'ult' into &i& per+ormne 1 t&e emploee' n!
olletiel re'ultin into ornitionl per+ormne.
#rnition' mu't 1e lere! 1out t&e lernin reuirement o+ t&e
emploee'. %&ere+ore 1ot& mner' n! emploee' mu't oll1orte
e++etiel n! ommunite t&e reui'ite +or per+ormne. Gor in'tne i+
trinin n! !eelopment 'e''ion i' ornie! t&en it mu't 1e rrne! n!
!e'ine! or!ion to t&eir nee! to en&ne t&eir p1ilit to per+orm.
Similrl o&in mu't l'o 1e proi!e! to p'' t&e nee''r /nole!e
n! ui!ne to t&e lerner.
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2'' Pakistan Economic and Social Review
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
W&ile on!utin t&i' 'tu! it i' i!enti+ie! t&t it m/e' lot o+
ontri1ution' 1ut it &' limittion' ' ell. %&i' 'tu! eliminte' t&e oun
in!ii!ul' &o &e reentl omplete! t&eir +inll !eree' n! ere on
:o1 +or le'' t&n Cer time perio! n! ere not on'i!ere! +or t&e 'mpleroup. %&e re'on +or not on'i!erin t&em ' t&t mo't o+ t&e +re'&
:o11er' ere not trine! 1e+ore :o1 n! i+ +e o+ t&em &e 1een proi!e!
'u++iient trinin 1e+ore pur'uin t&eir :o1 po'ition t&en, t&e ere not
!elete!, empoere!, or prtiipte! in !ei'ion m/in ' t&e &! little
or no :o1 e*periene.
FUTURE RESEARCH
%&i' 'tu! !iretl +ou'e' on t&e le!er'&ip +tor' n! it' in+luene on
emploee :o1 per+ormne. oeer, t&e !e'in n! implementtion re not
'tu!ie! t&ere+ore t&i' 'tu! n 1e +urt&er en&ne! to e*plore t&t &ole!er'&ip !eelopment prorm' n 1e 'trteill !e'ine! n! line!
it& ornitionl ol' to meet t&e !e'ire! per+ormne. A' le!er'&ip
!eelopment i' +orm o+ ine'tment tor!' t&e emploee' to improe
pro!utiit, t&ere+ore t&i' 'tu! n l'o 1e per+orme! /eepin in ie t&e
!etil' o+ e& ri1le &i& n 1e +urt&er e*plore! in term' o+ Return on
ine'tment on &umn pitl, inre'e in ommitment, or impt on
intelletul '/ill' o+ emploee'.
%&i' re'er& n 1e +urt&er e*plore! in term' o+ p'&oloil +tor'
o+ inole! in o&in, trinin n! !eelopment, prtiiption,empoerment n! !eletion 'u& ' t&eir e++et on ttitu!e, 1e&ior.
8mploee pereption o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment n! it' impt on emploee
per+ormne n 1e me'ure!. #rnition' n l'o un!er'tn! t&e
importne o+ le!er'&ip !eelopment 1 !eelopin +ee!1/ ''tem '
ell . Anot&er 'pet o+ +uture 'tu! i' t&t t&i' 'tu! n 1e per+orme! in
term' o+ le!er'&ip 'tle n! per+ormne ppri'l u'in E60 !eree
+ee!1/. Al'o t&i' 'tu! n 1e en&ne! to 'ee t&e role o+ le!er'&ip
!eelopment to rete lernin ornition' in /i'tn.
Ginll onlu!in t&e &ole re'er& on!ute! it i' +oun! t&tle!er'&ip !eelopment prorm' re &i&l e++etie prorm &i& '&oul!
1e plnne! n! implemente! 1 ornition to run le o+ inre'in
'/ill' in emploee' to inre'e per+ormne. W&i& in turn' inre'e t&eir
olletie per+ormne, n! t&i' +urt&er re'ult ' ornition pro!utiit
rot& n! per+ormne.
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