A Study on Consumption of Drugs in India after the
Amendment of NDPS Act 1M. Srinivasan and
2M. Kannappan
1Saveetha School of Law,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
Saveetha University,
Chennai.
[email protected] 2Saveetha School of Law,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
Saveetha University,
Chennai.
Abstract Substance use is omnipresent with a spread of drugs being abused the
globe over. Republic of India incorporates a massive shopper base of
various substance abusers. This has serious repercussions in terms of
morbidity & mortality. In India, the Narcotic medicine and psychoactive
Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS) provides the framework for misuse
management within the country. Some anomalies of NDPS act is corrected
by Narcotic medicine and psychoactive Substance (Amendment) Bill, 2011.
This paper critically reviews the initiatives taken to this point to manage
misuse in our country.
Key Words:Drug consumption - drug abuse-NDPS-NDPS ACT.
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 17 2018, 1367-1380ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
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1. Introduction
Drug abuse has become a universal and growing issue of concern to humanity.
The illicit medicine have multiple consequences to health, society and economy.
These consequences embrace health: mortality, morbidity, medicine and
physical disorders; social: accidents, absence, family disintegration, vice crime,
gangland etc; and economic: finances spent on developing services, drain on
national resources, loss of productivity, etc... This issue is complicated and
multifarious requiring each health measures and efforts to manage
trafficking/smuggling and manufacture of illicit medicine. a discount within the
demand of medicine of addiction each legal and ill-gotten is needed. in line with
estimates created by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOH & FW),
a minimum of forty million individuals throughout the globe often abuse
medicine. In Republic of India too, the matter is increasing and it's calculable
that three million individuals square measure alcohol and different drug abusers
of that 5-6 lakhs square measure dependent, requiring medical treatment and
rehabilitation.1
India is that the biggest provider of licit demand for narcotic needed primarily
for medicative functions. Besides this, Republic of India is found getting ready
to the main flower growing areas of the globe, with “Golden Crescent” on the
Northwest and “Golden Triangle” on the North–East. These create Republic of
India. Vulnerable to misuse notably in flower growing areas and on the
transit/trafficking routes.
The quick dynamic social surroundings, among different factors, is principally
conducive to the proliferation of misuse, each of ancient and of recent mind-
blowing substances. The introduction of artificial medicine and blood vessel
drug use resulting in HIV/AIDS has value-added a replacement dimension to
the matter, particularly within the Northeast states of the country.2
2. Research Question
What is the scenario on consumption of drugs in India?
Materials and Methods
The Researcher has used Doctrinal Research Method for this paper. The
Researcher has mostly relied on books, online Journals and Published Articles
for the development of this research paper.
1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259937757_Current_status_of_the_narcotic_dru
gs_and_psychotropic_substances_NDPS_act
2http://www.cppr.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/NDPS-Act-Room-for-greater-reform.pdf
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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Hypothesis
There is a no relation between the consumption of drugs and increasing crime
rate.
There is a relation between the consumption of drugs and increasing crime rate.
Objectives
Analysis on consumption of drugs in india and to attain viable remedial
measures to control over consumption of drugs.
3. Review of Literature
As the time passes through, the range of drugs increased to an alarming level.
Drugs like Narcotics: analgesics, morphine, opium, heroin, brown sugar, and
cocaine, are frequently abused. In India, there are many targeted states like
Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra who have been in the great victimized group
of drug addiction but the most vulnerable state is Punjab.(Ray 2004) In a
newspaper named Hindustan Times (HT) page 2 on 26th June, 2016, a mind
boggling news was published that a 20 year old youth died due to drug
overdose. This boy used to inject himself with different kinds of drugs and his
whole body bored marks of injections. Few days back he was deteriorated due
to overdose and was admitted to an Anti Drug Addiction Centre where he was
saved but unfortunately he quit his life on 26th June, 2016. In this June 2015
report India Spend has cited this data to convey the extent of Punjab‟s drug
problem as Two studies in the village of Chhajli in south-eastern Punjab district
of Sangrur, 32 years apart, show a 9 percentage points rise in the
casual/recreational use of drugs (including tobacco, alcohol, opium, cannabis,
etc.) from 30% in 1979 to 39% in 2011. Based on his experience, Amarpreet
Singh Deol, chairman of the Guru Nanak Charitable Trust, an NGO working
with addicts, estimated that “about half of males of the productive age group (15
to 60 years) casually use drugs including alcohol, tobacco, poppy husk and
other opiates, etc., of who around 10% cannot do without it for longer than 24
hours.” During 2011-2012, Punjab‟s growth rate slipped to “5.79 per cent – the
lowest in the last five years of the Parkash Singh Badal government” due to
drug epidemic which has swept across the state.(Stolberg ) According to many
reports it has seen that the problem of drug addiction in Punjab is linked with
many factors like Punjab masculinity, culture of consumption, urbanization and
as well as poverty. According to 2011 report, on drug abuse and alcoholism in
Punjab by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports witnessed, “40 percent of
Punjabi youth in the age group of 15 to 25 years have fallen prey to drugs”.
(Sarda 2016)At present, more than 75% of youth in Punjab is hooked to
dangerous drugs like heroin, smack, cocaine and many synthetic drugs. Out of
these 75% addicts, about 30% are HIV-positive people. In 2004, Punjab was
ranked as the “second richest” state in terms of GDP per capita, according to a
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report by the Confederation of Indian Industry, “with a per capita income of Rs
25,652”. (Ray 2004; National Bureau of Standards 1972)
According to the latest report by the Narcotics Control Bureau, Punjab alone
has registered 50 percent of the total drug-related cases in the country.(Jiloha
2015) But, as pitiful as it may seem, the Akali Dal Government which is led by
the Badal family continues to live in a state of denial, even when the names of
many of their top leaders have appeared for running the drug nexus.(Kumar and
Tewari 1990)
Extent of Drug Abuse in India
In the National Survey on “The Extent, Pattern and Trends of drug abuse in
India”, conducted by Ray R (2004) major findings were that alcohol, cannabis,
controlled substance and hard drug were major medication of abuse, the
quantity of persons requiring treatment was massive, misuse was seen in each
rural and concrete India and Injection Drug Use had been reportable from
numerous sites, as well as rural India. The period of misuse was long with vital
time gap between onset of drug use and treatment seeking. an oversized range
of drug users engaged in unsafe sex practices. congruousness between treatment
seeking and also the extent of the matter in an exceedingly given state was
lacking with low enrollment in treatment.3
Legislative Policy of Indian Parliament on Drug Abuse
India's approach towards Narcotic medication and psychoactive Substances is
enshrined in Article 47 of the Constitution of India that mandates that the “State
shall endeavour to bring on prohibition of the consumption apart from healthful
functions of intoxicating drinks and of medication that are injurious to health”.
The statutory management over narcotic medication was exercised in India
through variety of Central and State enactments. The principal Central Acts,
namely, the opium substance Act, 1857, the opium substance Act, 1878 and also
the Dangerous medication Act, 1930 were enacted while past. With passage of
your time and also the developments within the field of illicit traffic and misuse
at the national and international level, several deficiencies within the laws that
have acquire force below the same Acts. As a result to supply a comprehensive
legislation on narcotic medication and psychoactive substances that, inter alia,
ought to consolidate and amend the then existing laws regarding narcotic
medication, build provisions for elbow grease effective management over
psychoactive substances, build provisions for the implementation of
international conventions regarding narcotic medication and psychoactive
substances, the Narcotic medication and psychoactive Substances Bill 1985 was
enacted on 16th September, 1985, and also the Act is popularly called (NDPS
Act).4
3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances_Act,_1985
4https://idhdp.com/media/400258/idpc-briefing-paper_drug-policy-in-india.pdf
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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NDPS act is Associate in Nursing act to consolidate and amend the law
regarding narcotic medication, to:
1. build tight provisions for the management and regulation of operations
regarding narcotic medication and psychoactive substances.
2. give for the forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic
in narcotic medication and psychoactive substances.
3. Implement the provisions of the International Conventions on Narcotic
medication and psychoactive Substance and for matters connected
therewith.5
Components of NDPS Act
The act as originally passed in 1985 was spread over six chapters comprising 83
sections. After being amended by the narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances (amendment act), 1988 with effect from 29-5-1989, the act now
contains eight chapters.
Section 2 of the act defines 36 terms [sub sections (i) to (xxix), (viia-d), (viiia),
(xxiiia), and (xxviiia)]. a number of the necessary definitions below this act
include:6
1. “Addict” as someone World Health Organization has dependence on any
narcotic medication or psychoactive substance.
2. “Narcotic drug” as coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, flower straw and
includes all factory-made product.
3. “Psychotropic substance” as any substance, natural or artificial, or any
natural material or any salt or preparation of such substance or material
enclosed within the list of psychoactive substances (n=110).
4. “Controlled substance” means that any substance with attainable use
within the production or manufacture of narcotic medication or
psychoactive substances or to the provisions of any international
convention. The Central Government has thus far notified anhydride, n
acetylanthranilic acid and alkaloid as controlled substances
Section 4 authorizes the central government to require measures necessary to
stop and combat substance abuse and illicit trafficking, together with
identification, treatment, education, aftercare, rehabilitation and social
reintegration of addicts. subsection 3 of section 4 additionally authorizes the
central government to represent an authority or hierarchy of authorities for the
needs and objectives mentioned in details within the totally different
subsections. Section 6 empowers the central government to represent an
5https://www.asianjournalofpsychiatry.com/article/S1876-2018(15)00041-6/pdf
6https://blog.ipleaders.in/a-detailed-analysis-of-the-national-drugs-and-psychotropic-
substances-act/
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consultative committee known as “The Narcotic medication and psychedelic
substances advisory committee” to tender recommendation on matters stated it.7
This chapter was accessorial by the 1989 modification to represent a fund to be
known as the “National Fund for management of Drug Abuse” with government
and public contributions and additionally with the sale of return of confiscate
property derived from or employed in illicit traffic with action predicated on
criminal conviction.
The act empowers Central Government to allow and regulate by rules (i) the
sale of narcotic and narcotic derivatives from the Central Government Factories
for export from Republic of India or sale to regime or producing chemists; (ii)
the manufacture of factory-made medication, not together with manufacture of
medicative narcotic or the other preparation containing factory-made drug from
materials that the maker is lawfully entitled to possess.
The regime could by rules allow and regulate (i) the cultivation of cannabis
plant, production , manufacture, possession, transport, import inter-State, export
interstate, sale, purchase and consumption of cannabis (Except Charas); (ii) The
manufacture of medicative narcotic or any preparation containing the factory-
made drug from materials that the maker is lawfully entitled to process; (iii) the
sale of narcotic and narcotic derivatives from the Central Government Factories
for export from Republic of India or sale to regime or manufacturing chemists;(
iv) the manufacture and possession, of ready narcotic from narcotic lawfully
possessed by a disciple registered with the regime on medical recommendation
for his personal consumption.
(Sections 15 to 40) sets out the penalties for offences underneath the Act. These
offences square measure primarily regarding violations of the varied
prohibitions obligatory underneath the Act on the cultivation, production,
manufacture, distribution, sale, import and export etc. of narcotic medication
and psychedelic substances. of these offences square measure triable by Special
Courts and therefore the punishments prescribed vary from imprisonment from
10 to 20 years for initial offences to 15 to30 years for any later offences along
with dissuasive fines.
The Act was amended in could 1989 to mandate the corporal punishment for
second offences with reference to contraventions involving over bound
quantities of specified narcotic medication and psychedelic substances.8
The Act, however, makes a distinction between possession for private
consumption and trafficking, the penalty for the previous being restricted to
7http://dor.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDPS-Amendment%20Act%20-%202014.pdf
8https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/pdf/JFSCI.MS.ID.555644.pdf
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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between six months and one year solely. the applying of this provision is
subject to the qualification that amount|the number|the amount} of the drug
concerned within the offence ought to be a little quantity as specified by the
Central Government.
Punishment for cultivation of any cannabis plant and additionally for coca plant
and coca leaves is rigorous imprisonment up to ten years and additionally fine
up to 1,00,000 rupees. penalty for consumption of any narcotic drug or
psychedelic substance like hard drug, morphine, hard drug or the other narcotic
drug or any psychedelic substance specified by Central Government by Gazette
Notification is rigorous imprisonment for a term up to at least one year or fine
up to 20,000 rupees or each. penalty for consumption of any narcotic drug or
psychedelic substance however mentioned is rigorous imprisonment for a term
up to 6 months or fine up to 10,000 rupees or each. For second and every later
offence, penalty is rigorous imprisonment for a term, which can reach one half
the utmost term of imprisonment and additionally fine up to at least one half
the utmost quantity of fine.9
Chapter V of the NDPS Act (Section 41 to 68) sets out the powers still because
the procedures for the investigation of offences underneath the Act.
A new Chapter, Chapter V-A, was introduced into the Act in might 1989 to
produce for the investigation, freezing, seizure and forfeiture of property
derived from or non heritable through illicit trafficking in narcotic medication
and mind-blowing substances. This Chapter prohibits anyone from holding any
property derived from medication trafficking and authorizes officers authorized
underneath the Act to analyze, determine and seize such property.10
Under section 70 central and state governments ought to have relevancy
international conventions whereas creating rules. Section 71 of this act,
empowers government to ascertain centers for identification, treatment,
education, after care, rehabilitation, social reintegration of addicts and for
provide, of any narcotic medication and mind-blowing substance (as prescribed
by involved Government) to the addicts registered with government and to
others wherever such provide could be a medical necessity.
9 Malhotra,A., Mathur.R.S., Basu.D. & Mattoo,S.K. (1997) Prime of addiction Drug de
addiction and treatment centre. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh.
10
Ray R, editor. The extent, pattern and trends of drug abuse in India-National survey.
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime. 2004. Available from:
www.unodc.org/India/Indianationalsurvey 2004.html, accessed on June 13, 2012.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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Positive Aspects of NDPS Act
a stimulating feature of the act is that the procedure of addition and deletion
from the lists of factory-made medication (narcotic drugs) and mind-blowing
substances are created terribly straightforward. No formal bill or modification is
needed for the aim, and also the government has been authorized to try to to
such changes through straightforward notifications within the official gazette on
the idea of accessible info or a call underneath any international convention
(sections 2.b) and 3).11
In terms of subsection 3 of section 4, the Narcotics management Bureau was
originated by the Central Government in 1986 with the broad remit to
coordinate drug enforcement nationwide. The NCB essentially functions as
national arranger international liaison and because the nodal purpose for the
gathering and dissemination of intelligence and assures coordinated
implementation inside the parameters of a broad national strategy.
The Narcotic medication and mind-blowing substances informative
committee makes important contributions in shaping and developing a national
policy and strategy and conjointly in matters of amendments under section 2.b
and 3 for planning addition or deletion of medication and substances for legal
regulation and management. The committee conjointly provides valuable inputs
for India‟s contribution to the molding of international policy and programs.
A assessment of the Act in 2001 resulted in amendments with reference to the
length of imprisonment and also the amount and sort of drug appropriated. This
ensured that, wherever ancient medication area unit involved, solely people with
massive quantities of cannabis may be in remission for narcotraffic and face
imprisonment. more changes within the law in 2002 created two categories that
area unit supported amount appropriated. These were outlined as tiny quantities
and business quantities.12
Section 31A states that anyone guilty by a competent court of criminal
jurisdiction outside Asian nation|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} underneath
any corresponding law shall be prescribed as if he has been guilty by a court in
India. therefore international criminals also are proscribed effectively.
an acquaintance guilty underneath section 27 could also be free on probation
underneath section thirty-nine once linguistic communication a bond with or
11
Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec. 1, No. 75, dated 16th
September, 1985.
12
Act 2 of 1989 enforced w.e.f. 29th May, 1989, Published in the Gazette of India
Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec. 2, No. 59, dated 6th December, 1988, vide S.O. 379 (E), dated
29th May, 1989, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec 3 (ii),
No.300,dated 29th May, 1989.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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while not sureties, for detoxification or de addiction from a hospital or an
establishment maintained or recognized by the govt. The conviction would
stand and also the sentence remains inactive to modify him to report back on
fortunate completion of de addiction treatment inside one year. The court might
direct the discharge of the bad person once fortunate completion of de addiction
treatment and abstaining from the commission of any offence underneath
Chapter IV for three years. On failure to try to to thus, he would have to be
compelled to serve the sentence. The facility to issue search and arrest warrants,
has in terms of Section 41 been unconditional each in Magistrates still as in
specially selected (Gazetted) officers of the Central and State Governments. this
can be designed to make sure each timely and effective action in response to
any info and to obviate the requirement for judicial satisfaction anytime a
warrant is needed to be issued.
under section 64 A, any addict, UN agency is charged with associate offence
punishable underneath section 27 or with offences involving tiny amount of
narcotic medication or mind-blowing substances, UN agency voluntarily seeks
to endure medical treatment for de-addiction from a hospital or an establishment
maintained or recognized by the govt. or a neighborhood authority and below
goes such treatment shall not be at risk of prosecution under section 27 or the
other section for offences involving tiny amount of narcotic medication and
hallucinogenic substances. This immunity could also be withdrawn if the addict
doesn't endure the whole treatment for de-addiction.13
Chapter V-A, was introduced into the Act in might 1989 to produce for the
investigation, freezing, seizure and forfeiture of property derived from or non
inheritable through illicit trafficking in narcotic medication and hallucinogenic
substances.
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011
During the implementation of NDPS Act, some anomalies are detected.
consequently the Narcotic medication and hallucinogenic Substance
(Amendment) Bill, 2011 aims at rectifying those anomalies and conjointly
guaranteeing any changes to strengthen the provisions of the Act.14
Salient options of the Narcotic medication and hallucinogenic Substance
(Amendment) Bill, 2011
13
Morphine is classified as an opium derivative, a manufactured drug and a narcotic drug
under Sections 2(xvi), (xi) and (xiv) respectively of the NDPS Act, 1985.
14
Bombay High Court‟s decision dated 16 June 2011 in Indian Harm Reduction Network v
Union of India [Criminal writ petition No. 1784 of 2010.
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process “Central Government Factories” [new entry in Section 2]: albeit the
term “Central Government Factories” is mentioned in bound Sections of the
Act, until currently it's not been outlined within the Act. it's planned to outline
“Central Government Factories” on the lines of the definition of “Government
Company” below the businesses Act, therefore on enable the Central
Government the flexibleness to structure the govt. narcotic and organic
compound Works while not diluting the management over them.15
ever-changing the definition of “commercial quantity” and “small
quantity” [Section two (viia) & (xxiiia)]: NDPS Act follows a stratified
system of penalisation – the quantum of penalisation varies looking on whether
or not the number of drug concerned in an exceedingly case is “small” or
“commercial” or quite “small” however lower than “commercial”. it's been
command by the Hon„ble Supreme Court that whereas determinative whether or
not the quantum of drug concerned in an exceedingly specific case is small/
business, etc., it's the pure drug content and not the number of drug taken, that
should be taken into account. Since the drug is nearly ne'er taken within the
pure type and “small” and “commercial” quantities are notified for preparations
conjointly, it's planned to empower the
government to apprize quantities in respect of preparations of medication and
hallucinogenic substances conjointly.16
Rationalising the penalisation for consumption of opiate, hard drug and
opiate [Section 27]: Presently, the consumption of those medication involves a
most penalisation of one year whereas trafficking of tiny quantities of identical
attracts most penalisation of 6 months solely. This anomaly is planned to be
corrected, by reducing the utmost penalisation for consumption of 3 drugs to 6
months.
Repeat offences below the NDPS Act invite a penalisation of one and one half
times (1.5 times) of the penalisation for the primary offence. However, this
provision has been mistakenly worded as “one-half” of the penalty for the
primary offence, rather than “one and one half times”. This anomaly is planned
to be corrected.
15
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AIDaAAAAMAAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+o
f+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&dq=a+study+on+consumption+o
f+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib
6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIUjAJ
16
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uv_kAAAAMAAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+of
+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&dq=a+study+on+consumption+of
+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6
Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEITzAI
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1376
whereas section 52A of the Act provides for disposal of medication throughout
trial when due certification of the inventories of identical by the competent
justice, it doesn't do therefore for “precursors” utilized in the manufacture of
medication, that are answerable for seizure below the Act or for conveyances
taken. The change proposes to permit for pre-trial disposal of precursors and
conveyances conjointly.17
Presently, no point in time is prescribed for the work officer to seem into the
illicitly non inheritable properties of trafficking and report identical to the
Competent Authority. Consequently monetary investigations in drug cases are
receiving low priority. it's planned to create it necessary for the work officer to
create a report of the illicitly non inheritable properties of the person concerned
in traffic, to the territorial competent authority at intervals one hundred and
eighty days of the arrest or seizure. [New entry Section 57A]18
The Hon„ble Supreme Court has taken this provisions of Chapter VA (including
Section 68B) and command that it's necessary to ascertain an instantaneous
nexus between the properties wanted to be confiscate and also the offence
committed. it's nearly not possible to prove such a nexus because the drug
traffickers don't keep records of the medication they sell and also the manner
during which they invests the sale yield. It is, therefore, planned to outline
properties happiness to traffickers, their relatives and associates, the supply of
that can't be tried and also the property of equivalent price, as illicitly non
inheritable properties by amending section 68B clause (g).19
obstante clause in Section 31A. however in 1983 the Supreme Court of Asian
nation declared necessary corporal punishment as unconstitutional. during a
recent call, . the Bombay tribunal applied constant principle and control
Section 31A of the NDPS Act to be offending of Article twenty one of the
Indian Constitution. The NDPS (Amendment) Bill, 2011 ignores the premise of
invalidness of Section 31A as acknowledged by the Constitutional Court. the
govt has neither abolished nor amended Section 31A within the NDPS
(Amendment) Bill, despite the findings of the Bombay tribunal on its
17
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HwKsDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+stu
dy+on+consumption+of+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act
&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEISTAH
18
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cPYhAQAAMAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+of+
drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+actdq=a+study+on+consumption+of+dr
ugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek
_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIQDAF
19
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iSH8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA432&dq=a+study+on+con
sumption+of+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act
&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIMDAC
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1377
constitutional validity. This disregard of judicial orders deserves attention of the
committee.20
4. Conclusion
The last twenty seven years have seen rise within the combat against drug
dependence particularly the areas of policy formulation and growth of
infrastructure. this can be commendable. What currently remains to be seen is
that the effectiveness and impact of the assorted measures initiated. it's
imperative to own analysis and subsequent modifications of plans and policies
supported effective analysis. with none systematic analysis, plans would be
simply that - plans.
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https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9grCAAAACAAJ&dq=consumption+of+drugs+afte
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[11] Ojha, Kameshwar. Narcotics. 1986.
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