Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)Moraceae (mulberry family)
beta (Vanuatu); bia, bulo, nimbalu (Solomon Islands); breadfruit (English); kapiak (Papua New Guinea); kuru (Cook Islands); meduu (Palau); mei (mai) (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshalls, Marquesas, Tonga, Tuvalu); mos (Kosrae); âulu (Hawaiâi, Samoa, Rotuma, Tuvalu); âuru (Society Islands); uto, buco (Fiji)
Diane Ragone
IN BRIEFDistributionâ Pantropical,â veryâ widelyâ dis-tributed.SizeâCommonlyâfoundâatâ12â15âmâ(40â50âft).Habitatâ Growsâbestâinâtropicalâlowlandsâbe-lowâ650âmâ(2160âft)âwithârainfallâofâ1500â3000âmmâ(60â120âin).Vegetationâ Associatedâwithâaâwideâvarietyâofâcultivatedâplants.Soilsâ Deep,â fertile,â wellâ drainedâ soilsâ areâpreferred;â someâvarietiesâareâadaptedâtoâcoralâatolls.Growthârateâ Fastâgrowingâinâfavorableâcondi-tions,âgrowingâ0.5â1.5âmâ(1.5â5âft)âperâyear.Mainâ agroforestryâ usesâ Soilâ stabilization,âoverstory,âhomegardens.Mainâproductsâ Stapleâfood,âmedicinal,âlight-weightâwood.Yieldsâ 160â500âkgâ(350â1100âlb)âfruitâperâtreeâperâyearâinâintensiveâcultivation.Intercroppingâ Interplantedâ withâ smallâ fruitâtreesâorâshort-termâfruitâandâvegetableâcrops.Invasiveâ potentialâ Veryâ littleâ potentialâ forâinvasiveness.
A young breadfruit tree.
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.âRag
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SpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryââwww.traditionaltree.org
Aprilâ2006ver.â2.1
ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
INTRODUCTIONBreadfruitâhasâ longâbeenâanâimportantâstapleâcropâandâaâprimaryâcomponentâofâtraditionalâagroforestryâsystemsâinâOceania,â whereâ numerousâ varietiesâ areâ grown.âTheâ fruitâcanâbeâcookedâandâeatenâatâallâstagesâofâmaturity,âisâhighâinâcarbohydrates,âandâisâaâgoodâsourceâofâmineralsâandâvita-mins.âInâadditionâtoâproducingâabundant,ânutritious,âtastyâfruits,âthisâmultipurposeâtreeâprovidesâmedicine,âconstruc-tionâmaterials,â andâanimalâ feed.âTheâattractive,â evergreenâtreesâgrowâtoâheightsâofâ15â toâ21âmâ(48âtoâ70âft)âorâmoreâandâtheâtrunksâmayâbeâasâlargeâasâ2âmâ(6.6âft)âinâdiameterâatâ theâbase.âTheâ treesâbeginâbearingâ inâ 3â5âyearsâ andâareâproductiveâ forâmanyâdecades.âTheyâareâeasyâ toâpropagate,ârequireâlittleâattentionâandâinputâofâlaborâorâmaterials,âandâcanâbeâgrownâunderâaâwideârangeâofâecologicalâconditions.âMostâbreadfruitâisâproducedâforâsubsistenceâpurposesâandâsmallâquantitiesâareâavailableâforâsaleâ inâtownâmarketsâasâfreshâfruitâorâchips.âThereâisâinterestâinâestablishingâsmall-scaleâorchardsâtoâprovideâfreshâfruitsâandâchipsâforâexportâfromâ Pacificâ islandsâ toâ Newâ Zealand,â theâ Unitedâ States,âandâCanada.
DISTRIBUTION
NativeârangeTheâwild,âseeded,âancestralâ formâofâbreadfruit,âArtocarpus camansiâBlanco,âorâbreadnut,âisânativeâtoâNewâGuinea,âandâpossiblyâtheâMoluccasâ(Indonesia)âandâPhilippines.âBread-fruit,âbothâseededâandâseedlessâ forms,âdoesânotânaturallyâoccurâ inâ theâ Pacificâ islands,â althoughâ long-abandonedâplantingsâ areâ sometimesâ mistakenâ forâ wildâ trees.â Itâ wasâfirstâdomesticatedâinâtheâwesternâPacificâandâspreadâbyâhu-mansâthroughoutâtheâregionâbeginningâ3000âyearsâago.â
CurrentâdistributionBreadfruitâ isâ cultivatedâonâmostâPacificâ islands,âwithâ theâexceptionâ ofâ Newâ Zealandâ andâ Easterâ Island.â Itâ isâ nowâpantropicalâinâdistribution.âInâtheâlateâ1700sâseveralâseed-lessâvarietiesâwereâintroducedâtoâJamaicaâandâSt.âVincentâfromâTahiti,âandâaâTonganâvarietyâwasâintroducedâtoâMar-tiniqueâandâCayenneâviaâMauritius.âTheseâPolynesianâva-rietiesâwereâthenâspreadâthroughoutâtheâCaribbeanâandâtoâCentralâandâSouthâAmerica,âAfrica,âIndia,âSoutheastâAsia,âMadagascar,â theâ Maldives,â theâ Seychelles,â Indonesia,â SriâLanka,âandânorthernâAustralia.âBreadfruitâisâalsoâfoundâinâsouthâFlorida.
Breadfruitâ isâ aâ beautifulâ andâ prolificâ tree,â andâ anâ essentialâcomponentâofâtraditionalâPacificâislandâagriculture.âphoto:âJ.âWiseman
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
PreferredâscientificânameArtocarpus altilisâ(Parkinson)âFosbergâ
FamilyMoraceae
Non-preferredâscientificânamesArtocarpus camansiA. mariannensisA. communisA. incisa
CommonânamesPacificâislandsbetaâ(Vanuatu)bia, bulo, nimbaluâ(SolomonâIslands)breadfruitâ(English)kapiakâ(PapuaâNewâGuinea)kuruâ(CookâIslands)âmeduuâ(Palau)mei (mai)â (Federatedâ Statesâ ofâ Micronesia,â Kiribati,â
Marshalls,âMarquesas,âTonga,âTuvalu)
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
mosâ(Kosrae)âuluâ(Hawaiâi,âSamoa,âRotuma,âTuvalu)âuruâ(SocietyâIslands)uto, bucoâ(Fiji)
OtherâregionsĂĄrbol a panâ(Spanish)l âarbre Ă panâ(French)rimasâ(Philippines)sukunâ(Indonesia)
SizeTreesâcanâreachâheightsâofâ21âmâ(70âft)âorâmoreâatâmaturity,âmoreâcommonlyâaroundâ12â15âmâ(40â50âft).âTheâtrunkâmayâbeâlargeâasâ2âmâ(6.6âft)âinâdiameter,âoccasionallyâgrowingâtoâaâheightâofâ4âmâorâmoreâ(13âft)âbeforeâbranching.âAâwhiteâmilkyâlatexâisâpresentâinâallâpartsâofâtheâtree.
FormSingle-trunkedâtreeâwithâspreading,âevergreenâcanopy.â
FlowersMonoeciousâ withâ maleâ andâ femaleâ flowersâ onâ theâ sameâtreeâandâtheâmaleâinflorescenceâappearingâfirst.âMaleâflow-ersâareâclub-shaped,âupâtoâ5âcmâ(2âin)âinâdiameterâandâ45âcmâ(18âin)âlong.âThousandsâofâtinyâflowersâwithâtwoâanthersâareâattachedâ toâaâcentral,â spongyâcore.âFemaleâ inflorescencesâconsistâofâ1500â2000âreducedâflowersâattachedâtoâaâspongyâcore.âTheâflowersâfuseâtogetherâandâdevelopâintoâtheâfleshy,âedibleâportionâofâtheâfruit.âItâ isâcross-pollinated,âbutâpol-linationâisânotârequiredâforâtheâfruitâtoâform.â
LeavesLeavesâareâalternate,âbroadlyâobovateâtoâbroadlyâovate,âal-mostâ entire,â withâ onlyâ slightâ lobingâ toâ deeplyâ pinnatelyâlobed,âwithâsinusesâupâtoâ2/3âorâmoreâofâtheâdistanceâfromâmarginâtoâmidrib,âwithâupâtoâsixâpairsâofâlobesâandâaâlargeâapicalâ tip.â Bladeâ isâ generallyâ smooth,â glossy,â darkâ greenâwithâgreenâorâyellow-greenâveins,âandâfewâtoâmanyâwhiteâtoâreddish-whiteâhairsâonâtheâmidribâandâveins.âLeavesâonânewâshootsâandârootâsuckersâareâgenerallyâlargerâandâmoreâhirsuteâthanâleavesâonâmatureâbranches.âSizeâisâvariableâde-pendingâonâtheâvariety,ârangingâfromâ15â60âcmâ(6â24âin)âlong.
FruitFruitsâareâvariableâinâshape,âsize,âandâsurfaceâtexture.âTheyâareâusuallyâround,âoval,âorâoblongârangingâfromâ9âtoâ20âcmâ(3.6â8âin)âwideâandâmoreâthanâ30âcmâ(12âin)âlong,âweigh-ingâ0.25â6âkgâ(0.5â13â lb).âTheâtoughâskinâ isâcomposedâofâfive-âtoâseven-sidedâdisks,âeachâtheâsurfaceâofâanâindividualâ
flower.âTwoâstrap-shaped,âreflexedâstigmasâprotrudeâfromâcenterâofâtheâdiskâandâoftenâleaveâaâsmallâdistinctiveâscarâwhenâtheyâblackenâandâwither.âTheâskinâtextureâvariesâfromâsmoothlyâ toâ slightlyâ bumpyâ orâ spiny.â Theâ colorâ isâ lightâgreen,âyellowish-green,âorâyellowâwhenâmature,âalthoughâoneâunusualâvarietyâ(âAfaraââfromâtheâSocietyâIslands)âhasâpinkishâorâorange-brownâskin.âTheâskinâisâusuallyâstainedâwithâdriedâlatexâexudationsâatâmaturity.âTheâfleshâisâcreamyâwhiteâorâpaleâyellowâandâcontainsânoneâtoâmanyâseeds,âde-pendingâuponâtheâvariety.âFruitsâareâtypicallyâmatureâandâreadyâtoâharvestâandâeatâasâaâstarchyâstapleâinâ15â19âweeks.âRipeâ fruitsâhaveâ aâ yellowâorâ yellow-brownâ skinâ andâ soft,âsweet,âcreamyâfleshâthatâcanâbeâeatenârawâbutârarelyâisâinâtheâPacific
Theâ leavesâ andâ fruitâ areâ foundâ inâ anâ amazingâ diversityâ ofâshapes,âsizes,âandâshadesâofâcolor.âphotos:âD.âRagone
ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
SeedsThroughoutâtheâPacific,âbreadfruitâexhibitsâgreatâmorpho-logicalâ variability,â rangingâ fromâ trueâ seedlessâ varietiesâ toâthoseâwithâseveralâsmallâabortedâseeds,âorâoneâtoâaâfewâvi-ableâseeds,âtoâvarietiesâwithânumerousâviableâseeds.âSeededâtypesâareâmostâcommonâinâtheâsouthwesternâPacific.âSeed-lessâ varietiesâ areâ mostâ commonâ inâ Micronesiaâ andâ theâeasternâislandsâofâPolynesia.âAllâofâtheâbreadfruitâvarietiesâelsewhereâinâtheâtropicsâareâseedless.âSeedsâareâ thin-walled,â subgloboseâorâobovoid,â irregularlyâcompressed,â 1â2âcmâ(0.4â0.8â in)â thick,âandâembeddedâinâtheâpulp.âTheâouterâseedâcoatâisâusuallyâshinyâdarkâbrownâwithâaâlightâbrownâinnerâseedâcoat.âSeedsâhaveâlittleâorânoâendospermâandânoâperiodâofâdormancy;âtheyâgerminateâim-mediatelyâandâareâunableâtoâwithstandâdesiccation.âSeedsâareâdistributedâbyâflyingâfoxes,âwhereâtheyâoccur.âSeedsâareârarelyâusedâforâpropagation.
HowâtoâdistinguishâfromâsimilarâspeciesArtocarpus camansiâ (breadnut,â camansi)â hasâ oblong,â veryâspinyâ fruitsâ withâ littleâ pulpâ andâ numerousâ large,â light-brownâseedsâandâlarge,âshallowlyâdissectedâleavesâwithâ4â6âpairsâ ofâ lobes.â Artocarpus mariannensisâ (dugdug,â chebiei)âhasâsmall,âcylindricalâorâkidney-shaped,âdark-greenâfruitsâwithâyellowâfleshâandâdark-brownâseeds,âandâsmall,âentireâtoâshallowlyâ1â3-lobedâleaves.
GENETICS
VariabilityâofâspeciesBreadfruitâ isâ geneticallyâ diverse,â especiallyâ theâ seededâformsâinâtheâwesternâPacificâandâhybridsâ(withâArtocarpus mariannensis)âinâMicronesia.âNumerousâPolynesianâtriploidâ
varietiesâareâgeneticallyâidenticalâbutâmorphologicallyâdis-tinct.âTheseâPolynesianâtriploidsâtendâtoânotâthriveâunderâatollâconditions,âwhileâbothâseededâandâseedlessâhybridâva-rietiesâareâbestâadaptedâtoâtheseâconditions.
KnownâvarietiesThereâareâhundredsâofânamedâvarietiesâinâtheâPacificâislandsâthatâ areâ perpetuatedâ clonallyâ byâ vegetativeâ propagation.âSomeâvarietiesâhaveâaâwideâdistribution,âsuchâasââMaopoââinâSamoaâandâTongaâ(knownâasââRareâautiaââinâSocietyâIslands,ââMeiâ aukapeââ inâ Marquesas,â âUtoâ loloââ inâ Fiji,â âMoravaââ inâCookâIslands,âandââSraâfonââinâKosrae).âOthersâareâlocalizedâtoâspecificâislands.ââMaopoââhasâanâalmostâentireâleafâwithâshallowâlobesâatâtheâtip.âTheâseedlessâ fruitsâareâovalâorâbroadâovoidâwithâpaleâwhiteâ orâ creamyâ flesh,â 16â26â cmâ (6.4â10.4â in)â longâ andâ16â18âcmâ(6.4â7.2âin)âwide,âweighingâ2â3.5âkgâ(4.4â7.7âlb),âaveragingâ2.4âkgâ(5.2â lb).âTheâtreesâ reachâheightsâofâ 15âmâ(50âft)âorâtaller,âandâtheâtimberâisâusedâforâhouseâbuildingâinâSamoa.âMaâafalaââ isâcommonâthroughoutâPolynesiaâandâhasâbeenâintroducedâtoâPohnpei,âKosrae,âandâTuvalu.âItâisâgenerallyâaâsmallerâtreeâupâtoâ10âmâ(33âft)âtallâwithâaâspreadingâcano-py.âTheâsmallâleavesâareâmoderatelyâdissectedâwithâthreeâtoâfiveâpairsâofâlobes.âTheâsmallâfruitsâareâovalâorâoblongâwithâwhiteâflesh,â12â16âcmâ(4.8â5.4âin)âlongâandâ10â13âcmâ(4â5.4âin)âwide,âweighingâ0.6â1âkgâ(1.3â2.2âlb),âaveragingâ0.75âkgâ(1.6âlb),âwithânoneâtoâfewâseeds.âPuouââ isâ commonâ throughoutâPolynesia.â Itâ isâgenerallyâaâsmallerâtreeâupâtoâ10âmâ(33âft)âtallâwithâaâdense,âspreadingâcanopy.âTheâlargeâleavesâareâdull,âshallowlyâdissectedâwithâ4â6âpairsâofâlobes.âTheâfruitsâareâround,â12â20âcmâ(4.8â8âin)âlongâandâ11â17âcmâ(4.4â6.8â in)âwide,âweighingâ1.2â2.4âkgâ(2.4â4.8âlb),âaveragingâ1.5âkgâ(3.3âlb)âwithâaâlong,âstoutâstalkâ
Look-a-likes A. camansi (left)âandâA. mariannensisâ(right).âphotos:âD.âRagone
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
upâtoâ10âcmâ(4âin)âandâaâdistinctiveâraisedââneck.ââTheâpaleâwhiteâorâcreamyâfleshâhasânoneâtoâfewâseeds.ââMeinâ iweââ (âMosânâwaâ,â âMotinwaeâ,â âMejenweâ)â isâanâ im-portantâvarietyâinâtheâtheâFSM,âtheâMarshallâIslands,âandâKiribati.âTheâdeeplyâdissectedâleavesâhaveâ3â4âpairsâofâlobes.âTheâroundâtoâovalâfruitsâwithâwhiteâfleshâareâseedless,â12â21âcmâ(4.8â8.4âin)âlongâandâ12â16âcmâ(4.8â6.4âin)âwide,âandâweighâ0.8â2.2âkgâ(1.7â4.8âlb),âaveragingâ1.6âkgâ(3.5âlb).â
ASSOCIATED PLANT SPECIESBreadfruitâ isâ anâ aboriginalâ introductionâ inâ theâPacificâ is-landsâandâoccursâonlyâ inâcultivationâ throughoutâ theâarea.âItâ isâ grownâ aroundâ homesâ inâ villagesâ andâ townsâ andâ isâanâ importantâ componentâ ofâ agroforestryâ systems,â es-peciallyâonâ theâhighâ islandsâofâ theâFSM.âItâ isâassociatedâwithâ otherâ stapleâ cropsâ suchâ asâ taroâ (Colocasia esculenta),âyamâ(Dioscoreaâspp.),âbanana,âasâwellâasâTahitianâchestnutâ(Inocarpus fagifer),â noniâ (Morinda citrifolia, Indianâ mul-berry),âcoconut,âkavaâ(Piper methysticum),âcacao,âcoffee,âandâ
variousâ fruitâ treesâ suchâasâ citrusâ andâpapaya.âUnderstoryâplantsâincludeâPolynesianâarrowrootâ(Tacca leotopetaloides)âandâCurcuma australasiaticaâ(inâPohnpei).
ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCES AND TOLERANCES
ClimateBreadfruitâhasâaâwideâ rangeâofâ adaptabilityâ toâecologicalâconditions.â Itâ growsâ bestâ inâ equatorialâ lowlandsâ belowâ600â650âmâ(2000â2160âft)âbutâisâfoundâatâelevationsâupâtoâ1550âmâ (5100â ft).âTheâ latitudinalâ limitsâ areâ approximatelyâ17°NâandâS;âbutâmaritimeâclimatesâextendâthatârangeâtoâtheâTropicsâofâCancerâandâCapricorn.â
Elevationârange0â1550âmâ(5100âft)
Left:âYoungâfarmerâFaâaaligaâinâAmericanâSamoaâwithâtheâlarge-fruitedââAveloloaâtalaâ.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh.âTopâandâbottomâright:âVarietiesââMaopoââandââMeinâpadahkâ.âphotos:âD.âRagone.
ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
Meanâannualârainfallâ1500â3000âmmâ(60â120âin),âbutâtreesâcanâyieldâregularlyâonâPacificâatollsâthatâreceiveâ1000âmmâ(40âin)
RainfallâpatternâItâprefersâclimatesâwithâsummerârains.Dryâseasonâdurationâ(consecutiveâmonthsâwithâ<40âmmâ[1.6âin]ârainfall)â0â3âmonthsMeanâannualâtemperatureâ15â40°Câ(59â104°F),âdoesâbestâatâ21â32°Câ(70â90°F)Meanâmaximumâtemperatureâofâhottestâmonthâ32â38°Câ(90â100°F)Meanâminimumâtemperatureâofâcoldestâmonthâ16â18°Câ(61â64°F)Minimumâtemperatureâtoleratedâ5â10°Câ(41â50°F)
SoilsâDeep,â fertile,â wellâ drainedâ soilsâ areâ preferred,â althoughâ
someâ varietiesâ areâ adaptedâ toâ theâ shallowâ sandyâ soilsâ ofâcoralâatolls.ââ
SoilâtextureâBreadfruitâ prefersâ lightâ andâ mediumâ soilsâ (sands,â sandyâloams,âloams,âandâsandyâclayâloams).â
SoilâdrainageâItârequiresâfreelyâdrainingâsoils.
SoilâacidityâNeutralâtoâalkalineâsoilsâ(pHâ7.4â6.1)
SpecialâsoilâtolerancesâBreadfruitâ toleratesâ salineâ soils,â asâ wellâ asâ corallineâ soilsâandâatolls.
Tolerances
DroughtâBreadfruitâ canâ withstandâ droughtâ forâ aâ fewâ monthsâ butâwillâprematurelyâdropâitsâfruits.
Breadfruitâisâcompatibleâwithâmanyâotherâcultivatedâcropsâsuchâasâbananaâandâtaro,âasâshownâhere.âInâtheâlowerâleftâcornerâareâyoungâFlueggea flexuosaâandâcoconutâseedlings,âwhichâwillâgrowâtoâovertopâtheâbreadfruit.âAmericanâSamoa.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
FullâsunâTheâtreeâdoesâbestâinâfullâsunâandâformsâtheâoverstoryâcan-opyâinâtraditionalâmixedâagroforests.
ShadeâYoungâtreesâpreferâ20â50%âshadeâwhenâyoungâbutâcanâbeâgrownâinâfullâsun.â
FireâItâcanâsproutâbackâfromâtheârootsâafterâaâsmallâfire,âbutâtheâtrunkâandâbranchesâareânotâfire-tolerant.
FrostâItâisâdamagedâbyâfrost,âwhichâcausesâitâtoâloseâallâfruitsâandâleaves,âandâsomeâbranchâdie-backâmayâoccur.
WaterloggingâItâ canâ tolerateâ waterloggedâ soilsâ forâ onlyâ veryâ briefâ peri-ods.
SaltâsprayâItâ canâ tolerateâ someâ saltâ sprayâ forâ briefâ periods,â butâ theâleavesâwillâturnâyellowâandâfall.â
WindâTheâ branchesâ breakâ andâ shedâ inâ heavyâ winds,â especial-lyâwithâaâheavyâ fruitâ load,âbutânewâ shootsâ andâbranchesâquicklyâregrow.
AbilitiesBreadfruitâ producesâ numerousâ rootâ shootsâ whenâ rootsâareâ cutâ orâ damaged.â Itâ quicklyâ regrowsâ newâ shootsâ andâbranchesâafterâwindâdamageâorâwhenâtoppedâtoâfacilitateâharvest.âEvenâlargeâtreesâ1âmâ(3.3âft)âorâgreaterâinâdiameterâwillâ regenerateâ andâ produceâ fruitsâ againâ inâ asâ soonâ asâ 2âyearsâafterâsevereâpruning.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GrowthârateâBreadfruitâisâfastâgrowingâinâfavorableâconditions,âgrowingâ0.5â1.5âmâ(1.7â4.8âft)âperâyearâandâtoâaâdiameterâofâcloseâtoâ1âmâ(3.3âft)âinâtheâfirstâ10â12âyears.âSmallâbranchesâoftenâdieâbackâatâtheâtipâafterâfruiting,âbutânewâshootsâandâbranchesâcontinueâtoâdevelopâthroughoutâtheâlifeâofâtheâtree.â
FloweringâandâfruitingâBreadfruitâ bearsâ seasonally,â withâ mostâ varietiesâ produc-ingâoneâorâtwoâcropsâperâyear.âTheâmainâcropâtypicallyâoc-cursâ duringâ theâ hot,â rainy,â summerâ months,â followedâ byâ
aâ smallerâ cropâ 3â4â monthsâ later.âTreesâ grownâ fromâ seedâbeginâfloweringâandâproduceâfruitâinâ6â10âyears,âorâsooner.âVegetativelyâpropagatedâtreesâstartâfruitingâinâ3â6âyears.
YieldsâYieldsâareâextremelyâvariable,ârangingâfromâlessâthanâ100âtoâmoreâthanâ700âfruitsâperâtree,âdependingâonâtheâvariety,âage,âandâconditionâofâtheâtree.âAverageâyieldsâareâ150â200âfruitsâperâtree.âAâstudyâofâPohnpeianâvarietiesârecorded:
Variety Numberâofâfruits AverageâyieldâMeinâiweâ 30â268 141âMeinâpadahkâ 26â557 219âMeiâuhwpâ 10â615 218
RootingâhabitâRootsâareâspreadingâandâgrowâonâorâslightlyâbelowâtheâsur-faceâofâtheâground.âSomeâvarieties,âespeciallyâA. altilisâĂâA. mariannensisâhybrids,âdevelopâextensiveâbuttressâroots.
ReactionâtoâcompetitionâBreadfruitâdoesâwellâinterplantedâwithâaâwideâarrayâofâplants,âandâmoreâthanâ120âusefulâspeciesâhaveâbeenâdocumentedâinâtraditionalâbreadfruitâagroforestsâonâPohnpei.âVinesâsuchâasâ Merremia peltata,â ifâ leftâ unchecked,â canâ smotherâ andâeventuallyâkillâtheâtrees.
Rootâ shootâ growingâ fromâ surfaceâ roots.â Rootâ shootsâ helpâbreadfruitâ treesâ surviveâ windâ damageâ andâ areâ aâ primaryâsourceâforâpropagationâmaterial.âphoto:âD.âRagone
ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
DiseasesâandâpestsItâ isâ relativelyâ freeâofâdiseasesâandâpests,âalthoughâmealy-bugsâ canâ beâ aâ problemâ locally.â Phellinus noxius,â aâ rootârot,â andâ fruitâ rotsâ causedâbyâ Phytophthora,â Colletotrichumâ(anthracnose),âandâRhizopusâcanâbeâaâproblem.âFruitâfliesâinfestâripeâfruitsâonâtheâtreeâandâground.âTreeâdeclineâandâdiebackâhaveâbeenâaâproblemâthroughoutâtheâPacificâandâCaribbeanâ islands,â especiallyâ onâ atolls.â Noâ pathologicalâcauseâhasâbeenâidentified.âItâisâconsideredâtoâbeâtheâresultâofâ stormâ damage,â drought,â agingâ ofâ theâ trees,â andâ salin-ity.âProperâhusbandryâpractices,âsuchâasâremovingâdeadâandâdyingâbranchesâandâmulching,âareâessentialâtoâmaintainingâtheâhealthâandâvigorâofâtheâtrees.
PROPAGATIONBreadfruitâ isâ easyâ toâpropagateâ fromâ rootâ shootsâorâ rootâcuttings,â byâ air-layeringâ branches,â orâ fromâ seeds.â Bread-fruitâ canâ alsoâ beâ graftedâ usingâ variousâ techniques.â Stemâcuttingsâareânotâused.âSeedsâareârarelyâgrownâbecauseâtheyâdoânotâdevelopâ trueâ toâ type.âVegetativeâpropagationâ isâ aâmustâforâseedlessâvarieties,âandârootâshootsâorârootâcuttingsâareâtheâpreferredâmethodsâforâbothâseededâandâseedlessâva-rieties.â
PropagationâbyârootâshootsâandârootâcuttingsâItâisâbestâtoâcollectârootâshootsâandârootâcuttingsâafterâtheâfruitingâ seasonâ isâoverâ andâwhenâ theâ treeâ isâ inâ anâactiveâvegetativeâstage,âproducingânewâleaves.âThisâgenerallyâcoin-cidesâwithâtheâendâofâtheâdryâseason,âandârootâshoots/cut-tingsâshouldâbeâcollectedâasâtheârainyâseasonâcommences.âThisâisâtheâperiodâwhenâcarbohydrateâstoresâinâtheârootsâareâatâtheirâhighestâlevels.â
Collectionâandâhandlingâofâpropagatingâmaterial
RootâshootsTheâuseâofâ rootâ shootsâ toâpropagateâbreadfruitâ isâ theâ tra-ditionalâ methodâ inâ theâ Pacific,â andâ someâ varieties,â suchâasââPuouâ,âproduceânumerousârootâshoots.âCollectâhealthyâshootsâwhenâtheyâareâatâleastâ20â25âcmâ(8â10âin)âtallâandâtheâstemâhasâbecomeâwoodyâandâisâproducingâlobedâleaves.âShootsâupâtoâ1âmâ(3.3âft)âtallâcanâbeâused.âRemoveâbyâcut-tingâtheâattachedârootâ10â15âcmâ(4â6âin)âonâeitherâsideâofâtheâ shootâ andâ carefullyâ liftingâ outâ theâ shootâ andâ anyâ at-tachedârootâsystem.âUseâaâsharpâmacheteâorâclippersâtoâsev-erâtheâshootâfromâtheâparentâtreeâandâtoâfacilitateâwoundâhealing.âItâ isâdifficultâtoâavoidâdamagingâtheâshootâsârootâsystemâ whenâ theâ shootâ isâ removed,â soâ rootâ shootsâ needâtoâbeâgrownâunderânurseryâconditionsâbeforeâoutplanting.âTheâsuccessârateâofâdirectlyâtransplantingâshootsâtoâanotherâ
locationâisâlow,âaroundâ25%.âTrimâoffâtheâleavesâandâcutâtheâtipâatâaâ45âdegreeâangleâatâaâheightâofâ15â30âcmâ(6â12âin;âseeâphoto).âTrimmingâtheâtipâmakesâtheârootâshootâmoreâmanageable,âandâtheâapicalâshootâtendsâtoâdieâbackâanyway.âPlantâinâorganic,âwellâdrainedâmediaâinâaâ1â2âgallonâ(10-20âcm)âpot.âKeepâshadedâ(upâtoâ60%âshade)âandâmoist,âbutânotâwet,âandâmistingâisârecommended.âItâshouldâneverâbeâallowedâtoâdryâout.âDependingâonâtheâsizeâofâtheâshoot,âitâwillâ needâ toâ beâ grownâ underâ nurseryâ conditionsâ forâ 3â6âmonthsâ beforeâ outplanting.âTheâ percentageâ ofâ successfulârootingâandâshootâgrowthârangesâfromâ50âtoâ90%.
RootâcuttingsRootâshootsâareânotâalwaysâavailableâfromâaâdesiredâvariety,âandâ rootâ cuttingsâ canâ beâ usedâ toâ mass-propagateâ bread-fruit.âCollectârootsâfromâhealthy,âvigorousâtrees.âCarefullyâexcavateâ rootsâ thatâ areâ growingâ justâ beneathâ theâ surfaceâofâtheâsoil.âDoânotâuseâsurfaceârootsâbecauseâtheseâtendâtoâdryâoutâandâhaveâaâlowerâsuccessârate.âLookâforârootsâwithâsmallâroundedâbumpsâonâtheâsurfaceâtheseâadventitiousâbudsâwillâdevelopâ intoânewâ shoots.âRootsâ 1.5â6â cmâ (0.6â2.4âin)âinâdiameterâcanâbeâused,âandâ3â4âcmâ(1.4â1.8âin)âisâsuggestedâ forâ bestâ results.â Removingâ rootsâ largerâ thanâ 6âcmâ(2.4âin)âcanâbeâdetrimentalâtoâtheâtree,âdamagingâtheârootâsystem,âandâbecauseâtheâwoundedâareaâwillâhealâmoreâslowly.âUseâaâsharpâmacheteâorâclippersâtoâseverâtheârootâandâfacilitateâwoundâhealing.âTheâremainingâattachedârootâwillâoftenâdevelopâaârootâshootâatâtheâcutâend.âCutârootsâintoâ15â25âcmâ(6â10âin)âsections.âItâisâbestâtoâwashâandâscrubâtheârootsâtoâremoveâsoil.âDiscardâanyâpiecesâthatâareâ damagedâ orâ misshapen.âTreatmentâ withâ fungicideâ isârecommendedâtoâpreventâgrowthâofâpathogensâthatâcauseârootârots.âHormoneâtreatmentâisânotârequiredâbutâstandardâhormoneâmixesâcanâbeâusedâaccordingâtoâtheâmanufactur-
Rootâshootsâandârootâcuttings,âbothâpicturedâhereâinânurseryâcontainers,âareâtheâprimaryâmeansâofâpropagatingâbreadfruit.âphoto:âD.âRagone
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
ersârecommendation.âPlaceâ theâ rootsâ inâ aâ propagatingâ bed,â flats,â orâ individualâpots.âSpaceârootsâ10â15âcmâ(4â6âin)âinâaârowâandâ15â20âcmâ(6â8â in)âbetweenâ rowsâ inâbedsâorâflats.âUseâwellâdrainedâpottingâ mediaâ orâ clean,â washedâ silicaâ sand.â Doâ notâ useâbeachâsandâbecauseâitâisâtooâsalineâandâalkaline.âCuttingsâareâplacedâeitherâhorizontalâ(coveredâwithâmedia)âorâatâanâangle,âbutânotâupright,âwithâaâsmallâupperâportionâofâtheârootâexposed.âRootâ cuttingsâ shouldâbeâkeptâ shadedâ (upâ toâ 60%â shade)âandâmoist,âbutânotâwet;âmistingâisârecommended.âTheârootsâshouldâneverâbeâallowedâtoâdryâout.âTheâpercentageâofâroot-ingârangesâfromâ75âtoâ85%.âShootsâbeginâtoâdevelopâfromâadventitiousâbudsâafterâ3â4âweeks.âWhenâshootsâareâ20â25âcmâ(8â10âin)âtallâwithâtheirâownârootâsystemâusuallyâ inâ4â6âmonthsâcarefullyâuprootâandâtransplantâintoâ2â3âgal-lonâ(20â30âcm)âpots.âUseâaâwellâdrainedâmedium.âIfâadd-ingâ fertilizerâ (suchâasâbalancedâ8â8â8)âuseâonlyâ sparingly,âlessâthanâhalfâtheâmanufacturersâârecommendations.âKeepâplantsâ inâpartialâ shadeâandâweed-free.âGrowâtoâaâ sizeâofâ0.6â1.6âmâ(24â64âin)âinâ6â9âmonths.
Propagationâbyâair-layeringItâ isâ bestâ toâ air-layerâ branchesâ atâ theâ beginningâ ofâ theârainyâseasonâwhenâtheâtreeâisâinâanâactiveâvegetativeâstage,âproducingâ newâ shootsâ andâ leaves,â andâ beforeâ fruitsâ ap-pear.âSelectânewlyâdevelopedâ shoots,â andâdoânotâuseâ theâendsâofâbranchesâthatâhaveâpreviouslyâfloweredâorâfruited.âBranchesâ2â4âcmâ(0.8â1.6âin)âareâpreparedâforâair-layeringâbyâremovingâaâstripâofâbarkâ3â5âcmâ(1.4â2âin)âwideâaroundâtheâ circumferenceâ ofâ theâ branch.â Useâ aâ sharpâ knifeâ andâbeâcarefulânotâtoâcutâintoâtheâwood.âRootingâhormoneâisânotârequiredâbutâifâused,âfollowâtheâmanufacturerâsârecom-mendations.â Wrapâ moistenedâ sphagnumâ moss,â orâ otherâorganicâmedia,âaroundâthisâareaâandâholdâitâinâplaceâwithâaâpieceâofâplastic,âaluminumâfoil,âburlap,âorâcopraâbagâtiedâaroundâtheâbranch.âUpâtoâ50%âofâair-layersâwillânotârootâbutâinsteadâformâaâringâofâhardenedâcallusâalongâtheâendâofâtheâcut.âAlso,âtheâbranchesâareâbrittleâandâmayâsnapâoffâinâ highâ winds.âTheyâ canâ beâ bracedâ withâ bambooâ splintsâplacedâoverâtheâwrappedâair-layer.âAfterâ2â4âmonths,ânewârootsâwillâdevelopâandâgrowâthroughâtheâmedium.âRemoveâtheâair-layerâbyâcuttingâtheâbranchâdirectlyâbelowâtheâroots.âPlaceâinâaâ1â2âgallonâ(10-20âcm)âpotâinâaâwellâdrainedâme-diumâuntilâtheâplantâhasâanâestablishedârootâsystemâ(aboutâaâyear).âTheâtipâofâtheâbranchâoftenâdiesâandâtheâair-layerâwillâ failâ toâ takeâ unlessâ aâ newâ shootâ developsâ fromâ budsâlowerâonâtheâbranch.
EstablishmentâinâtheânurseryâYoungâbreadfruitâplantsâgrowâbestâinâpartialâshade,âsoâfull-âsunâhardeningâ isâ oftenânotânecessary.âHowever,â ifâ plantsâareâ toâbeâplantedâ inâ fullâ sun,â graduallyâmoveâ toâ full-sunâconditionsâinâtheânurseryâtoâhardenâthemâtoâtheâsiteâcon-ditions,âatâaboutâ2âmonths.âYoungâplantsâshouldâneverâbeâallowedâtoâdryâoutâorâbeâexposedâtoâstrongâwind.
OutplantingOutplantâ whenâ theâ plantsâ haveâ reachedâ theâ desiredâ size.âBecauseâofâtheirâlargeâsurfaceâareaâitâisâbestâtoâreduceâtheâsizeâofâtheâleavesâtoâreduceâtranspiration.âCarefullyâremoveâ1/2âtoâ2/3âofâtheâlowerâleaves.âDoânotâremoveâorâdamageâtheâgrowingâpointâofâtheâplantâwhereânewâleavesâdevelop.âPro-tectâ fromâwindâandâexcessiveâheatâduringâ transport.âDigâaâholeâtheâsameâdepthâofâtheâcontainerâandâtwiceâasâwideâasâtheâcontainer.âAddâaâsmallâamountâofâfertilizer,âsuchâasâ8â8â8âslow-releaseâfertilizer,âtoâtheâbottomâofâtheâholeâandâcoverâwithâsoil.âToâpreventâinjuryâtoâtheâdelicateârootâsys-tem,âcarefullyâcutâoffâtheâcontainerâratherâthanâpullingâtheâplantâout.âPlaceâtheâbreadfruitâtreeâinâtheâhole,âaddâsoilânoâhigherâthanâtheâlevelâofâtheâplantâinâtheâpot,âtop-dressâwithâcompost,âandâwaterâwell.âCloseâtoâ100%âsuccessârateâcanâbeâexpected.Youngâplantsâpreferâpartialâshade.âItâisâbestâtoâplantâatâtheâonsetâofâtheârainyâseason,âbutâifâtheâweatherâisâdry,âirrigateâforâtheâfirstâ1â3âmonthsâofâestablishment.âOnceâestablished,âbreadfruitâtreesâcanâwithstandâaâdryâseasonâofâ3â4âmonths,âalthoughâ itâ prefersâ moistâ conditions.â Mulchingâ youngâplantsâisâbeneficialâbyâhelpingâkeepâtheâsoilâmoistâandâadd-ingâaâsteadyâsupplyâofânutrients.âItâalsoâhelpsâcontrolâweedsâ
Althoughâ aâ lessâ commonâ meansâ ofâ propagationâ thanâ rootâsuckersâ andâ rootâ cuttings,â air-layeringâ ofâ breadfruitâ alsoâworksâ well.â Air-layersâ areâ shownâ hereâ wrappedâ inâ alumi-numâfoilâtoâreduceâevaporationâandâkeepâthemâcool.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh
10â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
aroundâtheârootâsystem.âUseâofâherbicidesâtoâcontrolâweedsâaroundâtheâbaseâofâtheâtreeâcanâdamageâtheâtreeâifâitâcomesâinâ contactâwithâ theâ surfaceâ rootsâ orâ youngâ trunk.âYoungâtreesâneedâtoâbeâprotectedâfromâcattle,âgoats,âhorses,âandâpigsâthatâwillâeatâtheâbarkâandâtenderâshoots.â
DISADVANTAGES
PotentialâforâinvasivenessâBreadfruitâhasânoâpotentialâforâ invasiveness.âMostâofâtheâvarietiesâ areâ seedlessâ andâ canâ onlyâ beâ propagatedâ veg-etatively,â requiringâ humansâ toâ distributeâ andâ spreadâ thisâspecies.â Breadfruitâ doesâ produceâ rootâ shoots,â soâ clonalâoffspringsâspreadâaâlimitedâdistanceâfromâtheâoriginalâtree.âSinceâseedsâ loseâviabilityâquickly,âtheâseededâvarietiesâareânotâreadilyâspread.
Susceptibilityâtoâpests/pathogensâBreadfruitâ isâaâ relativelyâ trouble-freeâplantâ toâgrow,âwithâitsâ diseaseâ andâ pestâ problemsâ localized.âTheâ majorâ prob-lemâ isâ fruitâ rotsâ causedâ byâ Phytophthora,â Colletotrichumâ(anthracnose),âandâRhizopus.âPhellinus noxius rootârotâcanâbeâ aâproblem;â itâ spreadsâ throughâ rootâ contact,â especiallyâwhenâtheâtreeâisâplantedâinâareasâofânativeâforestâthatâhaveâbeenârecentlyâcleared.
Hostâtoâcropâpests/pathogensâFruitâfliesâareâattractedâtoâripeâfruitsâonâtheâtreeâandâgroundâandâinfestâmanyâfruitâcrops.
OtherâdisadvantagesâorâdesignâconsiderationsâTheâspreadingâsurfaceârootsâcanâinterfereâwithâotherâplantsâandâareâeasilyâhitâandâdamagedâbyâmowersâorâotherâequip-ment.â
AGROFORESTRY/ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
Mulch/organicâmatterâTheâlargeâleavesâofâthisâevergreenâspeciesâprovideâabundantâmulchâforâtheâtreeâandâotherâplantsâgrowingâbeneathâtheâcanopy.
SoilâstabilizationâBreadfruitâisâoftenâgrownâonâsteepâhillsides,âespeciallyâonâtheâhighâislandsâofâMicronesia,âwhereâitâisâtheâcanopyâspe-ciesâinâtraditionalâagroforestryâsystems.â
Cropâshade/overstoryâBreadfruitâcanâbeâinterplantedâwithâaâwideârangeâofâcropsâandâplantsâsuchâasâyams,âbananas,âmedicinalâplants,âaroids,âgingers,âIndianâmulberry,âkava,âetc.
BreadfruitâremainsâaâcommonâtreeâinâhomegardensâinâmuchâofâtheâPacific,âsuchâasâpicturedâaboveâinâApia,âSamoa.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 11
HomegardensâBreadfruitâisâwellâsuitedâforâhomegardens,âprovidingâben-eficialâshadeâandânumerousânutritiousâfruits.
AnimalâfodderâAllâpartsâflesh,âpeel,âcore,âandâseedsâofâbothâmatureâandâripeâfruitsâareâedibleâandâareâfedâtoâpigsâandâotherâlivestock.âTheâleavesâareâalsoâedible.
Nativeâanimal/birdâfoodâBreadfruitâisâanâimportantâfoodâsourceâforâflyingâfoxes,âna-tiveâdoves,âandâotherâbirdsâinâtheâPacificâislands.
HostâplantâtrellisingâBreadfruitâisâusedâasâaâtrellisâtreeâforâyamâ(Dioscoreaâspp.),âespeciallyâinâPohnpei.
BeeâforageâHoneybeesâvisitâmaleâinflorescencesâandâcollectâpollen,âes-peciallyâfromâfertile,âseededâvarieties.âBeesâalsoâcollectâlatexâthatâoozesâfromâtheâfruitâsurface.
OrnamentalâBreadfruitâisâanâattractive,âevergreenâtreeâwithâlarge,âstrik-ingâleaves.
USES AND PRODUCTS
StapleâfoodâBreadfruitâ producesâ abundantâ nutritiousâ fruitsâ thatâ areâtypicallyâconsumedâasâaâstarchyâstapleâwhenâfirmâandâma-ture.âTheâfruitsâareâhighâinâcarbohydratesâandâaâgoodâsourceâofâvitaminsâandâminerals.âBreadfruitâisâcannedâinâbrineâandâsoldâinâtheâCaribbeanâandâspecialityâmarketsâinâtheâUnitedâStates,âEurope,âandâCanada.
Nut/seedâSeedsâareâhighâinâproteinâandâlowâinâfatâandâaâgoodâsourceâofâvitaminsâandâminerals.âTheyâareâcookedâinâtheâfruitsâandâeatenâthroughoutâtheâPacificâislands,âbutârarelyâinâPolyne-sia.
MedicinalâAllâpartsâareâusedâmedicinallyâinâtheâPacificâandâCaribbean,âespeciallyâ theâ latex,â leafâ tips,âandâinnerâbark.âTheâlatexâ isâmassagedâintoâtheâskinâtoâtreatâbrokenâbonesâandâsprainsâandâisâbandagedâonâtheâspineâtoârelieveâsciatica.âItâisâcom-monlyâusedâtoâtreatâskinâailmentsâandâfungusâdiseasesâsuchâasââthrush,ââwhichâisâalsoâtreatedâwithâcrushedâleaves.âDi-lutedâ latexâ isâ takenâ internallyâ toâ treatâ diarrhea,â stomach-aches,âandâdysentery.âTheâsapâ fromâtheâcrushedâstemsâofâ
leavesâisâusedâtoâtreatâearâinfectionsâorâsoreâeyes.âTheârootâisâastringentâandâusedâasâaâpurgative;âwhenâmaceratedâitâisâusedâasâaâpoulticeâforâskinâailments.âTheâbarkâisâalsoâusedâtoâtreatâheadachesâinâseveralâislands.âInâtheâWestâIndiesâtheâyellowingâleafâisâbrewedâintoâteaâandâtakenâtoâreduceâhighâbloodâpressureâandârelieveâasthma.âTheâteaâisâalsoâthoughtâtoâcontrolâdiabetes.â
TimberâTheâwoodâisâlightweight,âflexible,âandâmayâresistâtermites.âTallerâvarietiesâsuchâasââMaopoââandââAveloloaââareâpreferredâforâhouseâbuildingâinâSamoa.
FuelwoodâBreadfruitâisâusedâasâfirewoodâthroughoutâtheâPacific,âbutâgenerallyâolder,âlessâproductiveâtreesâareâutilized.â
Craftâwood/toolsâTheâwoodâisâeasyâtoâworkâandâcarveâintoâstatues,âbowls,âandâotherâobjects.
Canoe/boat/raftâmakingâTheâlight-weightâtimberâisâusedâthroughoutâtheâPacificâis-landsâtoâmakeâsmallâone-âorâtwo-personâcanoes.
Fiber/weaving/clothingâTheâinnerâbarkâisâusedâtoâmakeâbarkâclothâ(tapa),âbutâthisâformerlyâwidespreadâcustomâisânowâonlyâpracticedâinâtheâMarquesas.â
Rope/cordage/stringâTheâinnerâbastâwasâtraditionallyâusedâtoâmakeâstrongâcord-ageâusedâforâfishingâandâanimalâharnessesâ inâSamoa,âMi-cronesia,âandâtheâPhilippines.
Wrapping/parcelizationâTheâlarge,âflexibleâleavesâareâusedâthroughoutâtheâPacificâtoâwrapâfoodsâforâcookingâinâearthâovens.â
Resin/gum/glue/latexâTheâstickyâwhiteâlatexâisâusedâasâaâchewingâgumâandâasâanâadhesive.âItâwasâwidelyâusedâtoâcaulkâcanoesâandâasâbird-limeâ(toâcatchâbirds).
Toxin/insecticide/fishâpoisonâDriedâmaleâflowersâcanâbeâburnedâtoârepelâmosquitoesâandâotherâflyingâinsects.
URBAN AND COMMERCIAL FORESTRYTheâstatelyâandâattractiveâbreadfruitâtreeâisâaâfamiliarâland-
1ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
scapeâtreeâinâtheâPacificâislands.âWidelyâplantedâthrough-outâtheâregion,âbreadfruitâprovidesâcomfortableâshade,âde-liciousâandânutritiousâfruits,âtimber,âandâotherâusefulâprod-ucts.âAâcommonâelementâ inâhomeâlandscapes,âbreadfruitâtreesâ areâ typicallyâ grownâ aroundâ andâ nearâ homesâ soâ theâfruitsâcanâbeâeasilyâandâquicklyâharvested.âAâfewâmagnifi-centâspecimenâtreesâcanâbeâfoundâinâparksâandâotherâpublicâplaces.âUnfortunately,âinâlargeâmetropolitanâareasâsuchâasâHonolulu,âmanyâbeautifulâoldâtreesâhaveâdisappearedâfromâtheâurbanâ landscapeâ inâ recentâ yearsâcutâdownâ toâmakeâroomâ forâ largerâ homesâ andâ buildings,â andâ toâ openâ viewâplanes.â
Aâlargeâtreeâcutâbackâtoâopenâaâviewâplane.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh
SizeâinâanâurbanâenvironmentTreesâ canâ reachâheightsâofâ 18âmâ (60â ft)â orâmoreâbutâ areâtypicallyâ 12â15âmâ(40â50â ft).âSomeâvarietiesâareâ relativelyâshort-statured,âreachingâaverageâheightsâofâ9âmâ(30âft).âTheâcanopyâisâgenerallyâaboutâtwo-thirdsâofâtheâheight.
RateâofâgrowthâinâaâlandscapeItâisâmoderatelyâfastâgrowingâinâfavorableâconditions,âgrow-
ingâ0.5â1.5âmâ(1.5â5âft)âperâyear.â
RootâsystemRootsâareâspreading,âgrowâonâorâslightlyâbelowâtheâsurfaceâofâtheâground,âandâcanâformâraisedâbuttresses.âSurfaceârootsâareâeasilyâhitâandâdamagedâbyâmowersâorâotherâequipment.
ProductsâcommonlyâusedâinâaâPacificâislandâhouseholdâPrimarilyâgrownâforâfood,âtheânutritious,âstarchyâfruitsâareâusuallyâconsumedâwhenâmature.âTheâmatureâfruitâmustâbeâcookedâwhenâstillâgreenâandâfirm,âbutâitâcanâbeâeatenârawâwhenâsoftâandâripe.âTheseâmultipurposeâtreesâhaveâaâlight-weight,âeasy-to-workâtimberâwellâsuitedâforâcarvingsâandâhandicrafts,âcanoes,âandâhouseâconstruction.âLeaves,âbuds,âlatex,â andâbarkâallâhaveâmedicinalâuses.âTheâ stickyâ sapâ isâwidelyâusedâforâglueâandâasâaâtraditionalâcaulk.
LightârequirementsYoungâ treesâ canâbeâgrownâ inâ20â50%âshadeâwhenâyoungâbutâdevelopâaâmoreâcompact,âdenseâcanopyâwhenâgrownâinâfullâsun.â
Water/soilârequirementsNewlyâplantedâtreesâmayârequireâdailyâwateringâduringâdryâperiodsâuntilâestablished,âbutâmatureâtreesânormallyâtoler-ateâdryâconditionsâandâdoânotârequireâirrigation.âBreadfruitâprefersâlightâandâmediumâsoilsâ(sands,âsandyâloams,âloams,âandâsandyâclayâloams)âandârequiresâgoodâdrainage.
LifeâspanTreesâ beginâ bearingâ inâ 3â5â yearsâ andâ areâ productiveâ forâmanyâdecades.
VarietiesâfavoredâforâuseâinâaâhomegardensShorter-statured,âmoreâcompactâvarietiesâsuchâasââPuouââorââMaâafalaââfromâPolynesiaâorâtheâMicronesianâvarietyââMeiâuhwpââareâidealâforâhomegardens.
Seasonalityâofâleafâflush,âflowering,âfruitingMaleâ flowersâ andâ fruitsâ developâ atâ theâ tipsâ ofâ branches,âwithâtheâmaleâflowersâoccurringâfirst.âTheâfruitingâseasonâtypicallyâ coincidesâ withâ theâ wet,â rainyâ summerâ months,âbutâ aâ smallerâ flushâ mayâ occurâ aboutâ 5â monthsâ laterâ forâsomeâvarieties.âNewâleavesâareâproducedâyear-round,âwithâaâheavyâflushâafterâaâperiodâofârestâthatâfollowsâtheâendâofâtheâfruitingâseason.â
Useâasâlivingâfence,âhedgeâorâvisual/noiseâbarrierBecauseâofâitsâstatureâandâdenseâfoliageâwhenâgrownâinâtheâ
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
open,âbreadfruitâisâwellâsuitedâasâaâspecimenâorâshadeâtreeâthatâcanâserveâasâaâvisualâscreenâwhenâsitedâcorrectly.â
Birds/wildlifeBirdsâandâhoneybeesâareâattractedâtoâtheâfruitsâand/orâmaleâflowers.â
MaintenanceârequirementsMulchingâ withâ fallenâ breadfruitâ leavesâ andâotherâ organicâ materialâ isâ beneficial.â Thisâ rela-tivelyâ low-maintenanceâ speciesâ canâ beâ fertil-izedâonceâaâyearâwithâaâbalancedâNPKâfertilizer,âbutâ treesâ canâ produceâ abundantlyâ andâ thriveâforâyearsâwithoutâsupplementalâfertilizer.âSmallâtipâbranchesâoftenâdieâbackâafterâ fruitingâandâshouldâbeâprunedâandâremovedâtoâmaintainâtheâlong-termâhealthâofâtheâtree.â
Specialâconsiderationsâregardingâleaf,âbranch,âandâfruitâdropSomeâ fruitsâ mayâ dropâ prematurely,â butâ mostâfruitsâ developâ andâ shouldâ beâ harvestedâ whenâmature.â High,â out-of-reachâ fruitsâ willâ ripenâandâfallâtoâtheâgroundâthroughoutâtheâfruitingâperiod.â Heavilyâ ladenâ branchesâ mayâ breakâ offâtheâtreeâduringâstrongâwinds.
NuisanceâissuesSoft,âripeâfruitsâthatâremainâonâtheâgroundâafterâfallingâdrawâcloudsâofâfruitâfliesâandâquicklyâbe-ginâtoârotâintoâaâgooey,âunsightlyâmass.
HazardsSinceâsomeâbreadfruitâvarietiesâhaveâfruitsâthatâweighâupâtoâ5.5âkgâ(12âlb),âtreesâshouldânotâbeâplantedâcloseâtoâside-walksâorâotherâpublicâareasâwhereâ fallingâfruitsâcouldâhitâandâinjureâaâpassingâpedestrianâorâtripâpassers-by.â
CommonâpestâproblemsTheâ treeâ isâ relativelyâ pestâ free.âTheâ mainâ problemsâ withâbreadfruitâareâfruitâfliesâandâfruitârotsâfromâfungalâdiseases.âVigilanceâinâharvestingâandâdisposingâofâfruitsâaffectedâbyâfungalâdiseaseâisâtheâeasiestâwayâtoâlimitâproblems.âHouseâyardâorâ farmâpigsâ readilyââpigâoutââonâdamagedâandâripeâfruits,âsolvingâdisposalâproblemsâforâtheâhomeownerâwhileâbenefitingâfromâaânutritiousâfoodstuff.
Otherâcommentsâaboutâthisâspeciesâinâurbanâenvi-ronmentsBreadfruitâ treesâ areâ anâ essentialâ componentâ ofâ homegar-densâandâshouldâbeâmoreâwidelyâplantedâthroughoutâtheâislands.âTheyâareânotâasâwellâsuitedâasâstreetâorâparkâtrees.âSoft,âripeâfruitsâcanâmakeâaâmessâofâsidewalks,âstreets,âorâparkedâcars,âandâtheâstickyâlatexâcouldâadhereâtoâandâdam-ageâtheâfinishâofâvehicles.â
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTSBreadfruitâ isâ grownâ primarilyâ asâ aâ subsistenceâ cropâthroughoutâtheâPacificâislandsâandâotherâregionsâwhereâitâisâcultivated.âItâisâavailableâinâvillageâandâtownâmarketsâforâlocalâconsumption.âBreadfruitâisâproducedâandâsoldâlocallyâasâchipsâinâFiji,âSamoa,âGuam,âHawaiâi,âandâotherâislands.âFreshâmatureâfruits,âtreatedâforâfruitâfliesâbyâhotâforcedâair,âareâbeingâexportedâtoâNewâZealandâfromâFijiâandâSamoa.âTheâfruitsâareâharvestedâfromâsmallâplantingsâandâbackyardâ
Authorâwithâbreadfruitâtreeâbearingânicelyâ28âmonthsâafterâplanting.âpho-to:âJ.âWiseman
1ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
trees.âThereâareânoâorchardsâinâtheâPacificâislandsâwithâtheâexceptionâofâaâfarmâinâHawaiâiâwithâmoreâthanâ180âtreesâonâapproximatelyâ2.5âhaâ(6âacres).â
SpacingTreesâ shouldâ beâ plantedâ 12â14â mâ (40â46â ft)â apartâ underâorchardâ conditions,â althoughâ inâ theâ Caribbeanâ treesâ areâoftenâspacedâ8â12âmâ(27â40âft).
Managementâobjectivesâandâdesignâconsider-ationsBreadfruitâ isâ traditionallyâ grownâ inâ integratedâ mixedâagroforestryâsystems.âLittleâinformationâisâavailableâaboutâmanagingâbreadfruitâforâcommercialâproduction.âItâisâbestâtoâkeepâtreesâmulched.âProvideâaâcompleteâfertilizerâatâtheâbeginningâandâendâofâtheâfruitingâseasonâtoâmaintainâtheâhealthâ andâ vigorâ ofâ trees,â especiallyâ treesâ thatâ areâ 10â orâmoreâyearsâold.âPruningâshouldâbeâlimitedâtoâtheâremovalâofâ deadâ branches,â butâ treesâ areâ oftenâ toppedâ toâ makeâ itâeasierâtoâreachâandâharvestâfruits.âHowever,âtheânewâshootsâandâbranchesâareâbrittleâandâreadilyâbreak.
YieldsâUnderâorchardâ conditions,â yieldâ estimatesâ rangeâ fromâ 16âtoâ50âmtâperâhaâ(7â23ât/ac)âofâfruitâbasedâonâ100âtrees/haâ(40â trees/ac).â Approximatelyâ 5.5â mtâ perâ haâ (2.4â t/ac)â areâproducedâ inâ aâ traditionalâ mixedâ agroforestryâ systemâ onâPohnpei.â
ProcessingâBreadfruitâisâgenerallyâpickedâandâconsumedâwhenâmatureâbutânotâyetâripe.âCarefulâharvestingâ isâessentialâ forâmain-tainingâ fruitâ quality.â Fruitsâ thatâ fallâ toâ theâ groundâ mayâbeâ bruisedâ andâ softenâ soonerâ thanâ thoseâ thatâ areâ gentlyâhandled.â Fruitsâ quicklyâ ripenâ inâ justâ 1â3â daysâ afterâ har-vest.âShelfâlifeâcanâbeâextendedâbyâcarefulâharvestingâandâpre-coolingâfruitsâwithâchippedâiceâinâtheâfieldâandâduringâtransport.âCoveringâfruitsâwithâwaterâcanâalsoâdelayâripen-ingâforâaâfewâdays.â
MarketsâBreadfruitâisâusuallyâavailableâforâsaleâinâmarketsâthrough-outâ theâ Pacificâ andâ Caribbeanâ islands.â Anâ estimatedâ100â300âtonsâofâbreadfruitâisâsoldâinâSamoaâannually,âwithâ60â130âtonsâsoldâinâtheâFugaleiâMarketâinâApia.
INTERPLANTING/FARM APPLICATIONSBreadfruitâ treesâ provideâ shade,â mulch,â andâ aâ beneficialâmicroclimate.âTheyâareâgenerallyâplantedâasâpartâofâ aâho-
megardenâ orâ mixedâ agroforestryâ systemâ withâ aâ wideâ ar-rayâofâusefulâplants.âWidelyâspacedâtreesâinâanâorchardâcanâbeâinterplantedâwithâsmallâfruitâtrees,âsuchâasâcitrus,âandâaâ leguminousâcoverâcrop.âShort-termâfruitâcrops,âsuchâasâpineapple,âbanana,âandâpapaya,âorâfieldâandâvegetableâcropsâincludingâ taro,â tomato,â andâ eggplant,â canâ alsoâ beâ grownâbetweenâbreadfruitâtrees.âAâleguminousâcoverâcropâshouldâreplaceâtheseâintercropsâwhenâtheyâbeginâtoâinterfereâwithâorchardâoperations.âSomeâinterplantingâsystemsâinclude:
Exampleâ1â
LocationâFederatedâStatesâofâMicronesiaâ(Pohnpei).
DescriptionâBreadfruitâ isâ typicallyâ grownâ withâ yamâ (Dioscoreaâ spp.).âTheâvinesâclimbâtrellisesâofâHibiscus tiliaceusâandâgrowâintoâtheâcanopyâofâtheâtreeâduringâtheânon-fruitingâperiodâandâareâdormantâwhenâtheâfruitsâareâharvested.âThisâallowsâtheâfruitsâtoâbeâpickedâwithoutâdamagingâtheâyamâvines.
Exampleâ2
LocationâAmericanâSamoa.
DescriptionâBreadfruitâisâgrownâinâaâmixedâplantingâwithâtaro,âcassava,âbananas,âcitrus,âandâcacao.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND AGROFORESTRY EXTENSIONExtensionâofficesâ forâ agroforestryâ andâ forestryâ inâ theâPa-
OneâofâtheâgreatâstaplesâofâPacificâislandâcultures,âbreadfruitâisâshownâhereâforâsaleâtogetherâwithâtwoâotherâstaples,âsweet-potatoâandâcookingâbanana.âphoto:âC.âelevitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
cific:âhttp://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html
TheâCooperativeâExtensionâServiceâ(CES)âofâtheâUniver-sityâofâHawaiâiâcanâassistâlandownersâwithâquestionsârelat-ingâtoâtreeâcrops.
UniversityâofâHawaiâiâatâMÄnoaCollegeâofâTropicalâAgricultureâandâHumanâResourcesCooperativeâExtensionâServiceKomohanaâAgriculturalâComplex875âKomohanaâSt.,âHilo,âHIâ96720Tel:â808-959-9155;âFax:â808-959-3101Web:âhttp://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/
GERMPLASM RESOURCESTheâ NationalâTropicalâ Botanicalâ Gardenâ canâ provideâ se-lectedâ varietiesâ fromâ anâ extensiveâ breadfruitâ germplasmâcollection.Theâ USDAâ Clonalâ Germplasmâ Repository,â Waiakea,âHawaiâi,âcanâprovideâselectedâbreadfruitâvarieties.â
Theâ NationalâTropicalâ Botanicalâ Gardenâsâ Kahanuâ Garden,âMaui,âHawaiâi,âhasâtheâlargestâcollectionâofâbreadfruitâvariet-iesâinâtheâworld.âphoto:âD.âRagone
INTERNET TheâBreadfruitâInstitute:â<http://www.breadfruit.org>.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(âââindicatesârecommendedâreading)
Barrau,â J.â 1976.â Breadfruitâ andâ relatives.â pp.â 201â202.â In:âSimmonds,âN.W.â(ed.).âEvolutionâofâCropâPlants.âLong-man,âLondon.
Bates,âR.P.,âH.D.âGraham,âR.F.âMatthews,âandâL.R.âClos.â
1991.â Breadfruitâ chips:â preparation,â stability,â andâ accept-ability.âJournalâofâFoodâScienceâ56:â1608â1610.
â Coronel,âR.E.â1986.âPromisingâFruitsâofâtheâPhilippines.âUniversityâofâtheâPhilippinesâatâLosâBaĂąosâCollegeâofâAg-riculture,âLaguna,âPhilippines.
Elevitch,â C.R.,â andâ K.M.â Wilkinson.â 2003.â PropagationâprotocolâforâvegetativeâproductionâofâcontainerâArtocarpus altilisâ(Parkinson)âFosbergâplants;âPermanentâAgricultureâResources,âHolualoa,âHawaiâi.âIn:âNativeâPlantâNetwork.âUniversityâofâIdaho,âCollegeâofâNaturalâResources,âForestâResearchâ Nursery,â Moscow,â Idaho.â <http://www.native-plantnetwork.org>.
Fownes,âJ.H.,âandâW.C.âRaynor.â1993.âSeasonalityâandâyieldâofâbreadfruitâcultivarsâinâtheâindigenousâagroforestryâsys-temâofâPohnpei,âFederatedâStatesâofâMicronesia.âTropicalâAgricultureâTrinidadâ70:â103â109.
Graham,âH.D.,âandâE.âNegronâdeâBravo.â1981.âCompositionâofâbreadfruit.âJournalâofâFoodâScienceâ46:â535â539.
Koroveibau,â D.â 1966.â Someâ Fijiâ Breadfruitâ Varieties.â Bul-letinâ46.âFijiâDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âSuva,âFiji.
Lawrence,âP.â1964.âBreadfruitâcultivationâpracticesâandâbeliefsâinâPonape.âpp.â43â64.âIn:âBreadfruitâCultivationâPracticesâandâBeliefsâ inâ theâTrustâTerritoryâofâ theâPacificâ Islands.âAnthropologicalâWorkingâPapersâNo.â7â8â(Revised).âTrustâTerritoryâPacificâIslands,âSaipan.
MacKenzie,â J.B.â 1964.â Breadfruitâ cultivationâ practicesâ andâbeliefsâ inâ theâ Marshallâ Islands.â pp.â 1â15.â In:â BreadfruitâCultivationâPracticesâandâBeliefsâinâtheâTrustâTerritoryâofâtheâPacificâIslands.âAnthropologicalâWorkingâPapersâNo.â7â8â(Revised).âTrustâTerritoryâPacificâIslands,âSaipan.
McKnight,âR.K.â 1964.âBreadfruitâ cultivationâpracticesâandâbeliefsâinâPalau.âpp.â17â41.âIn:âBreadfruitâCultivationâPrac-ticesâandâBeliefsâ inâ theâTrustâTerritoryâofâ theâPacificâIs-lands.âAnthropologicalâWorkingâPapersâNo.â7â8â(Revised).âTrustâTerritoryâPacificâIslands,âSaipan.
Morton,âJ.â1987.âFruitsâofâWarmâClimates.âJuliaâMorton,âMi-ami,âFlorida.
Parham,âJ.W.â1966.âCoconutâandâBreadfruitâSurveysâinâtheâSouthâPacific.âTechnicalâ InformationâPaperâ 1.âSouthâPa-cificâCommission,âNoumea,âNewâCaledonia.
Parrotta,âJ.A.â1994.âArtocarpus altilisâ(S.âPark.)âFosb.âS0-ITF-SM-71.â Internationalâ Instituteâ ofâTropicalâ Forestry,â U.S.âDepartmentâ ofâ Agriculture,â Forestâ Service,â RĂoâ Piedras,âPuertoâRico.
â Ragone,âD.â1988.âBreadfruitâVarietiesâinâtheâPacificâAtolls.âIntegratedâ Atollâ Developmentâ Project.â Unitedâ NationsâDevelopmentâProgram,âSuva,âFiji.
â Ragone,â D.â 1997.â Breadfruit.â Artocarpus altilisâ (Parkin-son)â Fosberg.â Promotingâ theâ conservationâ andâ useâ ofâunderutilizedâandâneglectedâcrops.â 10.â InstituteâofâPlantâGeneticsâ&âCropâPlantâResearch,âGtersleban,âGermanyâandâ Internationalâ Plantâ Geneticâ Resourcesâ Institute,âRome,âItaly.â
Ragone,âD.â2003.âBreadfruit.âppâ655â661.â In:âCaballero,âL.,â
1ďż˝â Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)
Trugo,â andâ P.â Finglasâ (eds.).â Encyclopediaâ ofâ Foodâ Sci-encesâandâNutrition.âB.âAcademicâPress,âSanâDiego,âCali-fornia.
Raynor,âW.C.,â andâ J.H.â Fownes.â 1991.â Indigenousâ agrofor-estryâofâPohnpei.â 1.âPlantâ speciesâandâcultivars.âAgrofor-estryâSystemsâ16:â139â157.
Rowe-Dutton,âP.â 1976.âBreadfruit.âpp.â248â268.âIn:âGarner,âR.J.â andâ S.A.â Chaudhriâ (eds.).â Propagationâ ofâ TropicalâFruits.â Horticulturalâ Reviewâ 4.â Commonwealthâ BureauâofâHorticultureâandâPlantationâCrops,âCAO/FAO.
Trujillo,â E.â 1971.â Breadfruitâ Diseasesâ ofâ theâ Pacificâ Basin.âInformationâ Documentâ 27.â Southâ Pacificâ Commission,âNoumea,âNewâCaledonia.
Verheij,âE.W.M.,âandâR.E.âCoronel.â 1991.âPlantâResourcesâofâSouthâEastâAsiaâ2.âEdibleâFruitsâandâNuts.âPROSEA,âBogor,âIndonesia.
Walter,âA.â1989.âNotesâsurâlesâcultivarsâdâarbreâaâpainâdansâleâNordâdeâVanuatu.âJournalâdeâlaâSocieteâdesâOceanistesâ1/2:â3â18.
Walter,âA.,â andâC.âSam.â 2002.âFruitsâ ofâOceania.âACIARâMonographâ 85â [trans.âP.âFerrarâ fromâFruitsâdââOcĂŠanie].âACIAR,âCanberra,âAustralia.
Wilder,âG.P.â1928.âBreadfruitâofâTahiti.âBulletinâ50.âBerniceâPauahiâBishopâMuseum,âHonolulu.â
Worrell,â D.B.,â C.M.S.â Carrington,â andâ D.J.â Huber.â 1998.âGrowth,âmaturationâandâripeningâofâbreadfruitâArtocarpus altilisâ(Park.)âFosb.âScientiaâHorticulturaeâ76:â17â28.
Zerega,âN.Y.C.,âD.âRagone,âandâT.J.âMotley.â2005.âSystemat-icsâandâspeciesâlimitsâofâbreadfruitâ(Artocarpus,âMoraceae).âSystematicâBotanyâ30(3):â603â615.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
TraditionalâTreeâInitiativeâSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)
Artocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit)Author:âDianeâRagone,âTheâBreadfruitâInstitute,âNationalâTropicalâBotanicalâGarden,â3530âPapalinaâRoad,âKalaheo,âHawaiiâ96741â
USA;âWeb:â<http://www.ntbg.org>,â<http://www.breadfruit.org>.Acknowledgments:âTheâauthorâandâpublisherâthankâDaleâEvans,âKentâLighter,âJohnâParrotta,âandâArtâWhistlerâforâtheirâinput.âPhotoâ
contributionsâbyâJimâWisemanâareâgreatlyâappreciated.Recommendedâcitation:âRagone,âD.â2006.âArtocarpus altilisâ(breadfruit),âver.â2.1.âIn:âElevitch,âC.R.â(ed.).âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâ
IslandâAgroforestry.âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâi.â<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.Sponsors:âPublicationâwasâmadeâpossibleâbyâgenerousâsupportâofâtheâUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâWesternâRegionâSus-
tainableâAgricultureâResearchâandâEducationâ(USDA-WSARE)âProgram;âSPC/GTZâPacific-GermanâRegionalâForestryâProject;âUSDAâNaturalâResourcesâConservationâServiceâ(USDAâNRCS);âKaulunani,âanâUrbanâForestryâProgramâofâtheâDLNRâDivisionâofâForestryâandâWildlifeâandâtheâUSDAâForestâService;âStateâofâHawaiâiâDepartmentâofâLandâ&âNaturalâResourcesâDivisionâofâForestryâ&âWildlife;âUSDAâForestâServiceâForestâLandsâEnhancementâProgram;âandâMurielâandâKentâLighter.âThisâmaterialâisâbasedâuponâworkâsupportedâbyâtheâCooperativeâStateâResearch,âEducation,âandâExtensionâService,âU.S.âDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âandâAgriculturalâExperimentâStation,âUtahâStateâUniversity,âunderâCooperativeâAgreementâ2002-47001-01327.â
Seriesâeditor:âCraigâR.âElevitchPublisher:âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âPOâBoxâ428,âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâiâ96725,âUSA;âTel:â808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-
4129;âE-mail:â[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.âThisâinstitutionâisâanâequalâopportunityâprovider.Reproduction:âCopiesâofâthisâpublicationâcanâbeâdownloadedâfromâ<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.âThisâpublicationâmayâbeârepro-
ducedâforânoncommercialâeducationalâpurposesâonly,âwithâcreditâgivenâtoâtheâsource.âŠâ2006âPermanentâAgricultureâResources.âAllârightsâreserved.
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