Rating the Sustainability of Urban Development
Comparing LEED for Neighborhood Development and CASBEE
Machizukuri – Lessons for China
Daniel Benjamin Abramson, PhDUniversity of Washington
Takahiro Tanaka, PhDKobe University
Why use rating systems for sustainable development?
To know what an “ecological” building or city isfor developers and building industry: to gain
credit for investing in sustainable building practices and materialsfor government or civic activists: to regulate or
encourage sustainable practices for consumers: to allow comparison of different
products (buildings)
Why compare different rating systems?
to determine “the best” system (technical)to know what an “ecological city” is…in a
particular place (phenomenological)to understand the relationship between
rating systems and their context• Climate, geography, plant and animal life, etc.• Economy, institutions, culture, politics
LEED and CASBEE ProponentsLEED: U.S. Green Building
Council (USGBC)
• Industry• Non-profit NGOs• Government agencies• Individual consumers and
activists
Certification: by USGBC
CASBEE: Japan Sustainable Building Consortium (JSBC)
• Government – Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport
• Industry • Academia
Certification: by Institute for Built Environment & Energy Conservation (IBEC)
Two Rating Systems• U.S.: Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED)– points system based on a checklist of good practice– award levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum– Started 1998
• Japan: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE)– ratio based on calculating both environmental quality
(Q) and load (L)– Started 2001
1. Eco-Efficiency =
2. Revised definition =
3. BEE in CASBEE =
Values of products or services
Environmental load unit
Beneficial output
Input + non-beneficial output
Building environmental Quality and performance
Building environmental Loadings
CASBEE: From Eco-Efficiency To BEE (Building Environmental Efficiency)
Source: Iwamura, Kazuo, “The Movement towards Sustainable Buildings in Japan,”2005 WGBC Congress in San Francisco, June 1, 2005. http://www.architectes.org/telechargement/DD/Presentation_CASBEEanglais.ppt
The ‘Hypothetical Boundary’
(Neighboring building)(Neighboring building)
Hypothetical Enclosed Space Site Boundary
Assessment category “L”as negative impact
outside the boundary
Assessment category “Q”as positive impact
inside the boundary
Emission of Air-pollutants,Noise, Heatetc.
ResourceConsumption,Embodied CO2
Emission, etc.
Soil, Water-pollutants etc.
Source: Iwamura, Kazuo, “The Movement towards Sustainable Buildings in Japan,” 2005 WGBC Congress in San Francisco, June 1, 2005. http://www.architectes.org/telechargement/DD/Presentation CASBEEanglais.ppt
Basic Idea of CASBEE (cont’d)
Assessment result is finally indicatedin terms of
BEE = Q / L
BEE: Building Environmental EfficiencyQ : Building Environmental Quality & Performance
L : Building Environmental Loadings
Source: Iwamura, Kazuo, “The Movement towards Sustainable Buildings in Japan,”2005 WGBC Congress in San Francisco, June 1, 2005. http://www.architectes.org/telechargement/DD/Presentation_CASBEEanglais.ppt
““BEE Graphical DisplayBEE Graphical Display””
Q = 25 × (SQ - 1), L = 25 × (5 - SLR)SQ: Total score of Q categories, SLR: Total score of L categories
50
100
0 50 100
CC
B+B+AASS
BEE=1.5BEE=3.0
BEE=0.5
L
QBB--
BEE=1.0
(Very sustainable)(Very sustainable)
(Unsustainable)
30
60 BEE=2.0 BB--
アクロス福岡日本設計・竹中工務店(1995)
三井倉庫箱崎ビル竹中工務店(1989)
LEED/CASBEE for Neighborhood Development/Machizukuri
• Both programs still in pilot stage• LEED-ND has registered 238 projects,
including 5 in China
LEED-ND/CASBEE-UD higher-level criteria
LEED-ND
• Smart Location & Linkage• Neighborhood Pattern & Design• Green Construction & Technology• Innovation & Process
CASBEE-UDQ (Quality)• Natural Environment (Microclimate
and Ecosystem)• Neighborhood’s Service Quality• Contribution to Local Society
(History, Culture, Landscape and Regional Vitalizing)
L (Load)• Impacts to Microclimate and/or
Outside• Public Infrastructure • Local Environmental Management
CASBEE Machizukuri
project in Harumi, Tokyo
CASBEE Machizukuri
project in Hibiya, Tokyo
LEED-ND in South Lake Union, SeattleHow does SLU perform…even beforeplanned redevelopment?
Possible Points106
Earns LEED Gold based on existing conditions72
Innovation & Process6
Green Construction & Technology31
Neighborhood Pattern & Design 39
Smart Location & Linkage30
Public government-built park
Semi-public community-builtvegetable garden
Private developer-built LEED Silver building
LEED-ND in Beijing? Linked Hybrid
Is a sustainable city the same as a sustainable building?
• How should a rating system change as it rates larger-scale projects?
• Considerations of greater complexity and internal variation:• ecosystems• population composition and activity• ownership and control• time horizon(s)• political and economic interests
LEED and CASBEE
• Objectives and weighting less transparent
• Calculation more complex• Requires more expertise to
administer and modify• Calculation of benefits favor large
projects• Caters to developer-built projects• “Doesn’t go far enough”
• Weighting not transparent• Ignores local conditions• Adoption for government
regulation possible, but not yet implemented
• Assumes developer-built project, mainly on undeveloped site
• “Doesn’t go far enough”
Disadvantages
• Accounts for local conditions• Environmental costs as well as
benefits made clear• Adoption for government
regulation implemented
• Checklist = marketing tool• Calculation simpler• Objectives more transparent• Responds to multiple
stakeholder input
AdvantagesCASBEELEED