Aceh(NanggroeAcehDarussalam)

Overview:AcehisaspecialterritoryofIndonesia.ItsfullnameisNanggröeAcehDarussalam.PastspellingsofitsnameincludeAcheh,AtjehandAchin.

Territory:Acehoccupies55,392sqkm(21,387sqmi),orabout3percentofIndonesiaÂ’stotalarea.MostoftheregionislocatedonSumatra.Italsoincludessomeoffshoreislandsaswell.

Location:LocatedonthenorthwesterntipoftheislandofSumatra.ItisborderedbyNorthSumatraProvince.

LatitudeandLongitude:3°57'13.21"N96°38'57.27"E

TimeZone:GMT+7

TotalLandArea:5736557

EEZ:200

Climate:Acehhasatropicalclimate,withadryseasonlastingfromMarchtoAugust.Temperatureaveragesrangefrom23°to32°C(73°to90°F)onthecoastandfrom13°to22°C(55°to72°F)inthemountains.Humidityishighincoastalareas.Rainfallrangesfrom1,000to3,000mm(40to100in)annually.

NaturalResources:Coffee,rubber,pepper,tobacco,fish,gasandoil

ECONOMY:

TotalGDP:2003 4,500,000,000.00USD

PerCapitaGDP:0.00USD

2004 3,200.00USD

%ofGDPperSector: Primary Secondary Tertiary2003 20% 48% 32%

%ofPopulationEmployedbySector Primary Secondary Tertiary2006 12% 32% 55%

ExternalAid/Remittances:U.S.andIndonesiasignagreementforUS$400millionforreliefandreconstruction.reconstructionofthe240kilometerBandaAcehtoMeulabohroad;shelter;creditandgrantstorebuildlocalinfrastructure;activitiestohelprestorecommunitiesanddriveeconomicrejuvenation;teachertrainingandvocationaleducation;andtechnicalsupportaimedatcriticallocalgovernmentservicesandlocalcapabilities.SinceDecember2004,theU.S.governmenthasprovided$68.1millioninemergencyfood,supplies,shelter,waterandsanitation,health,andothersupportforaffectedcommunitiesinAcehandNorthSumatra.PrivatecontributionstowardthereliefeffortareestimatedatwelloveronebillionUSdollars.

Growth:AsofSeptember2007,over$240million(USDhasbeendisbursedtoprojectswhichhavehelpedbuild1,212newhousesandrehabilitated1,873more.Another6,419newhousesarenowunderreconstruction,while2,513arebeingrehabilitated.Communitieshavehelpedbuildover1,900kilometersofroads,720bridges,240schoolbuildings,2,450irrigationanddrainageprojectsandwaterandsanitationunitsand40healthclinics.

LabourForce:2005 2,750,000

UnemploymentYear: UnemploymentRate(%ofpop.)2003 9.5%

Industry:Aceh'seconomyismainlyagricultural.Nevertheless,theProvincehaslargedepositofmineralswhichcanbefoundin9regenciesintheProvince,suchascooper,gold,iron,sulphur,quartzsand,magnet,marble,coal,limestone,naturalgas,

NicheIndustry:Fishing,Fertilizerandpaper

Tourism:TourismplaysavitalroleintheneweconomyofAceh.TouristAttractionsincludeTheBaiturrachmanGreatMosque,AcehStateMuseum,TheGravesofSultanIskandarMudaandofTeukuSyahKuala,UjangBateeandLampukBeaches,TjutNyakDienMuseum,RubiahSeaGarden,SimpangBalokHotWaterPool,LingaIsaagHuntingArea,LeuserNationalPark,CakraDonyaBell,remainsoftheSamodraPasaiKingdomandTeukuCikDitiroHereosCementery.TouristdevelopmentinAcehhasrecommendedthatsomeintegratedtouristresortsintheprovinceshouldbesetup.Themosturgentinthisregardarethetouristresortsur roundingBandaAcehitselfsuchasWehIslandandPuloAceh.OthertouristresortsincludethoseinLeuserNationalParkinAcehTenggara,andonSimeulueIslandandBanyakIslandwhichoffermarinetourismactivities.

ImportsandExports:InAceh,98percentofexportvalueisderivedfromliquefiednaturalgasandcondensate.Only2percentisderivedfromagriculturalandindustrialproducts.Coffeeistheprimeagriculturalexportcommodity:98percentofthetotalagriculturalexport.Diversificationofexportspresentsagoodopportunitytoboostgrowthbutisnotaneasytask.Theexistingdiversificationpotentialforcocoa,vanilla,andpatchouli,isconstrainedbysmall-scaleproductionandvolatileoutput.

Tot.ValueofImports 0.00()FromEu:ImportPartners(EU:)PartnersOutsideEU:ImportPartners:

Tot.ValueofExports ()ToEu:ExportPartners:PartnersOutsideEU::ExportPartners:MainImports:MainExports: Liquefiednaturalgas,oil,andfertilizer

TRANSPORTATION/ACCESS

External:

NumberofAirports:7Airtransportationinthisprovinceissupportedby7airportswhereasBandaraBlangBintangAirportisBandaAcehasthemainairport.Thisairporthasalreadyserved975flights,58,214passengers,831,319Kgofflightgoodsand101,950kgofairmail,andalso421,837kgofbaggage.TheotherairportssuchasCutNyakDienAirportinMeulaboh,CutAliLasikininSinabang,CutBakUinSabang,TanjungSeumantokinLangsaandSucfindoinSingkil,andalsoMalikulSalehAirportinLhokseumaweareconsideredaspioneeringairfields.

NumberofMainPorts:13SEAPORTSTheNADhas13oceansports.SomeofthemareKualaLangsaHarborclassifiedasfourthclassoceanharborforservinginternationaltrade,withaquayof100minlengthand8.1mindepth.MalahayatiHarborclassifiedasthird-classseaportwithaquayof100minlengthand6-7mLWSindepth.SabangHarborclassifiedasfourthclassseaportforservinginternationaltradewithaquayof328minlengthand7.5mindepth,whileamaximumof150minlengthforshipsmooredonthisharbor.Inaddition,therearethreespecialseaports,suchasBlangLancangHarborforexportingLiquidNaturalGasandcondesat,PupukAseanSeaportandPupukIskandarMudainLhokseumaweandalsoLautLhokNgaAcehBesarSeaportforexportingcement.

Internal:

Air

Road:InalltheIndonesiangovernmentestimatedthetsunamidestroyedordamaged2,617km(1,635miles)ofroadsinAcehprovinceaswellas2,267bridges.

Sea:

OtherFormsofTransportation:

EconomicZones:Industrialsectorsareconsideredasprospectivefieldsofinvestmentandoffersjobopportunities.Fromthisstandpoint,thelocalGovernmentprioritizedIndustrialZoneofAcehBesarandLhokseumaweasoneofPrimeEstateDevelopmentinordertoattractinvestorscontributingtomanyindustrialsectors.

EnergyPolicy:TheIndonesianGovernment’s“MasterPlanfortheReconstructionofAceh”advocatesthatallfacetsofthereconstructionofAcehbeconsistentwithlong-termenvironmentalhealthandsustainabledevelopment.Thereconstructionoftheenergysector(includinginfrastructuretogenerateenergysupplyforruralandremotecommunities)focusesoncleanandrenewableenergysourcesthatminimizeemissionsandaremadeavailableatacompetitiveprice.ReconstructionStrategy•Assesstheenergyneedsforreconstructionofurbanandruralcommunitiesandassociatedinfrastructure;•Assessthecurrent,andpotentialavailabilityofcleanandrenewableenergysources,payingparticularattentiontoopportunitiesforlocalsourcingofrawmaterials;•Promotetheuseofnaturalgasfromlocalreservestogenerateelectricityinurbanareas;•Promotetheuseofbiomass,solar,andwindtogenerateenergyforruralandremoteareas,forbothcommunityandindividualbasis;•Incorporatecleanandrenewableenergyinthemediumandlong-termplanningfortheenergysector;•Provideincentivesfortheuseofcleanandrenewableenergyoptionsinthereconstructionofinfrastructureforcommunitiesinruralandremoteareas;and•Ensuringthatpowerplantanditsfacilitationwillbeconstructedinlow-riskarea.IndicatorsofSuccess•Sustainableenergyisconsideredinmedium-term(5-10years)andlong-term(10-15years)energystrategies;•Energyinfrastructureisavailabletocommunitiesinruralandremoteareas;•Electricityisavailabletoanincreasingnumberofhouseholds;and•Renewableenergyincreasesasanoverallproportionoftheenergysupply.

Type Sector

Year TotalEnergyProduction(Mwh)Thermic(Mwh)

Geothermic(Mwh)

Other(Mwh)

TotalEnergyConsumption(Mwh)

Domestic(Mwh)

Commercial(Mwh)

PublicService(Mwh)

Industry(Mwh)

PublicLighting(Mwh)

2005 0 0 0 1,343 0 0 0 0 0 0

OfficialCurrency:Rupiahs

BankingandInsurance:NumberofBanksandCreditUnions:18NumberofAgriculturalCreditUnions:NumberofInsuranceCompanies:

Profitandassetsinthebankingsectorhavegrowntwoyearsintothereconstructioneffort.PreliminaryBankIndonesia(BI)datatoJune2007confirmthistrend,withassetsandcreditgrowingYoY.Alargeandincreasingshareofdepositsisgovernmentfunds,estimatedat37percentofalldepositsinJune2007.BanksÂ’intermediaryfunctionsimprovedslightlyinthefirsthalfof2007.Despiteanincreaseintheloan-to-depositratio(LDR)to29percentbyJune2007,thisisstillwellbelowthenationalLDRofaround60percent.ThelowerLDRinAcehistobeexpectedintheshortrun,giventhelargeincreasesindepositsandthefactthatAcehÂ’seconomyisunabletoabsorbsuchlargeinflowsofadditionalfunds.ConsumercreditdominatesbankcreditallocationsinAceh.Atthenationallevel,consumercreditaccountsforonly30percentofallocatedcredit,comparedwith44percentinAceh.Whileconsumercreditdominatesthecreditportfolioofbothgovernment-ownedandforeignbanks,nationalprivatebanksarepredominantlylendingtobusinesses.PreliminaryBankIndonesiadatatoJune2007showanincreaseincreditof21percent,atrendthatislikelytocontinueaslongasinflowsofreconstructionfundscontinue.

FinancialServices:Thereare13variousbanksinAcehwhichofferbranchservicesthroughouttheterritory.Thetotalnumberoffacilitesis68.

Communications/E-Commerce:

PublicOwnership:

LandUse:Largeareasofsuitablelandarenotyetused.Thetotalisestimatedat293,000hectares(ha).Cultivatingthemwouldenabletheexpansionofmodernfarming.

Agriculture/Forestry:Theagriculturesectoralsohasagoodpotentialifdevelopedbeyondsubsistencefarming.(Althoughlarge-scaleplantationsdoexist,theyarenotthecoreofagriculturalproduction.)

MarineActivity:

Fishing:Acehnesefishersstillrelyonsmallboatswithlimitedcatchingcapacity.AcehÂ’sExclusiveEconomicZone(EEZ)covers238,807sqkmofseaarea.TheEEZhasfishstockestimatedat1,000timeslargerthanthestockavailableintheterritorialareabutonlylargeboatsareabletofishinthesewaters.

MarineLife:FishProductsincludeseaandfreshwaterspecies.Theseincludetheclownfish,thedamselfish,thewrasse,thebutterflyfish,thebannerfishthesurgeonfishandpearloysters.

CriticalIssues:Providinglargervessels,ratherthanreplacingthesmallboatsdestroyed,wouldsubstantiallyboostoutput.

JURISDICTIONALRESOURCES

Capital:BandaAceh

PoliticalSystem:Acehisgovernednotasaprovincebutasaspecialterritory(daerahistimewa),anadministrativedesignationintendedtogivetheareaincreasedautonomyfromthecentralgovernmentinJakarta.Administratively,theprovinceissubdividedinto18regencies(kabupaten)and5cities(kota).TheterritoryislobbyingforthefreeelectionofaGovernorandthefollowingpoliticalissues:•Therighttouseregionalsymbolsincludingaflag,acrestandahymn•Therighttoestablishlocalpoliticalparty•Protectionoflocalculture•EstablishmentofcommissionforTruthandReconciliation

PoliticalParties:TheIndonesianGovernmenthaspassedaRegulationin2007onthecreationoflocalpoliticalpartyinAceha.Theregulationstatesthatthepoliticalpartymustbeapoliticalorganizationvoluntarilyformedbya

groupofIndonesiancitizenswhoresideinAcehbasedonanagreeddesireandidealofstrugglingfortheinterestsofitsmembers,thepublic,thenationandthestatethroughtheelections.

ImportantLegislation:TheimplementationoftheMemorandumofUnderstandingbetweentheGovernmentofIndonesiaandFreeAcehMovement,signedonAugust15,2005,inHelsinki,providesanotheropportunitytobuildabetterAcehandtodeliverservicestoconflict-affectedareas.The30-yearconflictbetweentheGovernmentofIndonesiaandtheFreeAcehMovement(GAM)claimedsome15,000lives,dislocatedseveralthousandfamiliesandcausedmassivedestructiontopublicandprivateproperties.Theconflictalsopreventedthedeliveryofminimumpublicservicesintheareasworstaffectedbytheconflict.TheimplementationoftheHelsinkiAgreementhasbeenbroadlyontrackandgivesAcehachancetorebuildapeacefulsocietyandregaineconomicprosperity.Also,theIndonesianGovernmentrecognizedtheneedforlandrightsprotectioninitsofficialMasterPlanforRehabilitationandReconstructionofAcehandNiasxxi,whichwaspublishedinMarch2005.Thedocumentproposedtwomeasures:i)anauditofthephysicalconditionoftsunamiaffectedland,andii)replacementoflostlanddocumentsandtheissuanceofnewrecordsforthosewhoneverheldthem.ThegovernmentÂ’sRehabilitationandReconstructionAgencyforAcehandNias(BadanRehabilitasidanRekonstruksiuntukAcehdanNias,orBRR)hasalsocommitteditselftotheprotectionoflandandpropertyrightsofaffectedcommunities,andregardsthisasapre-conditiontothereconstructionofhousingandinfrastructureaswellastherecoveryoflivelihoods.Manycivilsocietygroups,includingtheAcehLegalAidFoundationandanetworkofthefivelargestNGOsintheprovincehaveidentifiedlandrightsasapriorityissueinthepost-tsunamicontext.Theyalsoacknowledgedalackofexperienceworkingonlandandpropertyrightsissues,duetothefactthatbeforethetsunamithemajorityofAcehnesecivilsocietyfocusedonhumanrightsadvocacyandcommunityempowermentactivities.

PrincipalTaxes:Acehcontinuestopressforanindependentstatus.Thereforeitseekstogaincontroloverit'sfinancesinthefolowingmanner:•TherighttosetinterestratesdifferentfromthosesetbytheCentralBankofIndonesia•Retain70percentofrevenuefromoil&gasandhydrocarbonandothernaturalresources•Transparencyinrevenuesharingallocation,auditedbyforeignauditor•Additionalrevenuefrom2%ofnationalDAUallocationfor15yearsand1%for5lastyears.ItalsotaxesitcitizensthroughvariousprogramswhichincludeMotorvehicletax,watervehicletax,motor/watervehicleownershipchargesmotorvehiclefueltax,water(groundandsurface)utilizationtax

AssociatedPower:

Citizenship:ThepeopleofAcehareconsidertobecitizensofIndonesia.

Paradiplomacy:

HUMANRESOURCES

Acehhastheresourcestofightpoverty,butithasnotyetmademuchprogress.Paradoxically,onceAcehÂ’srevenuesstartedtoincreasedisproportionatelyin2001,itspovertylevelsremainedunchangedat30percentalthoughtherestofIndonesiaexperiencedamassivedeclineofpovertytobelow20percent.

2003

Island Area(kmsq.) Population %ofTotalPopulation

Aceh(NanggroeAcehDarussalam) 55,392 4,325,400 %

Population:Year ResidentPopulation

AgeofPopulation: 0-14 15-24 25-49 50-64 65andup2005 1301700 494,500 1,524,000 404,100 171,600

Migration:Villageswithadominantagriculturalsectorexperiencealargerpopulationoutflowandareducedpopulationinflow,thepresenceofamanufacturingindustryinavillageactsasaretainingfactor.Civilconflictmightevenworkasanacceleratorofanongoingurbanizationprocess.

CrudeBirthRate:1999 2.1%

LifeExpedctancy:MaleLifeExpectancyatBirth(1996)65.02FemaleLifeExpectancyatBirth(1996)68.95

CrudeDeathRate:1993 7.9%

Ethnicity:MostofthepeopleofAcehbelongtotheAcehneseethnicgroup.GayoandAlaspeoplelivemainlyinthehighlandareas.

ClassDivision:InJulyof2006,theIndonesianParliamentpassedalandmarklegislationcalled"TheCitizenshipAct"whichstatesthat“irrespectiveofheritageofrace,color,religionandcountryofbirth”wouldbe“guaranteedequaltreatmentunderlaw”.TheactprovidedassurancethatIndonesianfemalespousesofforeignnationals,forexample,retaintheirnationalityandguaranteedfairandequaltreatment.Italsoassurednationalsof“foreigndescent”thattheywouldbeprotectedfromdiscriminativebehavior.

Languages:BahasaIndonesiaistheofficiallanguage,butmanyotherlanguagesarealsousedincludingAcehnese.

Religion:TheregionhasastrongIslamictradition,andabout96percentofthepopulationisMuslim.Islam(98.6%),Christianity(0.7%),Hinduism(0.08%),Buddhism(0.55%)

Literacy:LiteracyratesinAcehstoodat95.8%in2004(asopposedtothenational89.5%)andyearsspentinschool(7.8,nationalrate7.1).Theadultliteracyratewas93.1%in1999withaincreaseto95.8%in2002.Thefemaleliteracyrateswere94.1%,comparedtoanationalaverageof85.7%

EducationSystem:Inresponsetomorethan25yearsofviolenceandarmedstruggleintheprovinceofAceh,Indonesia,agroupofacademicsandactivistshaveundertakenthetaskofcreatingapeaceeducationcurriculumgroundedinthecoreIslamicpeacebeliefsandrootedintheAcehnesesocialandculturalvalues.Peaceeducationiscurrentlybeingimplementedin13outofthe20districtsofAceh,stretchingfromtheProvincialCapitalofBandaAcehsouthtoCentralandEastAcehdistricts,reachingWestAcehinthewestcoastofSumatra,andspanningtheBenggalaStraittotheIslandofSabang.TheProgrammeissupportedby211teachers,andispresentlybeingtaughtin100highschoolsornearlyonefourthofthetotalhighschoolsinAceh,targetingmorethan35,000studentsandapproximatelysixculturesandethnicities.Intermsofgenderbreak-down,one-thirdoftheteachersarewomenandatleasthalfofourpupilsarefemales.AftertheTsunami,UNICEFmadeplanstobuilding367child-friendlyandearthquakeresistantschoolsinAcehandNias.ByDecember2006,10schoolsweretobefinishedand60moreweretobeunderconstruction.UNICEFalsobuilt235semi-permanentschoolunitsinAcehandNias.Villagerswanttoincreasetheeducationlevelsoftheirchildrenbutareconstrainedbylimitationsinbeingabletoaccesseducation.Thisistruebothforthefamiliesofreturneesandthebroadercommunity.Therearefourmajorfactorsthatconstrainaccesstoqualityeducation.First,thecostofschoolinglimitstheabilityofvillagechildrentoattendschools;thisiscompoundedbythedistanceofschoolsfrommanyvillages.Third,alargeproportionofschoolinfrastructurewasdamagedordestroyedintheconflict.Fourth,schoolsarelackingresources,includingteachers,andthisimpactsonthequalityofeducationprovided.Themainlimitationinimprovingeducationstandardsisthecostburdenofsendingstudentstoschool.Thisisrelatedtobothdirectschoolcostsandothercosts,particularlyfortransportation.Villagersunderstandtheimportanceofeducationfortheirchildren.Theyare,however,oftenfacedwiththeveryrealchoiceofsupportingtheirchildren'scontinuededucationorwithdrawingtheirchildrenfromschoolandpushingthemintotheworkforce.Forthisreason,theeducationlevelacrossthevillagesvisitedwasgenerallyquitelowwithmostvillagersonlyhavingcompletedelementaryor,atmost,middleschool.

TotalPre-schools:(2006)TotalPrimarySchools

FirstLevel:

SecondLevel:

ThirdLevel:

TotalSecondarySchools: 395TotalProfessionalSchools 31Universities: 8

NumberofSchoolsperIsland:

Pre-school Elementary High-school Prof. University

Pub Priv 1 2 3 Pub Priv Pub Priv395 31 1

StudentsEnrolled:Year: Pre-School Elementary High-school Prof. University

Teachers

Year Pre-SchoolElementary

High-School Prof. University1 2 3

Ineducation,strikinglong-termstructuralproblemsoutweightheshort-termchallengesafterthetsunami.Reconstructionhasprogressedwellinthesesectors.Mostschoolfacilitieshavebeenrehabilitatedorareunderreconstruction.However,fewerthanhalfofelementaryschoolfacilitiesarewellmaintained,andthemajorityofteachersdonothavethelegallymandatedqualification.

MedicalServices:Thereare3majorhospitalsinAceh.Manymedicalfacilitieshavebeenseverelydamagedordestroyedbythemassiveearthquakeandtsunami,anddeteriorationofthemedicalserviceshasbeenseriousproblemforpeopleinAceh.Inmajorcities,suchasBandaAcehandMeulaboh,medicalservicesisbeingrecoveredgradually,however,inremoteareasandintheoutskirtsofmajorcities,accesstotheappropriatemedicalservicesisstilllimited.

HISTORYANDCULTURE

History:SituatedatthewesternmostpointoftheMalayArchipelago,AcehwasanimportantportofcallforIndian,Arab,andlater,EuropeantradersenroutetotheEastIndiesduringthehistoricspicetrade.Whiletradeinspiceshasoccurredsinceprehistory,developmentofthemajorspicetraderouteswasinitiatedbyEuropeantradersstartinginthe12thcentury.Thegreatestexpansionofthetradeoccurredduringthe15thand16thcenturies.AcehwasanimportantregionalpowerduringtheperiodofPortuguese,British,andDutchcolonialexpansionstartinginthe16thcentury,maintainingitsindependenceandtradingwithSingaporeandBritain.In1824BritainandTheNetherlandssignedatreatytransferringBritishpossessionsintheMalayArchipelagototheDutch.AtthistimeAcehwasindependent,butitwaseagerlysoughtbytheDutch,whodeclaredwaronAcehandinvadedin1873.ResistancetoEuropeanrulecontinuedintothe20thcentury,untiltheMalayArchipelagowasoccupiedbytheJapanesein1942,duringWorldWarII.AftertheJapanesesurrenderedin1945,Indonesiadeclareditsindependence.AcehbecameaprovinceofIndonesiain1949.Acehnesepoliticalorganizationsgrewduringthisperiod,andDarulIslam,anarmedrebelmovementseekingtoestablishanIslamicstate,emerged.ThisgroupinstigatedapopularrebellionandproclaimedAcehanIslamicrepublicin1953.In1959,Acehwonanagreementfromthegovernmentthatresultedinadegreeofautonomyasa“specialregion.”

Referenda:

RecentSignificantEvents:On26December2004,a9.1-magnitudeunderwaterearthquakecausedatremendoustsunamithatdevastatedAcehProvince,Indonesia,resultinginthedeathsofsome128,715people(asof18April2005).Italsodestroyedhundredsofschools,hospitals,roads,bridgesandhome.Thistragedyevokedgreatconcerninternationally.Governments,multilateralorganizations,international,nationalandlocalNGOs,religiousorganizations,ethnicorganizations,professionalorganizations,educationalinstitutionsandothershaverushedtoprovideaidtothepeopleofAceh.

Music,Dance,HandicraftandPatrimony:GoldWorksandRattanPlaintings.ThesongsanddancesofAcehgenerallyreflectprayersart.Aceh'sdancesaredynamicandperformedcollectivelyratherthanindividually.

Sources:

http://www.aceh.net/index.html

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/APEA.pdf

http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/9EC919025A8EDFB5C125719C002439B3?OpenDocument

http://www.undp.or.id/archives/aceh_update_report/Aceh_HDR-Summary.pdf

http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_17e.html

http://www.iucn.org/places/asia/coastalinfo/docs/Green%20construction%20guidelines%20WWF.pdf

http://www.acheh-eye.org/data_files/english_format/indonesia_government/indogovt_decrees/indogovt_decrees_2007_03_14_20.pdf

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21238022~menuPK:224605~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:226309,00.html

http://www.kbri-canberra.org.au/s_issues/aceh/aceh_info.htm

http://gradedemo.edina.ac.uk/dspace/handle/grade_dspace/205

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1176706430507/3681211-1194602678235/aeu_nov2007_en.pdf

UsefulLinks:IslandStudies.cawww.upei.cawww.google.ca

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