Structural Fasteners in Structural Fasteners in WoodWood--toto--Wood ConnectionsWood Connections
“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be
t d t AIA/CES f AIA b C tifi t f C l ti freported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professionalThis program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials methods and services will beQuestions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
di t ib ti di l d f th t tidistribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© The Wood Products Council 2012
Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1 A ti l t h d ti l di di ti d d l b i t th1. Articulate how wood properties, loading direction and dowel bearing strength
affect the strength of wood connections.
2. Understand the features and strength properties of traditional nails, screws, g p p , ,
lags and bolts and the newest fastener- Structural Wood Screws.
3. Understand the procedures involved in determining the imposed loads and
selection of the appropriate fastener.
4. Locate and understand the code requirements for specific wood-frame
structural connectionsstructural connections.
WelcomeWelcome
IntroductionsIntroductions
WelcomeWelcome
Introductions Introductions Brice HerefordBrice Hereford
Code Compliance SpecialistCode Compliance Specialist Code Compliance SpecialistCode Compliance Specialist Construction ExperienceConstruction Experience Certified Sustainable DesignerCertified Sustainable Designer ICC Adjunct InstructorICC Adjunct Instructor
Mark GuthrieMark Guthrie Technical ManagerTechnical Manager Testing and Code Development Testing and Code Development
WelcomeWelcome
IntroductionsIntroductions
WelcomeWelcome
Introductions Introductions Who’s in the Room?Who’s in the Room?
Inspectors Plan ReviewInspectors Plan Review Inspectors, Plan ReviewInspectors, Plan Review Architects, EngineersArchitects, Engineers Builders, Contractors, DevelopersBuilders, Contractors, Developers OtherOther
Today’s TopicsToday’s TopicsToday s TopicsToday s Topics
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties Fastener BasicsFastener Basics The “Evolution of Fasteners” The “Evolution of Fasteners” New Category of Structural Wood Screws New Category of Structural Wood Screws g yg y
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
NDSNDS National Design Specification for WoodNational Design Specification for Wood NDS NDS –– National Design Specification for Wood National Design Specification for Wood Construction Construction –– the “Bible”the “Bible” Wood PropertiesWood Properties –– Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etcWood Properties Wood Properties Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etc Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
IRCIRC –– Residential CodeResidential Code IRC IRC Residential Code Residential Code IBC IBC –– Commercial Building CodeCommercial Building Code
Your State Code Your State Code
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual Code compliant prescriptive methodCode compliant prescriptive method Same authors as NDSSame authors as NDS Same authors as NDSSame authors as NDS
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Moisture ContentMoisture Content Loading DirectionLoading Direction Loading DirectionLoading Direction Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity The “floatability” factorThe “floatability” factor
Ipe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksIpe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksWood Species SG
Ipe 1 00 DF Larch floats 50% aboveDF Larch floats 50% above
Higher SG = DenserHigher SG = DenserDenser Stronger WoodDenser Stronger Wood
Ipe 1.00
Red Oak 0.67
Southern Pine 0.55 Denser = Stronger WoodDenser = Stronger Wood Specific Gravity is the #1 Specific Gravity is the #1
determinant of connection determinant of connection
Douglas Fir Larch 0.50
SCL / Engineered 0.50
Douglas Fir South 0 46strengthstrength Douglas Fir South 0.46
Hem Fir 0.43
SPF 0.42
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity How does SG effect connection strength?How does SG effect connection strength?
Shear Strength of 1/2" Lag Screw in Different Woods*Strength
Species SG Lbs./Lagg
Difference
Oak 0.67 280 +22%
SYP 0.55 230
DFL 0.50 200 -13%
SPF 0.42 150 -35%
* Assumes a 2x attached to a 4x
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry Wood Wet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry Wood Moisture ContentMoisture Content
If 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineerIf 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineergg If above 19% = “WET” If above 19% = “WET”
The wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthThe wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthM t b t d f b iM t b t d f b i Must be compensated for by engineer: Must be compensated for by engineer: Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to
wet service conditions in use, reference design values wet service conditions in use, reference design values must be multiplied by the must be multiplied by the wet service factorswet service factors…” …”
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry Wood Wet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry Wood How does it effect connection strength?How does it effect connection strength?
Design Strengths in SYP
Load Type Fastener TypeDry
(Lbs)Wet Service
FactorWet
(Lbs)yp yp ( ) ( )
Shear½” Lag 230 .70 161
16d Nail 154 .70 108
Withdrawal ½” Lag 437 .70 306
16d Nail 75 .25 19
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading Direction
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading Direction Loading Direction Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain
Parallel to Grain Parallel to Grain LoadingLoading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading
L LLL L LLL
Load Load DirectionDirection
GrainGrain G
GL
Which connection is stronger?Which connection is stronger?Grain Grain DirectionDirection
GG
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading Direction
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading Direction Parallel to Grain is actually stronger!Parallel to Grain is actually stronger!
Parallel to Parallel to Grain LoadingGrain Loading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading
Load Load DirectionDirection
GrainGrain
410 lbs.230 lbs.
Grain Grain DirectionDirection
( Design Shear of ½” Lag Screw in SYP )
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Ability for the wood Ability for the wood aboveabove the fastener to the fastener to
support the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastener
¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”
Which one of these holes supports the least weight? Which one of these holes supports the least weight?
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength
5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi 2950 psi2950 psi
¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”
Larger the hole, weaker the wood! Larger the hole, weaker the wood!
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties Design Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in Wood Design Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in Wood Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts Fastener Facts
Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws
Head Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point StyleHead Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point Style
Threads Per Inch (TPI) Minor Thread & Threads Per Inch (TPI) Major Thread Diameter
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties
Shear Strength Shear Strength –– Lbs needed to slice metalLbs needed to slice metal Approx 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screwApprox 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screw
Tensile Strength Tensile Strength –– Lbs to stretch until break metal Lbs to stretch until break metal Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs Approx 2,500 Lbs
Bending Yield Bending Yield –– Lbs to bend metal beyond elasticLbs to bend metal beyond elastic Approx 125,000 psi *Approx 125,000 psi *
Used to compare fasteners onlyUsed to compare fasteners only Not suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connection Not suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connection
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties Design Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties
Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear Strength Approx 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYPApprox 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYP Approx. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYPApprox. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYP
Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *
D i H d P llD i H d P ll Th h St thTh h St th Design Head PullDesign Head Pull--Through Strength Through Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of wood under headApprox 100 lbs. per inch of wood under head
Takes into account fastener Takes into account fastener and woodand wood interactioninteraction Only value used by designer/engineerOnly value used by designer/engineer Include Safety Factor (2 5Include Safety Factor (2 5 5 times)5 times) Include Safety Factor (2.5 Include Safety Factor (2.5 –– 5 times)5 times)
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Safety factor?Safety factor? Safety factor? Safety factor? Who cares about a safety factor?Who cares about a safety factor?
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Ledger Connection
35 people35 people
Stair Stringer Connection1
Handrail ConnectionsAt l t 6 “l ” 1 guyAt least 6 “leaners”
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Quick “Live Load” AnalysisQuick “Live Load” Analysis Quick Live Load AnalysisQuick Live Load Analysis
Guests weigh 6200 lbs. Deck designed to carry 7700 lbs.
Only 1500 lbs. (7 people + 1 keg) away from anticipated live load.
The safety factor creates a buffer for inconsistencies in materials and usage.
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear Strength Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthMaximum pounds of shear load Maximum pounds of shear load that can be safely applied that can be safely applied beforebeforefastener or wood is displaced fastener or wood is displaced
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal Strength Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthMaximum pounds of Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be withdrawal load that can be safely applied safely applied beforebefore threads threads disengaging from the wood disengaging from the wood
Fastener FactsFastener Factsaste e actsaste e acts
Design PullDesign Pull Through StrengthThrough Strength Design PullDesign Pull--Through StrengthThrough StrengthMaximum pounds of withdrawal Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be safely applied load that can be safely applied beforebefore head begins to pull through head begins to pull through side memberside member
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Nails and SpikesNails and Spikes Wood ScrewsWood Screws Wood ScrewsWood Screws Lag ScrewsLag Screws
Th h B ltTh h B lt Through BoltsThrough Bolts Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Ship buildingShip building Post & beamPost & beam Post & beamPost & beam Timber frameTimber frame
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails BenefitsBenefits Nails Nails -- BenefitsBenefitsEasy to install Easy to install –– one tool / no special skills neededone tool / no special skills neededContractor familiarity Contractor familiarity –– common nomenclaturecommon nomenclatureyyPneumatic capability Pneumatic capability –– faster by farfaster by farInexpensive Inexpensive –– cheapest methodcheapest methodAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDS
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails DrawbacksDrawbacks Nails Nails -- DrawbacksDrawbacksTough to determine size from headTough to determine size from headDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedCommon disregard for fastening patternsCommon disregard for fastening patterns
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails Biggest DrawbacksBiggest Drawbacks Nails Nails –– Biggest DrawbacksBiggest Drawbacks#1 #1 –– Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength#2#2 –– Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture#2 #2 Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture
(75% reduction in strength!)(75% reduction in strength!)
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications
“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,
(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by p yp ythe use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws Wood ScrewsWood Screws Deck screwsDeck screws NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!! NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!!
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws BenefitsBenefits Wood Screws Wood Screws -- BenefitsBenefits Easy to install Easy to install No preNo pre--drillingdrillingNo preNo pre drillingdrilling Cordless drills & impact driversCordless drills & impact drivers
Threads add greater Threads add greater withdrawal strength vs. nailswithdrawal strength vs. nails
Values in NDSValues in NDSSh & Withd lSh & Withd l Shear & WithdrawalShear & Withdrawal
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Wood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacks Unknown qualityUnknown quality 95% imports95% imports95% imports95% imports No strengths printed on boxNo strengths printed on box Most not ICC vetted (no report)Most not ICC vetted (no report)
Coating claims uncheckedCoating claims unchecked “ACQ Approved”?“ACQ Approved”? QC Process AccountabilityQC Process Accountability QC Process Accountability QC Process Accountability
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Wood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacks Shear strength and ductility dependent on Shear strength and ductility dependent on
proper heat treatproper heat treatp pp p Most imported screws are Most imported screws are throughthrough--hardenedhardened
Through HardenedThrough Hardened Case HardenedCase Hardened
Carbon cooked, brittle potential CarbonCarbon cooked, brittle potential Carbon--rich case, ductile corerich case, ductile core
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Lag ScrewsLag Screws –– BenefitsBenefits Lag Screws Lag Screws BenefitsBenefits Easy to find. Available in all sizes.Easy to find. Available in all sizes. Greater strength than screws or nailsGreater strength than screws or nailsgg Strengths reported in the NDSStrengths reported in the NDS Code allowed / preferredCode allowed / preferred
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Lag ScrewsLag Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Lag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacks By code, must preBy code, must pre--drill drill twicetwice 75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion
Second preSecond pre--drill step commonly drill step commonly Seco d p eSeco d p e d step co o yd step co o yignored by the installerignored by the installer Nearly impossible to inspect!Nearly impossible to inspect!
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersDeck Collapse Injures Scores -
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersp j
Ledger splits from faulty lag screw installation
July 30, 2004. Diamond Horseshoe Casino in Polson, Montana.34 i j d 3 iti ll 4 lif th t i34 injured, 3 critically, 4 life threatening
Post-failure inspection found "lag screws were too few and far between, and they were driven through the ledger with a rotary hammer rather than through pre-drilled holes, which induced a splitting force”p g
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners Lag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacks
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersgg
By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:C t B d j ki k j i t i i t tC t B d j ki k j i t i i t tCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entryCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entry
Side Main
Threads in shear plane Threads in shear plane -- the weakest part of the the weakest part of the pp ppscrew in the most critical part of the applicationscrew in the most critical part of the application
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts BenefitsBenefits Through Bolts Through Bolts –– BenefitsBenefits Best withdrawal strengths of all Best withdrawal strengths of all Requires preRequires pre--drillingdrilling –– can’t cheatcan’t cheat Requires preRequires pre drilling drilling can t cheatcan t cheat Easy to identifyEasy to identify Accepted values in NDSAccepted values in NDSpp
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacks Through Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacks Difficult to installDifficult to install Drilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling required Three tools needed for installationThree tools needed for installation Expensive Expensive –– 4 pieces of hardware4 pieces of hardware
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacks Through Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacks Negligible benefit in shear strength over Negligible benefit in shear strength over
lags lags –– for much more work:for much more work:gg
Wood 1/2" Lag 1/2" BoltSPF 170 170
Design Shear Strength Perpendicular to Grain
SPF 170 170Doug. Fir 200 220South. Pine 230 250
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Questions?Questions? Questions?Questions? Comments?Comments? Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts? Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts?
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
“RSS” “SDS” by Simpson TimberLok LedgerLok TrussLok
by GRK “WS” by USP by FastenMaster
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
BenefitsBenefits BenefitsBenefits Strength equal or greater than lag screwsStrength equal or greater than lag screws
Supported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reports Supported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reports Versatility of deck screwsVersatility of deck screws
No predrillingNo predrilling No predrillingNo predrilling Complete InspectabilityComplete Inspectability
Head markingsHead markingsgg Information provided on box / literatureInformation provided on box / literature
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
A d Alt tiA d Alt ti Approved as an AlternativeApproved as an Alternative As with all nonAs with all non--commodity products, commodity products,
allowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materials allowable under the Alternative Materials provision R104.11 (IRC & local code).provision R104.11 (IRC & local code). Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)( )( ) Third party, peer reviewed reports (ICCThird party, peer reviewed reports (ICC--ES)ES) Demonstrate equivalency to code Demonstrate equivalency to code
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
D b kD b k DrawbacksDrawbacks New: Contractors need better instructionNew: Contractors need better instruction
N t dit S ll diffN t dit S ll diff Not a commodity. Small differences Not a commodity. Small differences between competitors.between competitors.
New: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officials New: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officials
Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
What To Look ForWhat To Look For National Code Report (ICCNational Code Report (ICC--ES or IAPMO) ES or IAPMO)
Documented Metal Strength PropertiesDocumented Metal Strength PropertiesSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W dSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W d Shear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in WoodShear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in Wood
Lot Traceability via Head Stamp and PackagingLot Traceability via Head Stamp and Packaging QC Audit ProcessQC Audit Process
Corrosion StatementCorrosion Statement Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153
M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Tested under ICCTested under ICC--ES AC257ES AC257–– Equal to HDGEqual to HDG
Technical LiteratureTechnical LiteratureTechnical Literature Technical Literature Installation InstructionsInstallation Instructions ApplicationApplication--Specific Technical Bulletins Specific Technical Bulletins
Common SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS Applications Common SWS Applications
M ltiple Pl Engineered Wood BeamsM ltiple Pl Engineered Wood Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams (LVL, LSL, PSL)(LVL, LSL, PSL)
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim Rafter & Truss to Top PlateRafter & Truss to Top Plate
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Supported by EW:Supported by EW:II--Level (was TrusJoist)Level (was TrusJoist)Boise, GP, LPBoise, GP, LPRoseburg, OthersRoseburg, Others
In some Design Software In some Design Software Boise (BC Calc)Boise (BC Calc)( )( )KeymarkKeymark
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code ComplianceCode Compliance Proper Installation Proper Installation
LimitationsLimitations LimitationsLimitations
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Proper Size SelectionProper Size Selection Minimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End Distances
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Fastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Top Loaded Beams Top Loaded Beams Fastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Side Loaded BeamsSide Loaded Beams
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Code HistorCode Histor Code HistoryCode History Prior to 2003 Prior to 2003 –– No direction at allNo direction at all
2003 IRC2003 IRC Limited nail useLimited nail use 2003 IRC 2003 IRC –– Limited nail useLimited nail use 2006 IRC 2006 IRC –– Same: no nails or toe nailsSame: no nails or toe nails
Forced the installer & inspector to Forced the installer & inspector to become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Calculating the LoadCalculating the Load Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5)Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5) Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)
C bi d l d 50 fC bi d l d 50 f Combined load = 50 psfCombined load = 50 psf Take half the distance to the 1Take half the distance to the 1stst support (5ft)support (5ft) Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)p y y ( p )p y y ( p ) This load (250plf) must be supported at LedgerThis load (250plf) must be supported at Ledger
5 ft.
10 ft.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Calculating the Fastening PatternCalculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim) Calculating the Fastening Pattern Calculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim)
½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear 170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)
SWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbsSWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbs 210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)
W t h kW t h k Waaay too much workWaaay too much work
5 ft.
10 ft.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2)Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2) Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Requirements and Restriction under one sectionRequirements and Restriction under one section Allows for alternative materials and methods Allows for alternative materials and methods Gives actual fastening patterns!!! Gives actual fastening patterns!!!
If you’re not there yet If you’re not there yet –– you will be soon.you will be soon.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code ComplianceCode Compliance Proper Installation Proper Installation
LimitationsLimitations LimitationsLimitations
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code compliance statementCode compliance statement ACQ testing to ICC information ACQ testing to ICC information
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Minimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End Distances PE Approved Fastening PatternsPE Approved Fastening Patterns
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Installation Requirements & RestrictionsInstallation Requirements & Restrictions
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners Evolution of Fasteners
Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications
“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,
(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by p yp ythe use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.
2007/2009 IRC Code
This section allows Structural wood Screws
Comments by Glenn Mathewson- Building inspector in Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009 PROFESSIONAL DECK BUILDER
“ As written in the code, the lateral connection detail shall be permitted; it isn’t a requirement.
Throughout the International Codes, the phrase shall be permitted is used only to clarify when a d t il i l hibit d b ldetail seemingly prohibited by a general statement is actually permitted in a specific application. pp
He goes on to say:He goes on to say:
Section R104 11 of the IRC even states: The provisionsSection R104.11 of the IRC even states: The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of
t ti t ifi ll ib d b thi dconstruction not specifically prescribed by this code.
Therefore, it’s not necessary to specifically “permit” a design in the code unless it could be confused as being “prohibited." That's obviously not the case for Figure R502 2 2 3 as it’s unlikely that any building official wouldR502.2.2.3, as it s unlikely that any building official would prohibit a connection like it.
ACTUAL ORIGIN OF THIS SECTION IN CODE CYCLE!!
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements 22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements 22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1
IRC(2x16d)
IBC (3x8d)(2x16d) (3x8d)
NDS Withdrawal Value 26 21 lbs/inch/nail Embedment Depth 2.5 1.5 inchesToe Nail Factor 0.67 0.67Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6 1.6Amount of Nails 2 3
140 100 lbs/connection140 100 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Truss Truss -- Code RequirementsCode Requirementsqq Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by
the use of approved connectors having a the use of approved connectors having a resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175 resistance to uplift of not less than 175 pounds and shall be installed in accordance pounds and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.with the manufacturer’s specifications.
33--16d commons will accomplish this, getting 16d commons will accomplish this, getting 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss Plate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural Building Plate Institute & Structural Building Component Association).Component Association).
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
•• Rafter or Truss to Top Plate ConnectionRafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection
Withdrawal Calculated per ESRWithdrawal Calculated per ESR‐‐1078 1078
Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread
Embedment Depth 2.0 inches
Toe Nail Factor 0
Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6
Amount of Screws 1
420****assumes SPF rafter and top plate assumes SPF rafter and top plate –– weakest woodweakest wood
420 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
If code requires only If code requires only nails, why is the de facto nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties?method hurricane ties?
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
If code requires only If code requires only nails why is the de factonails why is the de factonails, why is the de facto nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties?method hurricane ties?
‐‐ Improper InstallationImproper Installation‐‐High WindHigh Wind‐‐ PerceptionPerceptionPerceptionPerception
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
100 140 365 420
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
IBC IRC
Loads in SPF
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Technical literature:Technical literature:‐‐ States the codeStates the codeCl I t ll tiCl I t ll ti‐‐ Clear InstallationClear InstallationInstructionsInstructions
‐‐Allowable LoadsAllowable LoadsDefinedDefinedDefinedDefined
‐‐ Follows IRC Follows IRC Prescriptive PathPrescriptive Path
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Four ways to evaluate for substitution:Four ways to evaluate for substitution:-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane
prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! -- Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1-- Where ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loadsWhere ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loads-- Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
•• Rafter or Truss to Top Plate ConnectionRafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection
Withdrawal Calculated per ESRWithdrawal Calculated per ESR‐‐1078 1078
Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread
Embedment Depth 2.0 inches
Toe Nail Factor 0
Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6
Amount of Screws 1
420****assumes SPF rafter and top plate assumes SPF rafter and top plate –– weakest woodweakest wood
420 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Connection Design Uplift Lateral Shearg pH2.5 365 130 130H3 320 105 140H4 235 140 135H4 235 140 135H5 265 100 170
TimberLok 420 320 320
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
•• AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualHigh Wind Zone Exposure B High Wind Zone Exposure B
SHEAR or BRACED WALLS
You are basically building a two story shear wall!
USE STRUCTURAL WOOD SCREWS INSTEAD OF LAGS THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60dINSTEAD OF LAGS, THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60d SPIKES
Next Step in the Evolution of Fasteners!
CRAZY SCREW GUYS!GUYS!
WHAT WILL THEY
THINK OFTHINK OF NEXT?
CARRYING BEAM
Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?
Wh t th h ll dWh t th h ll dWhat other challenges do you What other challenges do you see out there?see out there?
Questions?This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
BRICE HEREFORD
1-800-518-3569
413-537-4219
Wood Products Council 866.966.3448 [email protected]
OMGOMGOMGOMG
Largest Domestic Screw ManufacturerLargest Domestic Screw Manufacturer Largest Domestic Screw ManufacturerLargest Domestic Screw Manufacturer Agawam, MAAgawam, MA
Since 1979
Who We AreWho We AreWho We AreWho We Are OMGOMGOMGOMG
OMG / FastenMaster PrinciplesOMG / FastenMaster Principles OMG / FastenMaster PrinciplesOMG / FastenMaster Principles Contractor FocusedContractor Focused
Lower Installed CostLower Installed Cost Train the Chain (Contractor, Yard, Inspector, Engineer)Train the Chain (Contractor, Yard, Inspector, Engineer)
Code RelianceCode Reliance Clear Installation Instructions, Technical BulletinsClear Installation Instructions, Technical Bulletins InspectabilityInspectability
T t d t St d d (ICC ASTM FM)T t d t St d d (ICC ASTM FM) Tested to Standards (ICC, ASTM, FM)Tested to Standards (ICC, ASTM, FM) InnovationInnovation
Develop New ProductsDevelop New Products Develop New Products Develop New Products Key to Staying Relevant and in the USAKey to Staying Relevant and in the USA
Thank You!Thank You!Thank You!Thank You!
LOS ANGELES CITY RESEARCH REPORT # 25738
INTERNATIONAL CODE ICC ESR # 1078
Technical AssistanceTechnical Assistance
INTERNATIONAL CODE ICC ESR # 1078
800800--518518--35693569www.fastenmaster.comwww.fastenmaster.com