Aitana Tamayo
[email protected] Ceramics and Glass Institute
CSIC
Madrid, Spain
A. Tamayo, M.A. Mazo, J. Rubio
MOTIVATION
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Requirements of a solar thermal volumetric receiver:
High solar absorption: dark color
Open 3D porous structure
High porosity and surface area
Temperature resistance up to 1200 0C
Thermal conductivity. High heat transfer
Low thermal gradients
Low cost
Long life span
Resistance to any degradation
SiC fiber mesh SiSiC
Saint-Gobain SiSiC & SiC ceramic foams
MOTIVATION
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Solar Thermal Tower
Concentrated Solar Radiation
Function:
Absorption of radiation
Heat transfer to a fluid (air)
Volumetric air receiver
ACTUAL SOLUTIONS
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SolAir VR-units SiC foam
Metallic mesh
Fracture Toughness (MPa/m2)
HT-Flexure Strength (MPa)
HT-Tensile Strength (MPa)
CTE (10-6/K)
Si3N4 3,6 – 4,8 250 – 300 150 2,9 – 3,3
SiC 3,9 - 4 190 – 380 35 – 150 3,3 – 4,5
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SiSiC Si3N4 SiOC
M.P. (0C) 2500 1900 > 1700
CTE 10-6 /K 4,5 2,8 1,35
sT (W/m.K) 45 15 1,4 – 2,1
E (Gpa) 330 300 100 - 300
HfO2 AlN B4C Cordierite
M.P. (0C) 2900 2200 2450 1400
CTE 10-6 /K 6 5 5 1,7
sT (W/m.K) 1,1 285 30 3
E (Gpa) 57 350 470 70
Tuning the composition of PDCs
Filler addition:
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Processing technologies
• Dense monoliths • Porous ceramics
Standards for solar thermal components: - High temperature resistance - Exposure test - External thermal shock test
Standards for reflector: - Thermal cycling - Humidity / Freeze test - Thermal stability of absorber surface - Resistance to condensed water of absorber surface - Corrosion resistance to high humidity air containing
SO2 of absorber surface
Standards for PT receiver tube: - External shock test - Internal shock test
Standards for solar furnace: - Durability of materials - Solar absorber materials - Durability and surface heat treatment materials - Radiometers
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Durability test for solar receivers
- HIGH TEMPERATURE - SAL MIST - THERMAL SHOCK - HIGH HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE
The quality control to check if the material “passes” or “fails” the tests is based on the
measurement of some optical and mechanical properties
600 650 700 750 800 850 900
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
C/N
ra
tio
Temperature (0C)19/05/2016 New developments in Silicon based ceramics for advanced solar receivers 9
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
% R
efle
cta
nce
wavelength (nm)
PYROMARK(TM)
Low C
Medium C
High C
Playing with the composition
SiOC with different C content
Only SiOC materials with spectral reflectance below 5% are selected
Chemical composition
Cfree
SiO1,70C0,18N0,28 0,07
SiO1,67C0,25N0,25 0,08
SiO1,72C0,25N0,26 0,11
SiO1,82C0,09N0,14 -
SiO1,90C0,03N0,12 -
T (0
C)
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Playing with the composition
Tuning thermal properties with chemical composition
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Playing with the composition
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
5
10
15
20
25
% R
efle
cta
nce
wavelength (nm)
SiC
SiC+ 1CNF
SiC+ 5CNF
SiC+ 10CNF
PYROMARK
Addition nanofillers
20 40 60 80
N2_1300 ºC
Si
Si
Si
SiIn
ten
sid
ad
(u
.a.)
2(º)
Si
Si3N
4
SiOC+Si
Original
N2_1350 ºC
SiOC + Si / N2
Passive nanofillers Active nanofillers
SiC + CNF
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400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 N65
N75
N85
N90
Pyromark(R)
% R
efle
cta
nce
wavelength (nm)
Reflectance below 5 % Pass test: YES / NO
Low emission in the Far-IR region Heat transfer f(emissivity, Area, Temperature)
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• Dense monoliths • Porous ceramics
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3D printing facility at ICV (CSIC)
Preceramic polymer
SiOC SiOC
POWDERED POLYMER:
- Micro texturing
- Large pieces
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Dense ceramics
SPARK PLASMA SINTERING
Método de obtención piezas extensas de altas prestaciones mecánicas y térmicas de vidrios de oxicarburo de silicio WO 2012017122 A1
PATENTED: Ceramic route for SiOC sintering
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0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
Vic
ke
rs M
icro
ha
rdn
ess (
GP
a)
ZrO2 content
Mechanical properties of dense nanocomposites
Dense ceramics
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Low-size pores
Pores up to 0,1 mm
Permeation tests
N2 adsorption
Hg intrusion porosimetry
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SiOC SiOC-highC SiOC-lowC
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
log
Kn
ud
se
n p
ara
me
ter
Permeability test: - Knudsen parameter - Poiseuille number
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
A-7
A-13
A-20
A-34
A-42
A-53
A-64
A-76
Volu
men d
e p
oro
(cm
3 g
-1m
-1)
Diametro de poro (m)
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SALT MIST TEST 1000h 350C, 50 ± 5 g/l salt
Photos: F. Salaberry
HIGH HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE FACILITY AT CENER
HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE TEST 1000h 85 ± 20C, 94 ± 2 HR
Dimensional changes, weight difference, precipitates
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Emissivity vs Temperature
Heating plates
Optical fiber
Emissivity vs Temperature
Decreased emissivity high temperature
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Testing in fresnel lens: 600 - 1200 0C
Fresnel lens facility at CENIM (CSIC)
Testing in tubular furnace: 1000 0C
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t = 0 s t = 2 s t = 3 s
t = 4 s t = 5 s t = 8 s
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Continuous temperature recording 5 thermocouples
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PLμ2300 Optical Imaging Profiler, Sensofar Tech
Photos: I. Padilla
Porous SiOC Porous SiOC
Sintered SiOC Sintered SiOC
After 50 cycles Original samples
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1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600
After
Ab
so
rba
nce
(a
.u.)
wavelength (cm-1)
Before
Before
After
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Failure due to overheating
• Anisotropy. Crystal growth
• Thermal stresses. CTE
Prevent the formation of HOT SPOTS
External HOT SPOT
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Hot spots Fresnel lens
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Research in materials and innovative designs for advanced solar receivers
“Investigación en materiales y diseños innovadores para receptores avanzados solares.” ENE2012-39385-C03-03
Partners:
- Ceramics and Glass Institute (CSIC)
- National Center of Metallurgical Research (CSIC)
- CENER
- Prodintec
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Development of a wide variety of materials (PDCs, nitrides, glass-ceramics, composites…)
for different industrial processes.
Improved oxidation resistance and thermomechanical properties in harsh environments.
Specialized ceramic materials with improved optical (reflectance) properties for CSP
technology
Establishment of a systematic methodology for material composition design, texturing and
testing within the MIRASOL project
Transferable technology
New solutions for different technological needs would come up in a growing materials research
network
Innovative materials for intertwined technologies should meet at new horizontal projects
focused on materials research and development
In future…
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JAE-Doc grant (A. Tamayo) co-financed by FSE
“Investigación en materiales y diseños innovadores para receptores avanzados solares.” ENE2012-39385-C03-03
TESTS IN FRESNEL LENS: • Aurora López-Delgado (CENIM) • Isabel Padilla (CENIM) AGING TESTS: • Fabienne Salaberry (CENER)