ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Definitions:
Human anatomy deals with the structure of the
human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Definitions:
Physiology is the study of the functions of healthy
living organisms and the changes which occur during
activity.
-It continues beyond the study of anatomy into:
• Why???
• What they do???
• How parts work???
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Body systems comprise of many organs which are
interdependent & function as a team to keep the body
healthy and functional.
Example: the respiratory system needs the circulatory
system to distribute the blood & O2.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Body Systems
There are 10 body systems
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Urinary + Reproductive
• Immune system
• Integumentary (Skin)
Locomotor System:
The locomotor system or muscloskeletal system
copmrises the skeletal elements, copmpsed principally
of bone and cartillage, the joints between them, and
the muscles which move the joints
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Bone:
- The greatest popular misconception about bone is that it is static and unchanging. This is NOT so.
- It has blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It grows, remodel, breaks, and is subject to diseases.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Bone:
- Human body comprises of 206 bones.
Classification of bone
i- Axial skeleton (80 bones)
ii- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
I-Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Ribs (Thoracic cage)
• Sternum
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
II-Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones
• Upper extremities & shoulder girdle
• Lower extremities & pelvic girdle
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Functions of bone
1. It forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached.
2. It protects internal organs.
3. It acts a Calcium and Phosphorous store.
4. Many bones are hollow and contain marrow cavities
- formation of blood cells (red marrow), fatty tissues (yellow marrow).
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Types of bones:
1. Compact bone or Cortical bone
2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Types of bones:
1. Compact bone or Cortical bone which is strong,
hard, heavy, and forms the continuous outer layer or
Cortex of all bones
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Types of bones:
2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone which consists of
a network of spicules or trabeculae; it is lighter and
less strong than the compact bone and is found in
the ends of long bones and in the irregular bones
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Cartilage is much softer than bone, because it has less minerals, BUT more elastic than bone.
• Cartilage is found on the ends of the bones, where they join together. Also found in ears & nose.
• It allows the bones to move easily over each other.
• non-vascular.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Joints
Wherever two bones meet each other, a joint is formed.
Types:
1. Fibrous.
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Types of joints:
1. Fibrous as in the skull, immovable. The joints are
called sutures.e.g, skull suture.
2. Cartilaginous joints as in-between vertebrae,
allows slight movement.
3. Synovial joints are found where two bones need to
move freely.
- there are 6 types of synovial joints.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Skull Suture- Fibrous Joint
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Vertebrae
Cartilaginous Joint
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Types of synovial joints:
1. Ball & socket joint: The globular head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another. This joint allows for the most freedom in movement than any other joint. It permits movement in all planes and rotational movement around a central axis. Examples: Hip, Shoulder
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
2. Hinge joints: The
convex surface of one
bone fits into the
concave surface of
another. It permits
movement in one plane
only. Examples:
Elbow, Phalanges
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
3. Gliding joints: The
articulating surfaces are
flat or nearly curved.
This joint allows sliding
or back-and-forth motion
and twisting movements,
however, it does not
allow great distance in
movement. Examples:
Wrist, Ankle, Vertebra
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
4. Pivotal joints: The
cylindrical surface of
one bone rotates
within a ring of bone
and fibrous tissue of a
ligament. This joint
permits rotational
movement only.
Examples: Radius to
Ulna, Atlas to Axis
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
5- Saddle joints In this joint, both bones have articulating concave and convex regions. One bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This permits a variety of movements, particularly intwo planes. Examples: Carpal and Metacarpal of the Thumb
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
6- Ellipsoidal joints or Condyloid joints The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another. This joint allows a variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational movement. Examples: Metacarpals to Phalanges, Mandible to Temporal bone