AnatomyAnatomy = = The study of The study of
external and external and internal internal structuresstructures
The physical The physical relationships relationships among body among body partsparts
Leonardo daVinci
OrganizationOrganization AtomsAtoms Molecules and Molecules and Macromolecules, such as proteinsMacromolecules, such as proteins OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans Organ SystemsOrgan Systems OrganismOrganism
The Systems
PlanesPlanes FrontalFrontal
– Think front!Think front! TransverseTransverse
– “ “ Trans” = acrossTrans” = across Sagittal Sagittal
– Especially mid-sagittalEspecially mid-sagittal
Quadrants Quadrants Surrounding the Surrounding the UmbilicusUmbilicus RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt
kidneykidney RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovaryRLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary LUQ: Lt liver lobe, LUQ: Lt liver lobe,
stomach, Lt kidneystomach, Lt kidney LLQ: Small intestine, Lt LLQ: Small intestine, Lt
ovaryovary
Superficial: Toward the Superficial: Toward the skinskin
Deep: Farther insideDeep: Farther inside
These words are used all the time, including this class!Note the Anatomic Position.
Get used to them!
Body Cavities
Body Cavity MembranesMore later!
Body Cavities
ImagingImaging Light Microscopy Light Microscopy (cytology)(cytology) Electron Microscopy Electron Microscopy (ultrastructure)(ultrastructure)
– TEMTEM– SEMSEM
Radiography (X-Rays)Radiography (X-Rays)– CT ScanningCT Scanning
UltrasoundUltrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Light MicroscopyLight Microscopy
The specimen is The specimen is fixedfixed– Usually in formalinUsually in formalin
Then embedded in paraffinThen embedded in paraffin SectionedSectioned with a microtome with a microtome
– Approx 5 μ sectionsApprox 5 μ sections and and stainedstained
– Enhances contrast for better Enhances contrast for better visualizationvisualization
– Many types of stainsMany types of stains H & E = Hematoxylin and EosinH & E = Hematoxylin and Eosin
– May add “May add “artifactartifact””
MicroscoMicroscope pe SchematiSchematicc
Concepts Important for Concepts Important for ViewingViewingResolution - The distance between two objects that is
required for the two objects to be distinguished.
Depth of Field - depth that focus is clear
Contrast Formation - (e.g. absorption contrast)
Illumination Source - diascopic vs. episcopic
from below (compound) vs. from above (dissecting)
Artifact – Distortion from preparation of the specimen
How The Concepts InteractHow The Concepts Interact
As Resolution and Brightness improve,
Depth of Field and Contrast are diminished. Vice
versa is also true.
These are controlled by the iris diaphragm, the
position of the condensor, and the magnification.
Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
Uses a beam of electrons to view
topography, morphology, composition,
and crystallography.
EM was developed for 10,000 X
magnification. Properties of light limit
magnification of light microscopes to
1000 X and resolution to 0.2 m.
Transmission Electron Microscope