Supplementary Materials
Environmental risk and housing price: an empirical study of
Nanjing, China
Jing Dai 1, Peichen Lv 1, Zongwei Ma 1, Jun Bi 1, *, Ting Wen 2, *
1 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment,
Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
2 School of Business Administration, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing,
Jiangsu, China
*Correspondence to:
Dr. Jun Bi, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing
210023, China. E–mail address: [email protected];
Dr. Ting Wen, School of Business Administration, Nanjing University of Finance and
Economics, 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China. E–mail address: [email protected].
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Figure S1. Research framework
Table S1. Residence samples used in this study
District Community number Number of residence sample
Gulou
184 367
Xuanwu
Qixia
Qinhuai
Jianye
Yuhuatai
Pukou 146 292
Luhe 142 284
Jiangning 164 291
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Table S2. Environmental risks of Nanjing’s chemical enterprises
ID EnterpriseAccident
type
Death radius(m)
Risk value Within the
death radius
Radius of
serious injury(m)
Risk value Between the
death and serious
injury radius1 Red Sun Chemicals Leakage 3000 4.71 ×10−2 3500 9.42 ×10−5
2Keliya Polyol Co., Ltd.
CO release
350 3.01 ×10−3 400 6.03 ×10−5
3Huisheng Chemicals
CO release
2000 9.84 × 10−2 2500 1.97 ×10−4
4Nanjing Thermoelectricity Co., Ltd.
CO release
50 6.15 ×10−5 100 1.23 ×10−6
5 Taihua Chemicals Leakage 1000 5.23 ×10−3 1500 1.05 ×10−5
6 Nanjing Pharmaceutical Leakage 1000 5.23 ×10−3 2000 5.23 ×10−6
7Yabao Chemicals
CO release
200 9.84 × 10−4 300 9.84 × 10−6
8 Dena Chemicals Leakage 2500 3.27 ×10−2 3000 6.54 × 10−5
9Jinpu Rubber Co., Ltd.
CO release
900 1.99 ×10−2 1000 1.99 ×10−4
10 Nanjing Weier Chemicals Leakage 1000 5.23 ×10−3 1500 1.05 ×10−5
11 Nanjing Baochun Chemicals Leakage 2500 3.27 ×10−3 3000 6.54 × 10−5
12 Desida Paint Co., Ltd. Leakage 500 1.31 ×10−3 600 1.31 ×10−5
13Nanjing Yudeheng Co., Ltd.
CO release
300 2.21 ×10−3 800 4.43 × 10−6
14Sasuo Chemicals
CO release
600 8.86 ×10−3 700 8.86 ×10−5
15 Nanjing Red Sun Changjiang Paint Co., Ltd.
CO release
400 3.94 ×10−3 500 3.94 ×10−5
16Nanjing Fuchang Chemicals and
Residue Treatment Co., Ltd.CO
release600 8.86 ×10−3 700 8.86 ×10−5
17Nanjing Jinpujinhu Chemicals
CO release
1500 5.54 ×10−2 2000 1.11×10−4
18 Nanjing Alkylbenzene Plant Leakage 1300 3.04 ×10−1 1800 6.07 ×10−4
19 Jiahe Chemical Leakage 1300 3.04 ×10−1 1800 6.07 ×10−4
20 Jintung Petrochemical Co. Ltd. Leakage 1300 3.04 ×10−1 1800 6.07 ×10−4
21 Jintung Chemical Leakage 1300 3.04 ×10−1 1800 6.07 ×10−4
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Text S1. Description of information diffusion method
A trapezoidal fuzzy model is used in the information diffusion method to calculate the
regional environmental risks (Meng et al., 2014) as follows:
r={ r0 0<x< l'
r0
l−l' l '< x≤ l
0x>l
(S-1)
where r is the calculated risk value at a certain point (e.g., at a given distance from a risk
source), r0 represents the environmental risk value of the risk source, x is the distance from a
certain point to the risk source, l ' is the maximum radius of death influence in the dominant
wind direction, and l is the maximum radius of serious injury influence in the dominant wind
direction. The values of l' and l can be determined by the calculated distance from the risk
source at which the predicted concentration equals the threshold value for the dangerous, i.e.,
the lethal concentration required to kill 50% of a population (LC50), and immediately
dangerous to life or health (IDLH). r0 can be calculated as follows:
r0=P× C (S-2)
where P represents the probability of occurrence of an accident. The probability of
4.7 × 10−5 per year is used for occurrence of a fire disaster, 1.0×10−5 per year for a leakage
accident, and 1.93 ×10−6 per year for a hazardous material transportation accident. The value
C represents the harm caused by the accident, which can be calculated using the following
equation:
C=3.14 ×l2 ×d ×50 % (S-3)
where d represents the population density in the park, and 50% accounts for the fact that we used LC50 as the basis for calculating mortality.
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Table S3. Risk ranking criteria of accidental environmental risk
Risk level Environmental risk (R)
5 R ≥1 ×10−3
4 1×10−4≤ R<1 ×10−3
3 1×10−5 ≤ R<1× 10−4
2 1 ×10−6 ≤ R<1× 10−5
1 1×10−7 ≤ R<1× 10−6
0 R¿1 ×10−7
Figure S2. Impact areas of liquid ammonia transient leakage on expressway estimated
using ALOHA software
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Text S2. Calculation method of environmental risks of gas stations
S2.1 Calculation of fire risk area
The pool fire model is used to calculate the risk area of thermal radiation (Zhou and
Zhao, 2013):
The equivalent radius of liquid pool (r) is calculated as follows:
r=√ 3dLπ
(S-4)
d: diameter of gasoline tank, 2.8 m;
L: length of gasoline tank, 7.2 mm.
Flame height (h) of the pool fire is calculated as follows:
h=84 r [ dm /dtρ0 √2 gr ]
0.61
(S-5)
dm/dt: burning rate of gasoline, 0.0256 kg /(m2 ∙ s);
ρ0: density of ambient air, 1.19 kg /m3.
The formula of thermal flux (Q):
Q=( π r2+2πrh ) dm
dtηΔHc
72( dmdt )
0.61
+1 (S-6)
where η is the efficiency factor, 0.24, and ΔHc is combustion heat, 43730 J/kg.
The risk distances (x) for different thermal flux thresholds are:
x=√ Qt c
4 πI (S-7)
where t c is the coefficient of heat conduction, t c=1; the thermal flux threshold
I=12.5 kW /m2 for serious injury area; and I=4kW /m2 for maximum impact area.
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S2.2 Calculation of explosion risk area
The amount of gasoline in a tank is calculated as the maximum designed amount (Zhou
and Zhao, 2013). The TNT equivalent of a gas station:
W TNT=α W f Q f
QTNT (S-8)
α: equivalent coefficient of vapor cloud, 0.04;
Wf: gasoline storage, kg;
Qf: is combustion heat of gasoline, 43730 J/kg;
QTNT: explosion heat of TNT, 4520 kJ/kg.
The impact radius (R) is calculated as follows:
R=(8 W TNT /10 P )1/3 (S-9)
where P is hyper pressure. P=3.447 kPa for maximum impact radius and P=90 kPa for
serious injury radius.
S2.3 Environmental risks of gas stations
Based on on-site investigations and online map surveys, we screened 206 gas stations in
the study area. Among them, there are 31, 119, 52, and 4 gas stations that have 2, 4, 6, and 8
filling machines, respectively. The gasoline storage amount for each station was estimated
according to a previous study (Li et al., 2011) and related environmental impact assessment
reports for gas stations. Table S4 shows the storage amount for each type of gas station.
Table S4. Oil reserves of gas stations in Nanjing
Number of filling machines for a
station
Number of gas
stations
Number of gasoline
tanks
Maximum gasoline storage amount (t)
Number of diesel tanks
Maximum diesel storage amount (t)
2 31 1 39.5 1 454 119 2 79 2 906 52 3 118.5 2 908 4 4 158 3 135
The serious injury radius and maximum impact radius were calculated according to the
method in S2.1 and S2.2. The results are shown in Table S5. Then, the information diffusion
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method in Text S1 was used to calculate the risks of gas stations. Then, gridded risk levels
were determined based on the ranking criteria (Table S3). The distribution of risk levels of
gas stations can be found in Figure 2(D).
Table S5. Environmental risk of gas stations in Nanjing
Number of
filling machine
s
Fire ExplosionSeriou
s injury radius
Maximum impact
radius
Risk in serious injury radius
Risk in maximu
m impact radius
serious
injury radius
maximum
impact radius
serious
injury radius
maximum
impact radius
2 7.83 13.84 5.14 15.25 7.83 15.25 6.64×10-7 8.95×10-8
4 7.83 13.84 6.48 19.22 7.83 19.22 5.51×10-6 4.84×10-7
6 7.83 13.84 7.41 22.00 7.83 22.00 5.51×10-6 3.89×10-7
8 7.83 13.84 8.16 24.21 8.16 24.21 5.51×10-6 3.43×10-7
Text S3. Calculation method of PM2.5 health risks
We selected stroke (STK), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and lung cancer (LC) as health
endpoints to calculate the excess deaths (ED) attributable to outdoor PM2.5 exposure:
ED=(1− 1RR )× B× P (S-10)
where P is the population exposed to a certain level of PM2.5; B is the baseline mortality,
which can be obtained from the database of Global Burden of Diseases
(http://www.healthdata.org/data-visualization/gbd-compare) (Table S6). RR is the relative
risk for different health endpoints, which can be calculated using the Integrated Exposure-
Response (IER) model (Burnett et al., 2014):
RR (C )=¿ (S-11)
where C0 represents the threshold at which health effects occur. The values for each
parameter were obtained from a previous study (Lee et al., 2015) and are shown in Table S7.
Table S6. Baseline mortality for health endpoints
Year IHD STK LC
2015 1.2439‰ 1.3085‰ 0.4306‰
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Table S7. Coefficients in IER model
IHD STK LC
C0 (μg/m3) 6.96 8.38 7.24
α 0.843 1.01 159
γ 0.0724 0.0164 0.000119
δ 0.544 1.14 0.735
Figure S3. Excess deaths attributable to PM2.5 in Nanjing
Table S8. Ranking criteria of environmental risk of PM2.5 in Nanjing
Risk level Excess deaths (ED)
5 6.008<ED≤7.510
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4 4.506<ED≤6.008
3 3.004<ED≤4.506
2 1.502<ED≤3.004
1 0.000<ED≤1.502
0 ED=0.000
Text S4. Calculation method of health risks of heavy metal pollution in the soil
S4.1 Method for exposure assessment
We used China’s Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ
25.3-2014) (MEP, 2014) to assess the health risk of heavy metal pollution in the soil.
Exposure doses of heavy metals in the soil for carcinogenic effects were calculated using
formulas S-12~S-14, while exposure doses for noncarcinogenic effects were calculated using
formulas S-15~S-17.
(S-12)
(S-13)
(S-14)
(S-15)
(S-16)
(S-17)
where Ding, Ddermal, and D¿ h are the average daily intakes (mg/kg/day) of heavy metals
for ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation, respectively; C sur is the heavy metal
concentration in the soils in Nanjing (mg/kg); OSIRc and OSIRa are the ingestion rates for
children (100 mg/day) and adults (200 mg/day), respectively; BW c and BW a are the average
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body weights for children (15.9 kg) and adults (56.8 kg), respectively; |¿0|¿ is the dermal
absorption factor (unitless), which is 0.001; AT ca and AT nc are the average exposure time, for
noncarcinogens, 2190 days; for carcinogens, 26280 days; EDc and EDaare the exposure
duration, 6 years for children and 24 years for adults, respectively; SSARc and SSARa are
adherence rates of soil on skin for children (0.2 mg/cm2) and adults (0.07 mg/cm2),
respectively; SAEc and SAEa are exposed skin areas (cm2) for children (2448 cm2) and adults
(5075 cm2), respectively; E v is the daily exposure frequency of dermal contact (1 time/day);
PM10 is the content of inhalable particles (0.15 mg/cm3); DAIRc and DAIRa are daily
inhalation rates for children (7.5 m3/d) and adults (14.5 m3/d), respectively; PIAF is the
retention fraction of inhaled particles, 0.75; f spi and f spo are fractions of soil-borne particles in
indoor (0.8) and outdoor air (0.5), respectively; EFIc and EFIa are indoor exposure
frequencies (both are 262.5 days/year); and EFOc and EFOa are outdoor exposure frequencies
(both are 87.5 days/year). Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd) in the topsoil
in Nanjing, China, were collected from the literature (Chen et al., 2008; Chu and Luo, 2010;
Ding et al., 2011; Dong, 2015; Duan et al., 2010; Li et al., 2008; Li et al., 2014; Liu et al.,
2014; Liu, 2013; Song et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2014).
S4.2 Methods for health risk assessment
The carcinogenic risk (CR) and noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for single heavy
metals and single exposure pathways are calculated as follows:
CR=D j× SF j (S-18)
HQ=D j
R f D j × SAF (S-19)
where SAF is the soil allocation factor, 0.2. Reference doses for noncarcinogenic risk (
R f D j) and slope factors for carcinogenic risk (SF j) can be seen in Table S9.
Table S9. Reference doses of soil heavy metal exposure
元素RfDinh
(×10−3)
RfDing
(×10−3)
RfDdermal
(×10−3)SFinh SFing SFdermal
Cd 1.00 1.00 0.01 6.30 - -Cr 3.00 3.00 0.06 0.5 - -
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Pb 35.00 3.50 0.53 - - -Zn 300.00 300.00 60.00 - - -
The carcinogenic risk (CRn) and noncarcinogenic hazard index (HIn) for three exposure
pathways for a single heavy metal can be calculated as follows:
CRn=∑j=1
3
CR j (S-22)
HIn=∑j=1
3
HQ j (S-23)
Then, the total carcinogenic risk (CRT) and noncarcinogenic hazard index (HIT) are
calculated as the sum of CRn and HIn for all heavy metals:
CRT=∑n=1
4
CRn (S-24)
HIT=∑n=1
4
HI n (S-25)
Table S10. Rating criteria of non-carcinogenic risk of soil heavy metals
Grade of risk Hazard index (HI)
5 2.404<HI≤2.600
4 2.208<HI≤2.404
3 2.012<HI≤2.208
2 1.816<HI≤2.012
1 1.620<HI≤1.816
0 HI=0.000
Table S11. Regression results for models excluding the variable of accidental environmental risk of expressways
Variables Model 5 Coefficient Model 6 Coefficient Model 7 CoefficientIntercept 9.62 *** 9.36 *** 9.49 ***dis_CBD -2.32×10-5 *** -2.22×10-5 *** -2.14×10-5 ***dis_bus 4.09×10-5 5.61×10-5 4.52×10-5
dis_sub -3.65×10-5 *** -3.13×10-5 *** -3.16×10-5 ***area 1.40×10-3 *** 1.21×10-3 *** 1.18×10-3 ***room 6.19×10-4 5.18×10-4 1.94×10-5
age 2.51×10-3 -9.35×10-4 -1.74×10-3
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floor -4.32×10-4 -4.61×10-4 -3.19×10-4
fee 1.10×10-1 *** 9.06×10-2 *** 9.09×10-2 ***vol 1.15×10-2 3.69×10-3 2.66×10-3
green 4.76×10-3 *** 4.36×10-3 *** 4.20×10-3 ***type -8.27×10-2 ** -7.21×10-2 ** -7.02×10-2 **
decoration 4.57×10-2 *** 4.52×10-2 *** 4.43×10-2 ***unit_kindergarten 2.89×10-2 3.81×10-2 3.73×10-2
unit_primary 1.21×10-3 -3.55×10-3 3.07×10-3
unit_secondary 4.00×10-2 * 6.10×10-2 *** 6.13×10-2 **unit_hospital 7.09×10-2 ** 4.59×10-2 * 3.95×10-2 (P=0.05)
unit_supermarket 2.49×10-3 1.69×10-2 1.42×10-2
unit_shopping 7.14×10-3 -4.24×10-3 -6.44×10-3
unit_landscape 4.83×10-2 * 5.03×10-2 * 5.69×10-2 **R_total 6.09×10-2 (P=0.06) 8.75×10-1 *** /
(R_total)2 / -1.95×10-1 *** /R_chemical / / -3.77×10-2 *
R_gas / / -4.88×10-1 (P=0.053)R_highway (Excluded) / / /
R_soil / / 4.91×10-2 R_PM25 / / 6.90×10-2 ***
Model R2 0.582 0.610 0.618
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