FotografiFotografi
• Sejarah perkembangan fotografi
• Bahagian asas dan fungsi kamera
• Jenis-jenis dan aksesori kamera
• Jenis-jenis filem
• Teknik penggambaran
• Komposisi
• Fotografi digital
Jenis-jenis kamera
• Point and shoot
• SLR and DSLR
Twin lens reflex
Twin lens reflex camera
Twin Lens cameras have two look-alike lenses, hence the name "twin lens." The scene before the camera is actually photographed through the bottom lens while viewed through the top lens. As the picture is focused through the top lens, the bottom lens is adjusted at the same time.
Single lens reflex
The Single Lens Reflex (SLR) uses a series of mirrors so that one may view the scene to be photographed through the same lens that takes the picture. When the shutter release is depressed the lower mirror snaps up, the picture is taken, and the mirror returns to its original position. (Hence, a "reflex" action.) At the time the picture is taken, the viewfinder is blackened for a split second.
Instant camera cth: Polaroid
Disposable Camera
Media yang sensitif kpd cahaya(Light-sensitive medium)
digital sensor
filem
Semakin banyak cahaya yang jatuh pada media ini, semakain cerah gambar tersebut
KameraLensa /kanta
besarkan dan fokuskan imej pada media sensitif cahaya melalui satu pembukaan (aperture)
Shutter
Buka dan tutup bila shutter release dilepaskan, benarkan cahaya masuk
Media yang sensitif kpd cahaya(light-sensitive device) (filem atau digital sensor)
Viewfindertempat kita lihat melalui kamera untuk pilih bahagian gambar yang diperlukan dan fokus
Lensa (kanta)
• Digunakan untuk membentuk imej yang jelas di atas fillem/digital sensor
• Diukur dalam unit ‘mm’ yang menentukan focal length (jarak fokus)
• Focal length yang berlainan membentuk saiz imej yang berlainan
Jenis Lensa (kanta)
sesuatu lensa diukur dalam bentuk mm yang dikenali sebagai ‘focal length’
3 jenis utama:
Normal/ Standard/biasa
Wide angle (bidang luas)
Telephoto/ Foto Jauh
Jenis lensa• Normal/ standard lens (paparkan secara
tepat apa yang boleh dilihat oleh mata manusia) – cth 50mm
• Telephoto
• Wide angle (paparkan kawasan yang lebih luas) – kurang daripada standard focal length, cth 24 & 35mm
Jenis Lensa Lain• Prime lens (mempunyai focal length yang
tetap, cth 35mm, 100mm)
• Macro
• Fisheye (uses an angle of view up to 180 degrees. The angle distorts the photograph so the four sides appear to be farther away)
• Teleconverter (A teleconverter attaches between the camera and another lens. It increases the focal length of your lens)
Telephoto Lens
• membawa objek jauh ke jarak yang dekat – 70-300mm– 85-120mm– 135-200mm– 300-600mm
Zoom Lens
• Mempunyai gabungan beberapa jenis kanta pada satu unit– 28mm-50mm (sudut luas ke normal)– 50mm-100mm (normal ke sederhana)– 70-200mm (normal ke jauh)– 135-300mm (sederhana ke jauh)
Focal length dan komposisi gambar
Macro
Macro
Fish Eye
Fish Eye
• Shutter speed (kelajuan pengatup) • ISO (100, 200, 400 – dua kali ganda)• Aperture (saiz bukaan lensa)
Kawalan cahaya
Exposure
• 'exposure' jumlah cahaya yang masuk pada media, filem atau digital sensor
UnderexposedUnderexposed
OverexposedOverexposed
If we get it just right, the image If we get it just right, the image will look similar to what our eyes will look similar to what our eyes
seesee
Shutter SpeedShutter Speed
Tempoh pembukaan pengatup
Unit ukuran = saat / pecahan/fraction (cth: 1/1000, 1/30).
Slow shutter speed - motion
Shutter speed
High shutter speed, “freeze” the action of this surfer
The shutter speeds are 1/30th of a second, 1/60th of a second, 1/125th of a second, 1/250th of a second, etc.
Moving from one speed to the next one halves the amount of light that can enter the camera.
On the other hand, moving the other way, to a slower shutter speed, doubles the amount of light that can get into the camera.
The change from one speed to another (and halving or doubling the light that enters the camera) is called moving a stop.
Shutter speed tidak boleh kurang daripada focal length. Cth: jika guna lensa 200mm, shutter speed sekurang-kurangnya 1/200 sec
Petua untuk penggunaan shutter speed
Depth of Field (kawasan jelas)
• Kawasan yang jelas dalam
• Ditentukan oleh aperture dan jarak fokus
Depth Of Field
The following depth of field test was taken with the same focus distance and a 200 mm lens (320 mm field of view on a 35 mm camera), but with various apertures:
f/8.0 f/5.6 f/2.8
Aperture vs DOF
Kawasan mana yang jelas?
Jenis aperture apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan gambar ini?
Aperture vs DOF
Aperture?
ISO vs Noise/Grain
ISO vs Noise
White Balance
Proses mengeluarkan warna yang tidak dikehendaki supaya objek yang berwarna putih akan ditunjukkan sebagai warna putih dalam gambar
Berkaitan dengan color temperature – satu cara untuk menyukat kualiti punca cahaya (It is based on the ratio of the amount of blue light to the amount of red light, ignoring green light)
.
White balance
Reddish/Yellowish image Correct white balance
White Balance
Gambar mana mempunyai white balance yang betul?
Incorrect white balance Correct white balance
Optical zoom vs digital zoom
• Optical zoom – gunakan lensa pada kamera untuk membawa sabjek jauh kepada jarak dekat
• Digital zoom – crop bahagian gambar berkenaan dan membesarkan bahagian yang dicrop sahaja – kualiti terjejas
Komposisi Gambar
Rule of ThirdRule of ThirdThe rule of thirds simply says that, instead of placing the main focus of interest in the centre of the frame, which gets a little boring, that you look to position it on an intersection of the thirds. That is to say one third up and one third in or two thirds up and one third in etc
Placing the boat near the top of the picture tells the viewer that what they are supposed to be looking at is the reflection
Rule of third
Repetition of Form
Leading Lines
railroad tracks bring your eye from the railroad worker to the train wreck behind him:
Framing
the child is framed between the lines of the abacus
Layering
the child drawing on the ground is the foreground element, but the children behind him add an additional layer. It shows that he is participating in an activity with others and isn’t just by himself.
Bright Spots
the subject in very bright light wearing colorful clothes while the rest of the image is very dark.
Negative Space
the sky acts as the negative space and balances the buildings in the frame.
Selective Focus
selectively focusing on the girl to draw attention to her and separate her from the environment.
Camera Height or Angle
Shot from high angle
Lensing
Symmetry
Memberi fokus kepada objek melalui pemilihan DOF yang sesuai
Panning
Tilt Up
Tilt down
Tilt Down
Kad Memori
Aksesori kamera
Camera Accesories
Extension tube
Perisian berkaitan dengan fotografi
• Adobe photoshop
• Microsoft Photo editor
• Microsoft Paint
Apakah peranan gambar foto dalam P-P?