Towards Low Carbon Sustainable Growth – Techno Centric Innovations Of DA in Housing Sector
Asia LEDS Forum 2013
Manila
1st Oct 2013
K.Vijaya Lakshmi
Development Alternatives
Significance of Construction Sector
in India
• 8.2% of the country’s GDP
• 41 million people employed
• Annual investment of $ 370 billion
• 16-17% growth in 10 years - Commercial building stock of 660 million m2
- Residential floor space of 8 billion m2
- 3rd largest construction sector by 2018
Growing Urbanisation & Housing Needs
By 2030
• 68 cities with a population
of more than one million
• 13 cities with more than 4
million people
• 6 megacities with
populations of 10 million
or more
-38 million units demand for low cost housing
Construction Footprint Energy
• 23.6% of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
• India’s energy efficiency is the fifth lowest in the world
Material
• Contribute to 80% of sectoral GHG emissions
• With 9.8 % growth in production per annum
- cement : 56% increase in a decade
- steel : 300% increase in 15 years
- brick : over 200 million per year (2nd largest producer in the world)
- Annual top soil loss : above 350 Million Tonnes
- Coal : 6 crore tonnes per annum
Water
• Highly water intensive industry — for foundation, brick-soaking, masonry,
curing, concreting, whitewashing, painting and mosaic flooring. Competes with other
uses
National Priority
Low Carbon Inclusive Growth
• Five Year Plan focus areas
– Lighting, Labelling and Super-Efficient Equipment
Programme
– Faster Adoption of Green Building Codes
• National Action Plan on Climate Change Missions
– National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
– National Solar Mission
• Housing Policies : 1998, 2007
Opportunities for Low Carbon Transition
• Energy consumption in both new and existing buildings can
be cut by an estimated 30 to 80 %
• Energy-efficient electrical appliances can save about
20,000 MW of power, Rs 1.2 lakh crore per year
• ECBC compliant buildings are estimated to be 20 to 30 %
more efficient than conventional buildings
• Recycled building materials saves 12 to 40 % of the total
energy used during materials production
• Adoption of energy efficient brick production measures
can contribute to savings of 100 million tonnes of
CO2e/year by 2020.
Range of Tools & Instruments
Instrument Example
Mandatory Building Codes NBC, Municipal Byelaws, BIS Standards
Voluntary Building Codes ECBC
Technology Certifications PACS (BMPTC)
Procurement Notification Fly ash bricks
Research & Demonstration CSRI Labs, Building Centres’ network
Energy Efficiency Incentives BEE Super Energy Efficient Program, Bachat
Lamp Yojana
Appliance Labeling Schemes BEE star rating
Green Building Rating Systems GRIHA, IGBC-LEED
Impact Assessment EIA
Financial Incentives Subsidies, reduced interest rates, reduced
processing fee and time, eco-mortgages, tax
concessions
DA’s Focus
System level interventions:
Innovations – technology choices,
processes, Package of practices
Enterprise creation (LC-CR service
delivery)
Policy Dialogue, Standards setting
Knowledge development & Capacity
Building
Product/Technology development Research Initiated
• Utilization of waste
• Marble sludge
• Pond ash and its combination
• Utilization of black ash
• Low carbon cement
Technology solutions providing local employment and entrepreneurship
Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete
products (TARA)
Sustainable Lives – Sustainable Livelihoods =
Green (Economic) Growth
LC-CR
social
equity
environmental
quality
economic
efficiency
putting technology-Policy-Finance in perspective
Innovations
Mitigation and Adaptation technologies
and services
Building & rural infrastructure – also for
adaptation to extreme weather and disasters (eco brick kilns, fly ash products, green construction)
Value Innovation
Eco Housing – Research
Social Science Research on Women In Construction
Technology Profiles and Manuals for Low carbon, Eco Construction
Eco Housing - Services
Financial Model for Affordable Eco Housing
TKM Artisans as Eco Housing Service Delivery Entrepreneurs (2500 Families reached in MP, 3 more areas to open).
NUS gram -Eco building
material enterprise - Trained
SHG Women
Demo Building – NUS gram-
Masons Training Program
FEM Eco Housing
TKM Office and
Masons
Women Enterprise, TG Pahuj
• Enabling Policy and financing for Eco Brick Adoption ( Bihar, Orissa)
• Dedicated knowledge Platform (www.ecobrick.in)
• Carbon Assessment Tools for Eco friendly practices of artisans
Policy research and Financing innovations
Eco-building Services Delivery by Artisans
• Reduce the carbon footprint of construction sector along with
enhancing livelihood security of the artisans
Technology development - enterprise creation- capacity
building – habitat services – housing finance products
Carbon Potential of Activities
• No till farming 1.25 t CO2 / year/ ha
• Drip irrigation 7.5-10 t CO2 / year/ ha
• Mulching 1-2 t CO2 / year/ ha
• Manure application 0.4 t CO2 / year/ ha
Creating Sustainable Solutions for the Poor
Development Alternatives
Key Elements for Transition to LC-CR
growth path
Knowledge & Skill
Finance & Economics
Policy & Regulation
LC-CR
growth path
Technology solutions providing local
employment and entrepreneurship
Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete
products (TARA)
TARA Approach for Modernization of
Brick Industry
Develop technology solutions for small scale producers – the
Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Technology
…Better business with higher profits
Technology solutions providing local
employment and entrepreneurship
Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete
products (TARA)
Construction Footprint - Energy
• 23.6% of the national
greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions
• 30% electrical energy
consumption with a growth
rate of 8% per annum
• Fourfold growth in floor area
leads to 700% increase in
final thermal energy use
• India’s energy efficiency is
the fifth lowest in the world
Construction Footprint - Water
• Water-intensive industry — for foundation, brick-
soaking, masonry, curing, concreting,
whitewashing, painting and mosaic flooring
• 56 % of metropolitan, class-I & II cities are
dependent on groundwater either fully or
partially
• Cities are drawing water from sources hundreds
of kilometres away, giving rise to conflicts with
the existing users of that water.
Construction Footprint - Material
• Annual production growth rate of 9.8%
• 80% of the GHG burden of the sector is borne by the
building materials alone
• Production of cement in India has increased by 56% in
the last decade
• Indian steel industry has an increase in production of
over 300% from 1994-95 to 2008-09.
• India is the second largest brick producer in the world,
with an annual demand of over 200 million bricks.
• 430 million people without adequate
shelter
• 100 million houses to be modified
• Construction contributes 22% of national
GHG
• Annual top soil loss 350 mill tonnes due to
brick making
Policy Support
• Financing Innovation – Entire Cycle
• Public Procurement
• Reward Systems
• Eliminate Subsidies
• Capacity Building
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Open Source Options
Choice of Technology
Specific to each context – People’s aspirations
– Resource endowments
– Stage of development
– Access and scalability
– Environmental Sustainability
Dynamic, changing
Environmental Sustainability
Considerations
• maximum use of renewables
• minimum output of waste
• closed production loops
• dematerialisation
Social Sustainability
considerations
Accessibility by the poor
Low cost per workplace
Large local economy
component
Building of technical
capacity
Overcoming
the Inherent Contradiction
• Social Objectives
– Equity, Environment
– Empowerment
• Scalability
– Commercial Viability
– Competitiveness
The Social Enterprise
Technology as a building block
Quality of life issues
people need homes, water, sanitation, energy…
–– basic needs technologies and services
Economic growth
people need jobs – livelihood technologies and services
Conditions for technology seeding and
maturation
Project situations for technology development-
testing-incubation-productization
Programmatic approach for technology
liberation
Contextualizing technology solutions
Right scaling
Responding to stressed resource situations
Pre-requisites if technology is to be a building block for green
economic growth:
Pre-requisites if technology is to be a building block for green
economic growth:
Packaging technology solutions
Hardware – equipment, production
systems
Software –know-how, know why,
communication, information
Business models – investments,
revenues, market development,
financing systems, information