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bahujana sahitya drikpatham (Essays on Literary Criticism)by Dr. Darla Venkateswara RaoAssistant Professor (Sr.Grade),Department of Telugu, School of Humanities,
University of Hyderabad (Central University),Hyderabad-500 046., Andhra Pradesh, India
First Edition : 2012Copy Right : AuthorCopies : 1000Price : ` 100
ISBN : 978-81-908961-6-0
The Book has been published with the Financial Assistance under the
UGC-Unassigned Grants given by the
University of Hyderabad
Books available at :
Navodaya, Prajasakti Book House, Hyderabad and Leading Book Stallswww.kinige.org, www.avkf.orgwww.vrdarla.blogspot.in
For Communication :M.Manju Sree,Lecutrer in Telugu,B 202, Sai Cluster Apartment, Sivajinagar ColonyNear Railway Station, Behind: Petrolbunk, Seri Lingampally,Hyderabad -500 019., Ph: 09989628049, E mail: [email protected]
Dr. Darla Ravi Kumar,Telugu Pandit,Cheyyeru Agraharam, Via: Anathavaram (S.O.),East Godavari Dist-533 222. Andhra Pradesh, India
Publishedby : Society & Education Trust, Hyderabad
Cover Painting: Gone LingarajuCover Design: Rajinikanth & K. SureshPrinted at : Karshak Art Printers, Hyderabad. 040-27618261
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\T$$
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$d]dTq $eTs&T $T. kV
$eTsqT |e> #dT= $bdTHsT +& , dJe+> HsT.+BjT$X$TXK yTT
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esZ+ |jD+ #dTq+
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\s\HT]+# sjT&H n~ $XkV+ u>+y\sTHsT. mdt.d., mdt.{., _.d., yTH]{\ |sT >\ 85 X+ eT+~|\qT >T]+ sjT&~ VQqkVeT s+#sT. e
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|y>s+&T ||+#y|+> d+u$dTq nH|]De\T,
y{|ue+ kV+ ||*+#& #d, deC, kV>\n$Hued++
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VQq kV TesZ\T, n&T>TesZ\T, u$+#y{ \e++> n>{|#sTT+, y{H\e++>e+Xbs+|s+ #dy] }] |{, n+syfifl, ndX\T,n+E\T, #T\T, #+&\TsT e+{ |s =+eT+~ |*#sT. MfiflussC+>+ w&\T\T n |\TdTHsT. eT\T #d Mfiflus $ |\e&+ |\TdTHsT. eT\T fnsTTH M] $$qT, w&\T>\T>qT, yqT&q esZ\T>qT >T]+#sT. n+ y| e+~eTqTyTsq w&\T\T, w&\T>\T,yqT&q s>T\ bT, eT|s+> n\d+UesZ q dKT, eTTd+,de\T, b\T, uesV+qT nDy >T]#dTHsHuy*|#s+ #d+~. n>es V+
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|sH |\Td, y] y] ke d>T* #dT= $$ |+#nHwdeTd\ |]cs*ddTqT+T+~ uey
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s#q\T #j\ &|eT+#*.(| +
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yfiflHsT. e\T = +~ es\ eT kV+ kq+*+qdT+~. +~ es\ y] eT eT nqTL\+>esTe& ueC |j+#THs VQqkV
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>jT+, e#q+ *+q+ds#q+ |TsT+{sTT. |TsTT. de |s_e~ &&\qTH s#sTT\T rdTHedTe bT, kV sb* L& C>> mqTy*. se#
yk\
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L& sjTeTesTT. Te+{#q\ qT+&kV $$
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e\$+ |&TT+
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Ms+>Hu$+#e#? sCqT Hsys $~ eyT s]+q eHjT&&? sE HjT&&? \D\ usrj\+]d
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5. uc_e jdud\T, buw\T > +&, dVesD>#&&+. Be\T\ #|y{ |q]s+#TeT d+#&+.
6.d+d $X\ b* #&&+ e\=|eD\T>T]+#eTq&+.
9. qq|T]+#&+. M{ d+|
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12. #]d+|Tq\ n$Hue d++
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u$+#Te&+ e+{e kV u,#]
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(eTT~>=+&MsusT sdq fiXd+-eT*+X$y#qnH>+
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\nd T kV+ d,
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+eT |\y& q~. n+jTTe&eT
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eTqT \$uq\ esZ+ yd+~. n |y++Hs|+# |jT+ #d+~. \, *+>, b+rjT$e\ >TseTqyfiflqT L& X$T\T, |&T\T>H|]>D+#&+ e\
Mfifl nd >T]+#&+
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32
|Te\>, XjT+ e\>, e+ me]d+ sXsH=H|jT+ #dT+~.
sejTD sdq y ujTy&H, e+ eyTqueC {$ nd ssTTksT. nTe+{$>T]+|dTqse, eTsTT+~. eT nd $d]+ *|jH\ +b#] nTe+{yfifl +&kqyT +T+eT+#eTH V#]> yfiflH
#|+#&+ \ ndkV+ sT>TT+T+~.&eTs={L& #sedT+~. eT #+T]+ sdT+{sT. n$ eT \+ yfifl sdq s#q\+f\yTqesD HjT|+#e#T. n|&T @s#q\, @s#sTT\b sjTq+\+ eTs \+ yfifl sdH,y{ eT >T]+ sdq kV+>H>T]+#&+ sT>TT+~. , eT\+ yfifl sj\qTH, e{&\qTH, neXe+& sT\T neX* y\qTe& esksT.eT yfifl_sT
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nd \ kV+ |+#&+ $#ss+. B\ nd kV+ |dsq ne>Vq be&yT sD+. {, Ds>T* sV+, s+>+ cT\ #|d+>* |+&+, yk* ssTT+#&+ \>*. B bT nd \kV |]
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34
\|sD\ n L&kVry\T u$dTHsT.1
VAeTsY nH~ ^|jT\ L{$T (u] )> +&ys ysT sdu , y , jT\T (e+&]+>$Td )> eeV]+#ys (& \+ eseT|k
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nsd qys+ eT+>HeT |sD* #|+e#s. q, nc
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MT
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nsTTH, |sDVk\T #]e+{$ TsTq#] d++~+q qyfifl yVk qT |{#T.n$ jT+b\\$ #||jT+ y\Te&sTT.n>,
dqkV+q esD s>=#T. j deC sjT+>,]+>, $ qkq+ qyfifl #], y eTe\dqT> sb+~+#T=, y{H$wyTq$> |#s+ #sTT+#T=HneXeT +~. +|&T = b*, dyX* nys+>+#*edT+~. w, y{ +, n n$ e]bsTT.
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nc> |]o*d n$ @es\ |jH* bs* k\T> #dTe&+ sT>+~. eT+Hnc*>sT.
|dT+ &de+ H&T n+n+s\+> qe~>\ d++~+q C+e|sD+ >T]+#$Xw+#TH, TjTu$dTHqT. dTesT 60 bs+sC+e|sD+ + J$+#>*>s#s |*=+& dTu#] (2008:10,13 ) yU+#sT.6 B fe~>\q k+d|H{y \TksTT.nTe+{ |H
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e~>\ |Ps+ sC\ |]b*+q ys , s\ jTT
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|sjs. B s+> @MT XSq+ y\T>Ts|+ CsVXsT&T |u$+, jTq #d |De eT++ qT+&\+, +qTeT]= C+e|sD |Tq+~. eT]=+{ u$T+fsTH\\ eTT+T]+#*. n+bNqCyfiflq n+f\T us*q sT\T, z&q yfiflqT #dTHsT. e~>\ |Ps+ sC\|]b*+q ys , s\ jTT
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2) sT\ C =+&qe++&=#T. yfifl sT\T eT deq+> #& bsTTH, yfifl XkeTs*>T]+, yfifl dVjT\T> |j+#Te&ss\ | u\
>T]#d+&=#T.C+e|sD+ e~>\ k+deT* ss\
\ d+d |sDVk\ qT+&,#]d\ qT+&y*rd|jT+ u>+>HH B |]o*+#*qneds+ +~. B e\e~>\ ke, k+dn+X\T ||*+#e#T.e~>sT\T d+|T]dH, yde+>
e~>\ d+d @yT+T+\ ke, k+d||\qeTeT+~.
3) #Tsseed|s+ j es\ yfifl, yfifl s+q$syse|qT, eT]=n>se+>q m e]bjj n
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5) eT e+XeT* uey
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>#]d+~. deTT=|\T eT #sseqT+&eT*>s ,
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44
b
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mH\ qe`jH q|&q eTTHjT #dn&T> y&... n+ ne++
\ eTT#q>T+ |& eT n]# \+ =B#]#&T sfifl&T. }V+# |]De *|&q eTTHjT He sq d>+ q+ @+ ]+ eDbTHsT.(|{: 65)
1
\T> $u+#sT. ~ eTT+ VQqs{\Ted| d]jT >e+~.s#sTTqsjT&+ jT k+dysd u]d
T&TdTq CT\ TsT eT+&\+, ]y]b + @\ y+fXsT+#sT. +&jT{ es #jT&T, s#sTT> m~>sT. #
\+ bT qHeT+&* fisT&> nH|
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e]>T&d #|bsTTH n+sZd+|Tq\qT Xes& X>.. |sT sdq eTT+eT =HfiflbT yfiSfl MfiSfl n& +& nH N{sT |\e+>, dVjT+> qek+~. me& & $ #w\qTm~]+H,+>bsTTH y&T |fXsV+d\T, ueT q J$+ |=#q\T(|:15) *ksTT. q \dT&qb\jTn|{ |fiH, y n*y\T L& {s&q$TydbT+~. sq\dT&q eTTHjT eTqTe sT>TT+~. m +{k
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q >T&d\ Z s #bT+~. n+ eTT+eT m+>H |q |&TT+~.| es #sT= |\T ses#+~q qVd\ d&+T &sT Xese q{ es#+~q seTDs&
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48
=&T #+#T\T, n& w|&q nqdjeT eT&e sb*> b\T.
qe s> es #
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49
e]+#sT.]qT\ $|e #q+, \ nd #q+ @s&q |]dT*&s+&T Dne>Vq #dT=HM\T+~.
{, eT kjTT&n+jT, >es #+~q Xese, #+#T\T Vd\T&sY. n+#T* n&$rdTfi&T. q >T&d Zs= e{&*seT, d +#T= yfiH+{&T |, m&H~ #|&T. j&HeTq+ bjT< . ..eTfl n&>& T # +# T\T. # +# T\... n#T>...d|>eTT> Ls... (|{:146) n+ rdT[fl e]
seT+&+|sTTHyfifl\ $e]k&T.
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s#+#T #q bs+ueTeT+~. +|sTTHyfifl\ ssTT+#T,+{=q s $wj yfifl neTeT , \ nd\T $wjT+#|+&, $VsjyfiTqTnes#+~q seTDs&n\TdT+{&T.$|eb #+~q eTTdT>T |TT+{j, eTwd $e]+#>*>sT s#sTT.$|ebs{\T *yq]qT\qT, |&\qT ]+, yfifl c* eTfl $e]+, y{
b>=Te&bs&+ |
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51
||ysY>| |~VHfifl> \+> eHsTT nsTTH s\T,
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52
|, |uT dT|T\T, $*q d + eT+~ M] Hs , yfifl+ $Xd+ eTTT, eT yfifl T&TdTHs eT+>eT b esukeTT\T, yfifl ysdT\T +~ \ yfifl|#d
E\+ bdT\qT $T+bsTT, n~ H{ =qk>TTq yH eTTHjT|q+ #X&H nqTeq+, $wjT+ L& #|+& =&yT|&qTe]+#sT. #]+> #d, jH
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53
jH \ eTT\T>TT+{s , beTTn+f eT&
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#]+{ #TbeTT T]+ V#s ( +
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55
2.mH\ qe |d+ jH~ qe\> +~. nsTT, B@eT+{s q *jT
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56
qqjT eTT+TeqqjT, yeTq |s =Hfifl + +H|n|dTH, y{ C>> |]o*dn$XwD\ |s|&+ deT+dyTH n|+#eq
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$ sX& , nsTTs#q Zs&T rdT n |sT |#s+ #X& ,n+H >T]+#\H~ jT+seTjT|+T\T yC+X&H$ qqjT +feTT+T H+& q&+ L& $+ #|qy&HsT. B bT $sUeTD> |s=+~qqH#&T&T sdq esd+ue+\T>T =* eeTH yTkVH=}|}|+~. .X.940 b+#+~q qH#&T&~$ne& eqe*seTw$ y~+#sT. B skV #]sT\T
n+^]+# T]+#s]+#sHyH w|&sT. nd\T \T>TqqjT ~$ ne&? +T]+#? n+ eTT+T kV+ T e s? |sdH |]>D+#? | |\TdTHs? e eTq \T>T kV #]sT\TydT $$
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58
n_bj\T >T] +#*q nedseTT+~.(uukVu n+u\T, (d+|{.7)1992:14)
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59
|{H, T sT ]
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60
nqeTjT kV+
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61
sq* uVDT>\u{qTr]+#sT. Be\\ sdq eT]sq\THjTHn_bjT+ \T>TT+~. sd, eT+T]+#& M\eT+~.b @ rdT= yfiflH \s\q ]+#yfifl jT\T eT]=+eT+B >+BJV]H
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62
uVDT++ +#&T. jTq dTesT 95 d+es\T bT J$+,nq> 23-2-1503 eTsD+#&T. e\+ d+sq\T eyT +& dTesT12 X\T sdqT y{ |dT+ ly+fXsX+ eyT
\_++
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63
eT #]+#&q |jT+H n$ $
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64
\eC\eH&T. n+
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65
&T |DT\qT b|sT\qT d]>e
&jTT ly+fXsT HeTyTTfn
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66
|seT>T y
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67
es$uq #Xq, s\qT #]+#&yT |, y{|** +#L&eBZs|+ @HTTHsTT.yd$J$+ s\T #sD |dTq|&T nqeTjT #|
sesZ\T m+{yq
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68
6.n&y
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69
lwT+~.eTTe\
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eTV|k d]+, eTqeTks\d$+, yfi+{&T. |sp #dT+{&T.
sE nss yfi, |*#|&fifl LjT&+ \y]+
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71
|+|k&T. e*+>+ q+ e\qT y+ b+ u$+#uVD\+|{q VsdT& eTfl q |Ps qd+ks n+e+T&
k es&T. &e\TD, s\qT b{+#be&+
e\VsdT&j&T. e\
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72
>TsT|s+|s #sT\T |eTTKb sV+#sT.8 |HHeT+ d$+, jTq + #+~q sTbDYeTT. n&T ndX&, q yq+ ls+>H
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74
e\
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75
seqTC#sT\T. fisT |b~+q ywe, y
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76
e&> uyT nqjTeTT+~. B bT +~ \ ysT L& eT+ nHeT+~ HsT. XSfis|sT yT#T*, sTeT$X
fis|sT yTeBZ csTqT\ eTTD, s\qT{ j e\qT H\T>T es\T> H dw+#q34, r+>qHesH d$+ y+ b+
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8. eTTe\
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78
19. |
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79
30. eT
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80
bT\] MsV+uwD
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81
eT&+ y| q&|+#&yT neT+~. yeTq,MsV+ ns+ #dTy*.MsV+
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sn eTT&T eTVeT
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83
u=|~, eTs=\+ e u
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e]+ jT|&TT+~. Te+{ |]dTH q uy* HK+&+#TqT+{sTT. n+
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85
\esT\T T
yT\T&T seTeTT qT
eTT #]sTT+#T#T+&sTe( $$m , 2002-209) n |e+#sT.eTs# nsTTT]+ L& MsV+sT esZeTTsHes+#sT. \+,eT+ e=|> }V+#sT.eT sddH, n#\ yTsTe n~&>
u$ksT. e&T, $we ysTXd+ B+ | , $j> d++~++~.
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86
neX$T# \=|$|e+. $|eeT+f eT*yTq esT. H{ \yTq \eedqTL\bsTTH, |ejT eedqT d+#~X> * #|qMsV+
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87
o o|$ye?
oo nHs+&T ns\T \T>T kV+ q d+#\q+ +n+
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88
sH |e\dq y&T $XH ee\T, ~>+s,
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nd+ |s oo kV $eT]+#yfifl+ jT yqdT= sb,jTq kV +&ks*|]
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92
bjT+ ll m+>H
|sT |UT\T rdT=+~.
2. &_.dsk>sY, eTq$|e+, eTq u$wTeTq ll . ]$T\Hs&yTy]jT dt: $jTy&, 2009: 44
3. &_.dsk>sY, eTq$|e+, eTq u$wTeTq ll . ]$T\
Hs&yTy]jT dt: $jTy&, 2009: 45
4. UK+&+#sT.
5.=+|\ Hsqse d+ nHo] >jT+ sd, lljTqn++ #d |j>\T #XsT.
6.UeTDy&nX +&, |s+> yK\T |dTHsTT. B |CXTVdt, VVq #dTe&.$.seTDs& eTVA|&TT+~.
-0-
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93
&ujT +>jT kV+
n+uT&
y[flse , eTTd
b,b
@&T=+&\y&, y+seTD
edTq +&T- $T$# eT+~\TdT. , Bsdq $ &ujT+>jT n yfifl+\>*! qT #b\qTq edTe q, sb deTbfifl n+~dTq >=| s#sTT &usTT +>jT
sT. jTq sdq Cs(1988), >&+ (2003)qe\\T k+eTT+T esZ eq |]De* ns+#dTe& \TksTT.
1 d|+sT 1942q |{q +>jT q |~Vqe d+es+ qT+&s#q\T bs+_+H, q u\+ H{J$+ bT, q eTT+
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96
+{|qT\ b\&&sD+, H{$
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b+\y> ]^d|+#T+=|$qT,nB \+>D y&T +&dJeyTq uwqT |jdT+{sT. Cs +f, >&+ qe\ \+>D b+ yeV] uwqT me>
|j+#sT.uc |j>\ >T]+ jTq HsT.]q TTq
nHj n~ ]|yfifl eTq#seqyfifl nsyTjT uw #|]jH =+ edT+T]+#\ &ujT+>jT s#qn&T>T esZ\ J$ nHbs* |{#|+#sT.m#]sTq $X$sT |#sT. \T>T $X$se&s{ >s$++~. M{ bT &n+ueT+#y]kV+ keyd$qT m d]+#e# \TdT+~.
jT kVr
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99
\T>T &jks kV+|]#jT+
\T>T euw> +&, sD+s\ e\sb+\T, sc\T, XX+> >, *+> > eddTq yfifl jb+\ y[flq|&T >, y[fl eq s> n&|]dT* e]ds#q\T #dTHsT. ~ me> +s{ |dTH, s \+
|ds|+ L& edT+~. kV+ m+{n+X\T ||*dTHj,m+{$ ||*du>T+T+
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yfifl e+ T &jks: kV+ d+d, http://
afsar2008.wordpress.com)
&jks kV+ >T]+ sdTq yfifl y\] y+fXsse20 e X+ nyT] \T>T T]+ sdq yd+&jks (diaspora) q d>eT+#eT+THsT. # eT+~&jks nq| yTT
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s+&e nyT] \T>T kVr d, >dT,19`20,2000 n_bjT|&sT.( http:// www.eemaata.com/em/issues/201003/1547.html)
nyT] e+ eTT&|q J$+ >T]+q C|\Tsd, n~ |yk+D+#\ =+ n~|yk++>H#&\ H|k+~ n s+{\ \q
|yk+=+T nHyd+ ( e) sXsT.|yk+Vq \T> neX+ +~. |
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102
ekeTT\eTy\H+ * +&+.
keTVdV, eT&q+, eT+, n|sY #|q \D\qT
&]+#Te#T.$X\yTq \T>T k+dJeH \>q&+.
\, eT, esZ +s{ f\J |j+#T=, yu e>CHk|+#&+.
kb*C |+b+~+#Te&+.
C,CrjT, uw\ n~] d]V
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103
eT+#\+f, ||+#y|+> kV d>T Hj >eT+#e\dq neds+ +~.
&jks *s#sYueq m|{qT+&+ #|bsTTH, ueq 1998 qT+&nyT] ds|&q \T>T y] qT+&u> b#Ts+ e+~. nyT] T&jks kV+y\Te&T+~. 1960 \eTT+T uwd+ nHw+#|&T, +T b+\ eq|&T sdq \T>T uc s#qq kV+|+H, |dT+~.
1970 ss+&e s+ \T>T yfifl d+d >T]+q |q, eTeT, \, b+rjT |]dT s#q dq#jT&+ |dT+~. 1990susTyfifl n~d+K, nHeT, \ esZ\ yfifl nyT], s||+# e]+~.
1977 - 82 eTT nyT] |w> qT+ y\Te&~.|jT{ |#T]+# \T>T y\T>T d+ qT, {, H y] y]d+ qT = dHs#q\T |#T]+#ysT. s\+ s#+&+s{ #sy~, e, dTqs+ yu |\T kV sdTbV+#sTT. e nyT], s T yfifl sdT
|s|+#sTT. |&, eTwyTq uw +> sdTHneX+ u>T\e\ *+~. B e+ u>T\T sb+~+#T,y{ eT J$d++~+q nH$wj* sdTHsT. &
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104
e\ * yTT+qT, s\T>TqT yu |qT q&bsT.\T>T s#q*, eTTK+> duy* ||*+#s#q* nqTe~+ n+~+#ysT.
1995 qT+N e+> b+&wH|tnyT] yfifl T
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105
y+fXsse ( http://www.eemaata.com )= yK\T #XsT. y{+
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106
&jks s#sTT\T eT e\#T, eseqd>T\qT dMT+#Te&|jTdTHsT. +]q+qT+&keTVJeq+ y| |jT+#\H+H, =|sT\ d+dT\qT n+^]+# bTHsT.n+\T, kVdu\T sT|H
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107
$T+ y[flq yfifl @ \, eT#+~q yfifl m sdTHs T>$Xw+#Ty*. n|&&jks kV+| ne>Vq s>\T>T+.|dT+ nyT] y[fl, n&ds|&q yfifl sdTq kV , yfifl s b*
#d # esL $XwD\T sT>TTHsTT. $ K+&&jkskVds|, duy* \+ #dT> +~. +D/ |*+>bqT/nyT]q/|d>{qT &|sqT/#b\+f/# e+~ ]|sqT..../+T yfifl sb+ds|&&b+rjT |]dT\ |n&=+eT+~ m+{nqTuT\ qeTHs nyT] y[fl eq s
m+&] dTT kV#n q neX &jkskV dqsT\T m+=+ >T]dn+yT\T sT>TT+~. ~X> &jks kV+ |jT+#\ =+ T http:// www.eemaata.com
3. y+fXsse, y\]. 20e X+ nyT] \T>T b\se, |eTsE. ( d+.)nyT] \T>T
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108
kV |]XT @
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109
e\+ n+X |]X
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110
|ue+H @
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111
e+&*s#qedTe,
uw, k+
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>T]+|b+qT |\TdT+{sT. B eeT\T e #|y\+f,
|b++ ed+#|\T e{&uw |+# eeVsu +T+
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113
*+T+~.&qT+&deTd\T qeTeT+{sTT. +T uceT+& \T>H, b+\qT+&eq s#q* b+e+&*s#q\T nHneX+ +~. ,
n|&T e+&*s#qqT dw+> $e]+#TqeH uc|j>+] >T]+#e#T. n +&, uw#+~H, = keesZ\yfifl e{&T+Tq uw eyT sdT
H\T>T b+\ qT+&y\Te&TTq s#qqT ]wb+eyT|]$TyTqTH, =+#+ |jTdnsyTjTT uw sjT&q s#q*e+&*s#q\T n |\e&+ deT+d+.nsTT, b\T eyT +&,s#sTT#|~ L& |P]> e+&*+ q|&T # e>He+&*s#q\T e#sTT. n+b\weT#{sdqls+>s #]+ (kHusTT #]+) ]H, 1878 y\Te]+q++ sXKs#]+H yTq \D\Tq qebs+u+> # eT+~ $eTs\T u$dTHsT. eq qe\\+{#|&&qT,
n&qT+& 1920 es nqTy+>qT,s 1942 es $djTT>+>qT, 1942 qT+&1960 es eTHyCjTT>+>qT, sdeTq jTT>+> |s=H, 1980 snd \Tq qe\ e+ 1935 H{ke,
]|]dT* d #s sdq \s=+eT+B, qe\HsjTD sdq e\|* ( 1922) n eT]=+eT+~$eTs\T |s=+THsT. bs++> k+
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114
\+>D sjT\deT, e+&*+ eT&T qe\* sXsT. qe\\Ty\T> yH >e*(1974).eT]=+eT+~ $eTs\T n\+sjT sdq }sT =*eT+TH~
nD+ e+{qe\* L& e+&*qe\\T >Hu$dTHsT. nsTT,|P]>e+&*qe\> #|jT sdqCs, >&+qe\qT e+&*|\T |+H y{ |P]
e+&*qe\\T> #|+.sjT\deT e+&*+ H$T dTVD+ HjTT&T sdq
eTTq&d
|d~#+HH, qe\*L& |P]> e+&*qe\\ nq +.sjT\deT uck+*>s $eTs\T y UdTHsT.Xes&sdq dXq+ e+&*qe\\T n #|+. nsTT, M{ eTTHeT
qe\ sT e+&* uw|dT+~. nsTTH, B e+&*qe\nH+f, b+rjT e #b#T.
lb
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115
Jeq+ |dT+~.M{ qe\+&\DyTq H||&$ eeVs |j+#Tq qe\\T>u$+#&+ deT+d+. m+ ne>Vq e.
#s qqTedk$T qe\ >T]+ yUd, qe\qT d+s+&T eT&T ksT#
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\+ qT+&\D+ |{H, \D+ #s&|]+He\+ = d\T, = nss\ ]+#Tq |T+Te\ dVjT+eyT uwqT d+|Ps+> ns+ #dTe&+ qT u$+#Ty\qTe&L& re+>HesdTq yfifl HsT.
|&T |
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edT
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5. e+&*s#q |j>+ d+ +&, |jH||es&+.
~sw 2010 sdq b
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||+#kV ueqXd,k+s+>edTq esT\ e\||+#+ qq,es+>q esTHyfifl +&=#T. ~ eqe due+. &eTq+kV+ >T]+ e{&T+$C> es&+ e\kV+ = uy* n+TT+~. B ds> #dT= eqe&T kqT+&$Xeqe&T>m&kV esZ+> |j+#THneX\THjy#&*.
kV+ ||+#kV+ nH e{{ $dT+~. ByTTyTT 1827 > |d~#+~q sHkVry
jVHe >+>yH >sTTT]+#e#H~ >+T+~. H|
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120
J$qTuy* fi+> d]+# nqTu ybs+kV+.qT n]+#due+ kV+||*dT+~. nqTu |P]> q
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121
nqTu k+
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122
BH
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123
BH=k #jT&+ qe. esXeT
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.m&eTqdT sjT+> e+T+s+> T sT>T&
m&$Cq+ d#> eTq>\T>TT+&\ eT
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125
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village
2.> |d~#+~q sHkVryjVHe >+>yH>sTT, Hs#sTT>, sT&> |d~.28>dT1749 +, 22 e] 1832 eTsD+#sT. jTq sdqs#q eTTKyTq$ :.Faust; The Sorrows of Young Werther ; Wilhelm
Meister s Apprenticeship; Elective Affinities; Prometheus; Zur
Farbenlehre; Italienische Reise; Weststlicher Diwan
3.n V > |d~#+~q | s#sTT n>+&sY eTT s
beTsY V. 11 >w1921 eBq qjsY +#sT.10 |e]1992e Bq qjsY eTsD+#sT. dt>sY> + #d, n+#\+#\T>$$ |tjHnyT]Hb$T qe\ ||+#+ dTesT 37 uw nqTy |#T]yTq qe\qT \T>T@&T s\T |sT dVyd (eeTVXsse ) nqTe~+#>, V
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126
VQqT\ =eTq, ysT #dTq ndbs{\T, kVr d+|TsD\ >T]+|{+#Te&+ Je\ nd
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127
nH+ sXsT.$$ #sbZ VQqyD q \yTq>=+T $|+#y&T.=eTq | sdq yk* H\T>T s\T>$u+#e#T. {: q \+ {> q yqT&q s>T\ n_e~
>T]+ sdq yk\T. s+&T: VQq y nD>]q, nDy >TsTq \ >T]+ sdq yk\T.eT&T:b+rjT ndeq\qT b>=&XdjTyTq y kVL& ke#HesZ+> mqTH&T.
e uqTeTs d+V+|sT eTTd+ ]swqqT VdXeT >se \ y] $\qT 2008 $ d+\q+>rdT=#&T. B m+|#dq $*, y] yk*, y] |Hk*,y] sjT #sDqT |]o*+q y] jTH= VQq&T>dweTeT+~. |&+ \+> =qk>TTq \+>D T]+L& keqT& +&, >=| yT =eTq q ueC$$\ =D* VsZ+ #dq y&T =eTq.eTTd+\ ]swqqT deT]+#&T. | eTTd+ _H &H> eTT
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128
H q|{qT+& +#+
eT+#+ |H&T / |&T d&H> Ts, dy +&T...
|b, m+&yqH J$+ |+#TH&T
HqT eT&T>T\T >T|T+f, y&T C\\T, |sT|\\T @]H&T
y dT|+&T> n #dq _s H >T+| sT>TT /yT|P\ s+>T \TH&T
e ne d Ts, dy +&T.. n eTdyT
|sT sT>TTq qT e+>+> VsZ+ #X&T =eTq. yTq keHj deT]+# |rdTfifl&V+> |#dTq sTD+H \Vq esZ\ XC ns+s+>]bsTT+~.
|jT+q yfifl+#bTHs >T]+#*q neds+ +~. e~>kV s+md|& #dq H>|>] dT+Db++ qT+& e, q ejTdTH kV+| >=| |uy ydqy>ZjTsT&T >sj #bj&T. de J$+
+H e]q snqTue+ ~qT >eT+, #eT+~ #be&+ TT+T+~.
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129
T+/ d \T sjT&yT nsTT+~/ >T f\T yTTjT&yTnsTT+T]+
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130
Cq| dTH, eTsy| Xk\ +>
nH n+X\T eqe& dHwD y| q&|dTHsTT. e $$ e]n|& H|\y?
nHs& (1880`1951) eTTd\eTeTsD+qX
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131
lye, ue$esZ *+
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*j\+fsT
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134
d+c* n+\T>#]dT+{+. |+&>\= V* *+#T+{+.y{|ses+@b#s
|+ edT+~. d+|H eTTTs+&bCq|T]+#*.
+
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135
m+.m|t.VQdH
fi k+HnH=>=| sT&HyfiflHsT. eT]=+eT+~ d q{ e
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136
VA qT, qqq @ #THH q * +#fisT&>|sTb+eT+#sT.TsTe d+ de VA]+>|* ydysT.
s\+ dsY, s&, nV* ydd+b~+#&+ yTTs+ + #ksT. s
bdtqHkC (1924 - 2002 ) k|+q b>dy]dt >|1947 #],
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137
|dT+~. D\( Lu) * ^jT&+ e\ e\+ D+ +&, _qD|]o*d, $_q uy\ d+>eT+ +|dT+~. X* jTTe +#|&T, yT k+ +H, s& > |dT+~. n+sT. |sTT+{+>dTesT 1.4 $T*jTHnyT]H&\s y\+ b neTT&TbsTT+~. (Battle of Ganga and Jamuna:
Mahabharata 12)nsTT, y\+ b d+
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138
#dsdq\T *jTCjT&+ ds+~ \qHs+&e* yTT dsdr+> +#+,useqT, [ y\HdTHsH|#s+ ]+~.|> eTTd+, de* m+.m|t. VQdH +#be&+ V+jT|sTdTHsHy
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139
qTe deTsT* |+s+ #Xe
n+ qT #d |j>\T keq |\ ns+ q|&T, kV,fi s+>qT sj\T |y+q|&T, ||+#bsTTH, fisT\
\, eT|uy\T sdqqT |
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140
kV$\Te* ssTT+#T eT&T ueC\ b+D+\dV s|+#|jT+
yd+ y\H$Xw+#bsTTH, |jT+ ]|*+X\T> +&neX+ +~. eTqeTqTqT eT&T s\ ueC\Tq|#TsD d+d*, |#TsD* nyT $jTX\\ |]dT* >eTd\T rdT+{jT #b#T.
$yTq |]d @$T+f eT+ eTTeT+ ydq#d|d* $sTT+#&+ |&TTHsTT. d+d\T |#T]+q y{ {s+&T |#TsD\T |dTH, y{ q
esZT | qT |dT+~.
b\ n+&> +&| k y] \\ nqT>TD+>
sd kVH |#T]dT+{sT.4
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141
V]+#|T]+#e#T.
eT]= ksT eed +H nC+> |e]+#&+ eedHdeTesZ+ |&|jTdTq |]dr |dT+~. n+> >eT+#*.M{ D+,rD+ me> +T+~.d]~|&= n+X\T+{sTT.
u>T sdq s#q deT> |++
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142
M+{ >eT+#e#T, n+s\+ (+s{) |{q |\Ty+Hd+~+#&M\T> yK* sjT&neX+ *dTHsTT.
e +&> {e\ \+ jTe]{>+{ MTwH,q&yfifl $$\ |\T, |d\H|]>DqrdTy\H++T |d* |#T]+#yfifl H+s $wjT+ ||{+#Tef
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143
|jTd++~+q kV |]De $Xw+#&+ e\ kV>eTq+ \TdT+~. s#sTT\T m+{kV sdTHs >, bs\Tm+{kV , qTeT+> eq kV $XwD|j>|&TT+~.
b
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144
ek>sY$+ VQq#q+ek>sY |sT $q>H ke ,
kVry\ $> dT]ksT.jTq J$ |kq+ b,$|esT&>, kVry> eT&T =qk+~. sYneTT~$\T eT]= +&=#y. ek>sY$+ kjTT&| /
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145
45) H>|>] dT+kV, e~>J$\bsY=\]b \T]+ ek>sYH{@\e ed|( qe],|e] 1997, |\T: 42-43) q n_bj* e]+#&T.
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146
$ ns+ #dTe&+>H H dV]ksTT. seTT&T (103`110) e{&yTH
(|{: 133`144) yTTT]+ ek>sY #|q nqTuy\T$sVk* + \+ |qT eyT+~.#sXeT+ n+u
e] n+u&T. ek>sY..deT]> es&+ yTq VQq
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e]q ke|]dT\T neds *ksTT. n>, kV $eTsL& kV k] eT+q #dT +~. eT]=+|qs+|PqT+T+~. d+|
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149
sT>TT+~.|qs+q $eTs ds|+ y +T+~.
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150
qT,kV |]DeT+ edTq esT* eyT +&, >+$eTs\T> #dq eT n_bjeq |]De* L& dMT+#THneX+ |qs+q $eTs e\\T>TT+~.
sT ++{dTCs& #]keH|T kV #] (1996),&|*X+dH D bNq kV+(2009) yTTH
edTHsTT.dH s#q* #d e\T $$Vq #dTe&dV]kjT, #s.H>jT ye]\T (1968), #s s#bfi+ #+
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151
d+|TkV+
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s+&e
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153
s+&T TTHsTT.
eT&e
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154
kV+> kV, $eTs |qs+q+ #dTHsT. >TsC&, ll,nuT ll >T]+ yfifl, sj* |qs+q+ #dT=+s\ \+ #*+$eqe]dTqT|qs+q+ #dTHsT.
dy$eqT, b+rjT #qy TTq eTTd+, de\TeT, d+U TuT>kV , kV $eTsq |qs +q #dTHsT. d+|
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155
J$+ qT+&kV , $eTs #&\+THsT. kV |s, jTT>s|qs+q+ #deT eT kH* ssD #dT=H|jT+ #dTHsT.
|+se\ kV+ no\|H sT>TTH,kV$eTs |qs+q+ #jT&+ |&|&bs+uyT+H H, $eTsqT|qs+q #dTq $eTs e+ =~>HedT+~. yTT+ MTT kV+, kV , kV $eTsqT |qs +q+ #dT=+T+ #|e#T.
+
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156
4.dTeT..eT], yeTq, dTeTr X|
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157
14.seqTse,
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158
$eTss+>+Tuc$d+
b]uw| esT\T edTHsTT.|d+ edTqy>eT, es dH
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159
\T>T$eTs uc_e~TkV $eTs
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160
M{ =+eT+~1 d
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161
eT*yTq esTrdT=+~.jTq q $eTs |eD\ #\es+>+ qT+ #Tqy., n$ nsTe #TqT+&e.$Crj\T>#e. jTq \Dy\T d T uckV s+>esT\ |+>$T .X.1806 >++ L& ne]++Te\ >T]+N$e]+#sT. |d seTk$T sdTq |] n]k{nqTsDdb]uw|
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162
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Xu +qdt
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yd$y
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>se+: ~ eT]= |
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171
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|dT+~.$wjT+|H
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10. Msu=+&. fiXd+ eT*+X$y#q (T\Hn
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s#sTT
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$
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