A
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
β’
Image: http://www.mikroe.com/old/books/keu/01.htm
5 V
π
5 V
π
π
1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier Tolerance
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
100
1K
10K
100K
1M
10M
Β± 10%
Β± 2%
Β± 0.5%
Β± 0.25%
Β± 0.1%
Β± 5%
Β± 1%
Silver
Gold
m
m
m
m m
m
π£ππ π£ππ’π‘
Letter Code Tolerance
F 1%
G 2%
H 3%
J 5%
K 10%
M 20%
Z +80%, -20%
473K
25V
π 1
π 2
mm
m
Letter Code Tolerance
F 1%
G 2%
H 3%
J 5%
K 10%
M 20%
Z +80%, -20%
3R3K
π
Resistor
πΆ
Capacitor
πΏ
Inductor
ππ
ππ
π = πΌπ
πΌ = πΆππ
ππ‘
π = πΏππΌ
ππ‘
πΌπππ=1
ππππ=1
π = πΌπ
π = πΆπ
πΌ = πΆππ
ππ‘
π = πΏππΌ
ππ‘
πΌπππ=1
ππ = ππΆ ππ ππΆ
π1 π2
π3
π1 + π2 + π3 = 0
β
ππππ=1
ππ = ππΆ ππΆ
+
β
ππ
+
β
ππ
+
β
ππ
+
β
π
βππ + ππ = 0
β
πππ
πππ’π‘
π 2
π 1ππΆ
πππ’π‘ =π 2
π 1 + π 2 πππ
β’ ππ β’ ππΆ
+
β
ππ
R = 10k C = 5uF
π£ππ π£ππ’π‘
ππ ππ ππΆ
βππ + ππ + ππΆ = 0 β ππ = ππ β ππΆ
+
β
ππ
R = 10k C = 5uF
ππ + β ππ + β
π
ππ β πππ
= ππ = ππ = πΆπππππ‘
+
β
ππ
R = 10k C = 5uF
ππ + β ππ + β
π
ππ β πππ
= πΆπππππ‘
ππ = π πΆπππππ‘
+ ππ
(π πΆ)π πΆ + ππΆ = ππ
ππ₯ + π₯ = πΎπ¦
ππ₯ + π₯ = πΎπ¦:
β’
πππ =1
π=
1
π πΆβ’
πΊ ππ =πΎ
1 + ππ 2=
1
1 + ππ πΆ 2
β’
β πΊ ππ = β tanβ1 ππ = β tanβ1(ππ πΆ)
π£ππ π£ππ’π‘