Beyond the Turing Test
Tom Ray
ATR HIP Labs, Kyoto
Zoology Department
University of Oklahoma
The Turing Test
The Turing Test suggests that we can know that machines have become intelligent when we can not distinguish them from human, in free conversation over a teletype
The Turing Test
The Turing Test suggests that we can know that machines have become intelligent when we can not distinguish them from human, in free conversation over a teletype
The Turing Test is one of he biggest red-herrings in science
Early Cinema
It reminds me of early cinema when we set a camera in front of a stage and filmed a play.
Because the cinema medium was new, we didn’t fully understand what it is and what we can do with it.
The Nature of the Medium
We didn’t understand the nature of the medium of cinema.
We are almost in the same position today with respect to the digital medium.
Spaces
Over and over again, in a variety of ways, we are shaping cyberspace in the form of the 3D material space that we inhabit.
But cyberspace is not a material space and it is not inherently 3D.
A place for the mind
I have heard it said that cyberspace is a place for the mind, yet we feel compelled to take our bodies with us.
3D virtual worlds and avatars are a manifestation of this.
Why do these worlds look and function as much as possible like the real thing?
Virtual Tower Records Store
I have seen virtual worlds where you walk down streets lined by buildings.
In one I saw a Tower Records store, whose front looked like the real thing.
You approached the door, opened it, entered, and saw rows of CDs on racks, and an escalator to take you to the next floor.
Virtual Tower Records Store
I have seen virtual worlds where you walk down streets lined by buildings.
In one I saw a Tower Records store, whose front looked like the real thing.
You approached the door, opened it, entered, and saw rows of CDs on racks, and an escalator to take you to the next floor.
Just Like The Real Thing!
Alpha World
I saw a demo of Alpha World, built by hundreds of thousands of mostly teenagers.
It was the day after Princess Diana died, and there were many memorials to her, bouquets of flowers by fountains, photos of Diana with messages.
Alpha World
I saw a demo of Alpha World, built by hundreds of thousands of mostly teenagers.
It was the day after Princess Diana died, and there were many memorials to her, bouquets of flowers by fountains, photos of Diana with messages.
It looked Just Like The Real memorials to Diana.
Why?
I wondered, why do these worlds look and function as much as possible like the real thing?
We can do anything
This is cyberspace, where we can do anything.
We can move from point A to point B instantly without passing through the space in between.
So why are we forcing ourselves to walk down streets and halls and to open doors?
A Different Physics
Cyberspace is not a 3D Euclidean space.It is not a material world.We are not constrained by the same laws of
physics, unless we impose them upon ourselves.
Liberate our Minds
We need to liberate our minds from what we are familiar with, before we can use the full potential of cyberspace.
Why should we compute collision avoidance for avatars in virtual worlds
when we have the alternative to find out how many avatars can dance on the head of a pin?
Artificial Intelligence
A machine might exhibit an intelligence exactly like and indistinguishable from humans (Turing AI)
Or a machine might exhibit a fundamentally different kind of intelligence,
like some science fiction alien intelligences.
Sample Size of One
Everything we know about life is based on one example of life: Life on Earth
Everything we know about intelligence is based on one example of intelligence: Human Intelligence
This limited experience burdens us with preconceptions, and limits our imaginations
Thought Experiment
We are all robotsOur bodies are made of metal and our
brains of silicon chipsWe have no experience or knowledge of
carbon based life,not even in our science fiction
This stuff?
Now one of us robots comes to our physics seminar with a flask of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water, and some dissolved minerals.
The robot asks: “Do you suppose we could build a computer from this stuff?”
The Engineers Solution
The engineers among us might propose nano-molecular devices with fullerene switches, or even DNA-like computers.
But I am sure that they would never think of neurons.
Neurons are astronomically large structures compared to the molecules we are starting with
The Carbon MediumFaced with the raw medium of carbon
chemistry, and no knowledge of organic life,
we would never think of brains built of neurons,
supported by circulatory and digestive systems,
in bodies with limbs for mobility, bodies which can only exist in the context
of the ecological community that feeds them.
The Digital Medium
We are in a similar position today as we face the raw medium of digital computation and communications.
The preconceptions and limited imaginations deriving from our organic-only experience of life and intelligence,
make it difficult for us to understand the nature of this new medium, and the forms of life and intelligence that might inhabit it
Going Beyond?How can we go beyond our conceptual
limits,find the natural form of intelligent processes
in the digital medium,and work with the medium to bring it to its
full potential,rather than just imposing the world we
know upon it by forcing it to run a simulation of our physics, chemistry, and biology?
Evolution
In the carbon medium it was evolution that explored the possibilities inherent in the medium, and created the human mind.
Evolution listens to the medium that it is embedded in.
It has the advantage of being mindless,and therefore devoid of preconceptions,and not limited by imagination.
Digital Nature
I propose the creation of a digital nature.A system of wildlife reserves in cyberspacein the interstices between human
colonizations,feeding off of unused CPU-cyclesand permitted a share of our bandwidth
Spontaneous Digital Evolution
This would be a place where evolution can spontaneously generate complex information processes,
free from the demands of human engineers and market analysts telling it what the target applications are.
A place for a digital Cambrian explosion of diversity and complexity
Prospecting Digital NatureDigital naturalists can then explore this
cyber-nature in search of applications for the products of digital evolution,
in the same way that our ancestors found applications among the products of organic nature, such as: rice, wheat, corn, chickens, cows, pharmaceuticals, silk, mahogany.
But, of course, the applications that we might find in the living digital world would not be material, they would be information processes.
The Emergence of a “Natural”Artificial Intelligence
It is possible that out of this digital nature,there might emerge a digital intelligence,truly rooted in the nature of the medium,rather than brutishly copied and
downloaded from organic nature.It would be a fundamentally alien
intelligence,but one which would complement rather
than duplicate our talents and abilities
Evolution of Digital Organisms
Evolution in the Organic Medium
Evolution by natural selection on Earth has organized the form and process of matter and energy from the molecular level up through the ecosystem level
~ 12 Orders of Magnitude
The organization generated by evolution spans about twelve orders of magnitude of scale
from the molecular to the ecosystem level
Each Level of Scale
At each level of scale, there are richly organized structures and processes
Hierarchical
At each level of scale, the structures are built hierarchically from the structures of the level below
Built by Evolution
All of this rich hierarchically organized structure through twelve orders of magnitude of scale,
was built by the process of evolution by natural selection embedded in the medium of carbon chemistry.
Other Planets – Other Media
However, in theory, the process of evolution is neither limited to occurring on the Earth, nor in carbon chemistry.
Just as it may occur on other planets, it may also operate in other media, such as the medium of digital computation.
And just as evolution on other planets is not a model of life on Earth, nor is natural evolution in the digital medium.
A Different Physics
The digital medium is not a material medium.
It is a logical, informational medium.The digital medium does not exhibit the
laws of thermodynamics.Cyberspace is not a 3D Euclidean space.We are not constrained by the same laws of
physics, unless we impose them upon ourselves.
Evolution Sees the Medium
Evolutions sees the medium that it is embedded in.
In the organic medium, evolutions sees the laws of conventional chemistry and physics.
In the digital medium, evolution sees the logic of the machine code, the rules of the operating system, and the structure of memory,
as a surrogate physics and chemistry.
The Hardware is Invisible
Embedded within the digital medium, evolution can not see the hardware from which the computer is constructed.
Mechanical switches, vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits,
all look the same to evolution if they implement the same logic.
Evolution only sees the logic.
Digital Time
A computer built from integrated circuits will be faster than one built from mechanical switches.
But the unit of time is the CPU clock cycle.From within the digital medium, evolution
can not tell if it is a second or a nanosecond
Topology of Cyberspace
Cyberspace is not a Euclidean space.There is no obvious distance metric.How can we analyze the topology?
Time is Distance?
The time that it takes to move data between two points might serve as a distance metric.
Within the (flat) RAM memory of a single computer, all pairs of points are equidistant.
Points in cache memory are closer together.Points on disk memory are farther apart.Distances between machines depend on
network topology and traffic conditions.
Conditions for Darwinian Evolution
Self-replicating entitiesTurn-over of generationsGenetic inheritanceGenetic variation
Ancestor
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
save registers to stack1010
move [bx] -> [ax]decrement cx
if cx == 0 jump 0100increment ax & bx
jump 01011011
restore registersreturn1110
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
Ancestor
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
save registers to stack1010
move [bx] -> [ax]decrement cx
if cx == 0 jump 0100increment ax & bx
jump 01011011
restore registersreturn1110
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
Ancestor
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
save registers to stack1010
move [bx] -> [ax]decrement cx
if cx == 0 jump 0100increment ax & bx
jump 01011011
restore registersreturn1110
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
Ancestor
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
save registers to stack1010
move [bx] -> [ax]decrement cx
if cx == 0 jump 0100increment ax & bx
jump 01011011
restore registersreturn1110
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1110
Parasite
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
1110
Ancestor
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
save registers to stack1010
move [bx] -> [ax]decrement cx
if cx == 0 jump 0100increment ax & bx
jump 01011011
restore registersreturn1110
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
Parasite
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
1110
Hyper-parasite
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1010move [bx] -> [ax]
decrement cxif cx == 0 jumpb 1100
increment ax & bxjumpb 0101
1110
allocate daughter -> axcall 0011 (copy procedure)
cell divisionjumpb 0000
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
Parasite
Self-exam1111
find 0000 (start) -> bxfind 0001 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1101allocate daughter -> ax
call 0011 (copy procedure)cell divisionjump 0010
Reproduction Loop
1110
Social Hyper-parasite Self-exam110
find 001 (start) -> bxfind 000 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1010move [bx] -> [ax]
decrement cxif cx == 0 jumpb 110increment ax & bx
jumpb 0101111
allocate daughter -> axcall 001 (copy procedure)
cell divisionjumpb 010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
1010move [bx] -> [ax]
decrement cxif cx == 0 jumpb 110increment ax & bx
jumpb 0101111
Self-exam110
find 001 (start) -> bxfind 000 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
1010move [bx] -> [ax]
decrement cxif cx == 0 jumpb 110increment ax & bx
jumpb 0101111
allocate daughter -> axcall 001 (copy procedure)
cell divisionjumpb 010
Reproduction Loop
Copy Procedure1100
1010move [bx] -> [ax]
decrement cxif cx == 0 jumpb 110increment ax & bx
jumpb 0101111
Self-exam110
find 001 (start) -> bxfind 000 (end) -> axcalculate size -> cx
allocate daughter -> axcall 0011 (copy procedure)
cell divisionjump 111
Reproduction Loop
Cheater
Emergence of Sex
When I turned off mutations to stop evolution,
the system continued to evolve.Spontaneously emergent sex continued to
create genetic changes.It was a kind of “sex with the dead”
resulting from parasitism gone wrong.
Evolution of DifferentiatedMulti-threaded Digital Organisms
Tom Ray and Joseph Hart
ATR, Kyoto, Japan
0123
billion years before present
com
plex
ity
ATR Japan
EPFL Switzerland
SFI USA
Chemnitz Germany
Cogs UK
VUB BelgiumAizu Japan
UDEL USA
Banff Canada
cell lineage of network ancestor
R S
reproductivetissue sensory tissue
Development of Ancestor
sel dif rep cop dev sen
senRsenAsenYsenScopSrepLrepS
copL senO
copC
561821 46 13 139
27
22521236122243
13
12 17
sel dif rep cop dev sen
senRsenAsenYsenScopSrepLrepS
copL senO
copC
561821 46 13 139
27
22521236122243
13
12 17
cell lineage of network ancestor
R S
reproductivetissue sensory tissue
ATR Japan
EPFL Switzerland
SFI USA
Chemnitz Germany
Cogs UK
VUB BelgiumAizu Japan
UDEL USA
Banff Canada
Tping Sensory Data
Int FecundityAvg;Int Speed;Int NumCells;Int AgeAvg;Int SoupSize;Int TransitTime;Int Fresh;Int Time;Int InstExec;Int InstExecConnect;Int OS;
struct TPingData{
};
Evolution of Multi-CelledDigital Organisms, Old
evolution
cell lineage of evolved network organism
reproductive tissue
Evolution of Multi-CelledDigital Organisms, New
evolution
cell lineage of new evolved network organism
R S
sensory tissuereproductive tissue
cell lineage of new evolved network organism
R S
sensory tissuereproductive tissue
sel dif rep copA copB dev sen
sel dif rep cop dev sen
duplication ofcop gene
differential expression of duplicated genes
Development of Ancestor
Evolution of New Sensory Tissues
evolution
Evolution of New Sensory Tissues
400100
The EndThis presentation:http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/pubs/pubs.html
Tierra Home Page: http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/tierra/tierra.html
Tom Ray: [email protected] http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/
dev
copS
copL
sen
copS
repL
repS
sel17
0
25
49
58
96100
202
cell lineage of 8313aaa
structure of 8313aaa
genome (4352) un (3961)
genetic map of 8313aaa125/4352 = 2.9%
devcoprepsel mig div
copLcopSrepLrepS
genetic map of 8313aaa (4352)
13344232
13 29 22
12
3 1
36 160 13 422 2174
devcoprepsel mig div13344232 3 1
cop
dev
gene promotion in 8313aaa
Table 1: Genetic Change in each gene of seven genomes
sel dif rep repS repL cop copS copL copC dev sen senS senO senY senA senRrun age 21 18 56 13 43 46 22 12 12 14 144 41 17 12 52 22
1 11 0 0 27 0 35 11 5 25 8 7 31 22 147 17 13 92 6 0 0 25 0 33 28 0 100 8 0 49 22 *59 *58 *63 *553 8 10 6 23 0 30 20 14 17 33 0 33 46 18 42 15 594 9 14 0 61 8 77 13 0 50 0 0 13 17 29 33 2 95 6 29 6 27 15 30 50 9 158 17 0 29 34 29 33 23 326 6 10 0 13 0 16 4 0 8 8 0 78 22 -- -- -- --7 14 19 0 29 0 37 35 14 50 58 0 54 34 -- -- 25 --
Left columns are the run number, and age of the genome in days. Top row is the name of each of the six genes and ten sub-genes. Second row is the size of thegene in the ancestor. Remaining rows are the percentage change in the gene. * indicates that the gene is present in the genome, but is not expressed. – indicatesthat the gene has been lost from the genome.
Table 2: Sources of Genetic Change
Genetic Operation Number ofEvents
BytesAffected
mutation 263 263one-byte-insertion 9 9one-byte-deletion 15 15multi-byte-insertion 20 154multi-byte-deletion 11 64rearrangement 2 83end-loss 2 125
Heterogeneity of genetic change
The copL gene makes up 4% of the genomebut it retained 55% of the multi-byte-
insertions
R S
sel
dif
senS
dev
repS
repL
copS
dev
67
58
63
525048
44
40
35
25
15
10
0cell lineage of 0960aaa
1395aaj
sel dif rep copA copB dev sen
0960aaa
sel dif rep cop dev sen
duplication ofcop gene
sel dif rep copA copB dev sen
differential expression of duplicated genes
data (512)genome (320) un (128)
structure of 0960aaa
… what hep humorists here are already calling“Critical Mass” (get it? Not too many did in1945, the Cosmic Bomb was still trembling in itsearliness, not yet revealed to the People, so youheard the term only in the very superhepcat-to-hepcat exchanges).
- Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow
ATR Japan
EPFL Switzerland
SFI USA
Aizu Japan
Chemnitz Germany
Cogs UKUDEL USA
Banff Canada
VUB Belgium
Optimizations in Tierra
Most Successful Genotypes
Letter Time Genotype Max. Frequency
ABCDEFGHIJ
117166245313369542561683794866
39aab37aaf70aac36aaj38aan27aaj23abg29aae29aab24aar
0.250.300.200.250.210.210.340.240.230.33
Comparison of Optimizations in four Instruction Sets
Set Ancestor R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Avg. Opt. Max. OptI1I2I3I4
73949382
27545426
27573723
26543423
22553626
604935
565324
575443
554023
.35
.60
.48
.34
.30
.57
.37
.28
Size, Efficiency, & Complexity
Run Genotype Efficiency UnrollingR6R4R3R5R2R1R7R0RX
43crg35bfj26ayz24aah23awn23api23aod26abk82aaa
3.333.493.733.964.965.045.095.198.39
332211111
Copy loop of 80aaa10 instructions executed per loop
nop_1 ; copy loop templatenop_0 ; copy loop templatenop_1 ; copy loop templatenop_0 ; copy loop templatemov_iab ; copy from [bx] to [ax]dec_c ; decrement cxif_cz ; if cx != 0 skip next instructionjmp ; jump to template below (exit)nop_0 ; copy procedure exit complimentnop_1 ; copy procedure exit complimentnop_0 ; copy procedure exit complimentnop_0 ; copy procedure exit complimentinc_a ; increment ax (in daughter)inc_b ; increment bx (in mother)jmp ; jump to template below (copy loop)nop_0 ; copy loop complimentnop_1 ; copy loop complimentnop_0 ; copy loop complimentnop_1 ; copy loop compliment
Copy loop of 72etq6 instructions per copy, 18 per loopshl ; shift left cxmal ; allocate daughter cellnop_0 ; top of loopmov_iab ; copy instructiondec_c ; decrement cxdec_c ; decrement cxjmpb ; junkdec_c ; decrement cxinc_a ; increment axinc_b ; increment bxmov_iab ; copy instructiondec_c ; decrement cxinc_a ; increment axinc_b ; increment bxmov_iab ; copy instructiondec_c ; decrement cxor1 ; flip low order bit of cxif_cz ; if cx != 0 skip next instructionret ; exit loopinc_a ; increment axinc_b ; increment bxjmpb ; go to top of loopnop_1 ; bottom of loop
Zen of Evolution
Evolution may find the true nature of the digital medium by “becoming one” with it, the Zen of digital life
sel dif rep cop dev sen561821 46 13 139
27
cop
dev
cop
dev
dev
gene promotion in 0960aaa
x
162449586367701030
10351039
1045
1066
1075
10801084
repS
dif
repL
copS
dev
copS
copL
copC
repL
copS
dev
divide
reproductive cell lineage of 0960aaa
x
16
24
49
58
636770
1030
10351039
1045
1066
1075
10801084
repS
dif
repL
copS
devcopScopL
copC
repL
copS
dev
divide
reproductive cell lineage of 0960aaa
sensory cycle cell lineage in 0960aaa22
365
474
4259
157183
219
303329
448
510
sendev
sen
copdev
cop
sen
copdevcop
sen
copdevcop
sen