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BIO 205
Chapter 21
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Immunity and Serology
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Immunity to Disease
Acquired Immunity Can Result by Actively ProducingAntibodies to an Antigen
Active immunity occurs when the bodys immune
system responds to antigens by producing antibodiesand lymphocytes
Naturally acquired active immunity follows illness or
pathogen exposure
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There Are Several Types of Vaccine Strategies
1. Live, attenuated vaccines contain weakenedmicrobes that multiply at only low levels, inducing astrong immune response.
Organisms can revert to a virulent form and cause
disease A single-dose vaccine can combine vaccines for
different diseases
Vaccines using attenuated bacteria are difficult andnot widely used
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2. Inactivated vaccines contain killed pathogens, whichinduce a weaker immune response
Booster shots are required to maintain immunity
They are safer than attenuated vaccines becausethey cannot cause disease
3. Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins (toxoids)
Since the product is inactivated, booster shots arerequired
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4. Subunit vaccines contain only those parts of the
antigens that stimulate a strong immune response Recombinant DNA technology can be used to
create recombinant subunit vaccines
Subunits cannot cause disease
5. Conjugate vaccines are created by attaching bacterialcapsule polysaccharides to a toxoid
They elicit a strong immune response
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Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule - 2006
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Acquired Immunity Also Can Result by Passively ReceivingAntibodies to an Antigen
Naturally acquired passive immunity (congenital immunity)occurs when antibodies pass from mother to fetus
Maternal IgG antibodies remain in the child 3-6 monthsafter birth
Maternal antibodies also pass to the newborn through:
first milk (colostrum) breast milk
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Artificially acquired passive immunity involves injection of antibody-rich serum into a body
The serum can be used to:
prevent disease (prophylactic) treat disease (therapeutic serum)
The immune system may recognize foreign serum proteinsas nonself and mount an allergic reaction
Immune complexes may form and serum sickness maydevelop
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Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs
In herd immunity, the majority of a population are immune
Unvaccinated individuals are unlikely to contact an infected individual
Herd immunity is affected by:
1. population density2. the strength of a persons immune system
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Do Vaccines Have DangerousSide Effects?
Adverse reactions tovaccines are reported to theVaccine Adverse EventsReporting System (VAERS)
People with egg allergiesshould not take fluvaccinations
The risk of contracting adisease is much greater than any risk associatedwith vaccines
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Serological Reactions
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Hemagglutination is used to:
determine blood type detect viruses that cause agglutination of red blood cells
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Complement Fixation Can Detect Antibodies to a Variety of Pathogens
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Monoclonal Antibodies AreBecoming a Magic Bulletin Biomedicine
Polyclonal antibodies occur because there are multipleepitopes on a pathogen
They activate different B
cell populations
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End of Chapter 21