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ABC Coalition
2004 Peer Review Report
Atlanta-Chicago Regional Peer Review Meeting
Indianapolis, IndianaAugust 30 September 1, 2004
Biodiesel Basics for the BeginnerChelsea Jenkins and Al Christopher
Virginia Clean Cities
Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition
Biodiesel Public Education Forum
May 30, 2007
Hollins University
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VIRGINIAOverview
Brief overview what is Clean Cities? Biodiesel Basics
Advantages/disadvantages
WVO, SVO, homebrew, commercial, ASTM
Users, availability
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VIRGINIAEnergy InSecurity
THE U.S. IMPORTS OVER ONE-HALF OF ITS PETROLEUM
Source: EIA AEO 2006
TRANSPORTATION PETROLEUM
USE 67% OF OVERALL USE
TRANSPORTATION IS 97%
DEPENDENT ON PETROLEUM
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Clean Cities
National US DoE voluntary program to promote energyindependence in transportation
80 Coalitions nationwide
One designated Coalition in Virginia (Hampton Roads) Statewide effort ongoing
DoE Website:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/
Virginia Clean Cities:
http://www.hrccc.org
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VIRGINIABiofuels
Fossil Fuel: a hydrocarbon fuel, such as petroleum,derived from living matter of a previous geologic time. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Biofuel: Any fuel that derives from biomass recentlyliving organisms or their metabolic byproducts
Biodiesel, Ethanol
Primary drivers behind introducing biofuels include: Reduce dependency on fossil-fuels Reduce GHG emissions (reduce impact on health,environment)
Improve energy security Contribute to rural development through domesticproduction
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What is Biodiesel
1. Mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids (i.e. methyl or ethyl esters)2. A diesel replacement fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats,recycled cooking grease
Physical properties very similar to conventional diesel
Must meet the quality requirements of ASTM D6751
Biodiesel Blend: mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel
BXX = volume XX% biodiesel
Most common blends are B5, B20
http://www.uwyo.edu/plants/AECLclub/biodiesel.jpg7/27/2019 Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner_VaCC
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Biodiesel is NOT unrefined vegetable oil
or used cooking oil
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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SVO/WVO Vegetable oil can be used in diesel engine Much more viscous Doesnt burn the same Many studies have found SVO can lead to engine carbon deposits,
reducing engine life or increasing maintenance costs Successful SVO use is documented, but use requires considerable
modifications to diesel equipment
SVO has strong following Elsbett single and double tank SVO fuel systems from Germany
Single tank system seems to get best reviews: The kit includes modifiedinjector nozzles, stronger glow plugs, dual fuel heating, temperaturecontrols and parallel fuel filters.
ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITHCONVERSION
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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Waste Oil Similar to confusion between biodiesel and WVO Referred to as used motor oil or waste engine oil Used oil can be re-refined into base stock for lubricting oil If you recycle 2 gals of used oil, it can generate enough electricity to run
average household for almost 24 hours (API, http://www.recycleoil.org/) Waste motor oil furnaces (UL listed, EPA approved)
www.cleanburn.com
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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VIRGINIABiodiesel
Advantages:
Its Easy: Transparent to end-user, easy toimplement
LDV/HDV, marine, underground mining
No increased vehicle equipment cost
Minimal infrastructure impact (blending, storage,availability, vehicles)
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VIRGINIABiodiesel
Advantages:
Its Domestic (or can be): MADE IN USA
It Can Stimulate Local Economies andSupport Farmers
value added product, supports rural economies, protectsfarmland from development pressures
algae coconut hemp mustard seed
pumpkin seedavocado coffee jatropha oats
rapeseedbrazil nuts coriander jojoba oil palm
safflowercalendula corn (maize) kenaf olives
sesamecashew nut cotton linseed (flax) opium poppy
soybeancastor beans euphorbia lupine peanuts
sunflowerscocoa (cacao) hazelnuts macadamia nuts pecan nuts
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VIRGINIABiodiesel
Advantages:
Its Renewable, Biodegradable, & Nontoxic
Its Efficient: Very favorable energy balance, ~3.2 to 1 (debatable,but most find more efficient than petroleum)
Its Engine Friendly: Superior engine performance
High flash point: 260F v 117F
Lubricity properties
Higher cetane rating
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VIRGINIABiodiesel
Advantages:
Its Healthier: Lower emissions(Example: DDC Series 50), US DoA, US DoE
Carbon monoxide: 38% lower
Unburned HC: 83% lower
Oxides of Nitrogen: still debated Particulates: 49% lower
Smoke and odor are much better
PAH, nPAH, & air toxics lower
It Contributes less to Greenhouse
Gases
Closed carbon cycle in theory
Still petroleum involved inagriculture process andtransportation, so not entirely
closed
BIODIESELDIESEL
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Disadvantages:
Increased price relative to diesel
Petroleum displacement potentialof B20 relatively limited
Beginning of industry growth has
caused some commodity priceincreases that are limiting
Biodiesel
Retail price calculator for biodiesel blends
B2 B5 B10 B20
gallons: 100 100 100 100petro gals: 98 95 90 80
bio gals: 2 5 10 20
petro price: 2.430 2.430 2.430 2.430petro total: 238.14 230.85 218.70 194.40
bio price: 2.830 2.830 2.830 2.830
bio total: 5.66 14.15 28.30 56.60total cost 243.80 245.00 247.00 251.00
blend price 2.438 2.450 2.470 2.510
fed tax 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244
va tax 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160
total 2.842 2.854 2.874 2.914
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Disadvantages:
Cold handling and storage of B100
soybean based biodiesel start to crystallize at 0C
Oxidative stability
old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish
Excellent solvent
filter clogging during transition from petrol diesel
replace natural rubber components
Supply
Biodiesel
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VIRGINIAMaking biodiesel
The beauty of biodiesel is it can be made on any scale, and by anydespite level of chemical processing experience
For a great video tutorial on how biodiesel can be made from manyfeedstocks, check out the JMU biodiesel conference website for 2006,
view webcast at top, and forward to How Biodiesel is Made by ChrisBachmann: http://www.cisat.jmu.edu/biodiesel/conference2006.html
Or visit the Collaborative Biodiesel Tutorial:http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade/ (includes recipes forbeginners with pictures and detailed instructions)
Make sure you understand the health and safety risks involved!!!
http://www.cisat.jmu.edu/biodiesel/conference2006.htmlhttp://www.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade/http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade/http://www.cisat.jmu.edu/biodiesel/conference2006.html7/27/2019 Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner_VaCC
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production
FuelMeister Biodieselgear 60
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production
JMU Processor I
Appleseed (w/ standpipe wash tank)
www.biodieselcommunity.org
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial
Source:www.jsonline.com/bym/news/j
an06/389013.asp
Source:http://www.mnsoy.com/biodiesel_
pricing.htm
MN Biodiesel Plants
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Industry organization that defines the consensus on fuels is the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM fuel standards are the minimum accepted values for properties ofthe fuel to provide adequate customer satisfaction and/or protection.
Dec 2001 -- ASTM approved the full standard for biodiesel, with the newdesignation of D-6751. Standard covers pure biodiesel (B100), for blendingwith petrodiesel in levels up to 20% by volume. Higher levels on case-by-case basis.
http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/standards_and_wa
rranties.shtm
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial
No matter how its made (backyard or in commercial plant), out-of-specbiodiesel can result
NREL/NBB fuel quality testing project found at least one-third ofcommercial biodiesel samples pulled between November 2005 and
July 2006 were out of spec for incomplete processing Many homebrewers/small scale coops are making high quality biodieselall over the US, and some are struggling as well
QC testing can be $1700 for full ASTM slate tests, and labs are ~$30,000to install, and out of reach for many homebrewers
QUALITY IS IMPORTANT, SO ENSURE YOU ARE BUYING ASTM
QUALITY FUEL OR IF PRODUCING FOR SALE THAT IT MEETS ASTM
SPECS
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Biodiesel production & use has grown dramatically NBB estimates 75 million gallons in 2005
Current production capacity is more than 290 million annual gallons
More than 570 million annual gallons under construction or planned
Current U.S. avg. rack price $3.20/gal (vs. $2.40 for No. 2 diesel)
Prices pre-tax, pre-tax credit
Who Uses Biodiesel?
Whos using it?
U.S. Postal Service
U.S. DoD, DoE, and DoA
Countless school districts,transit authorities, national
parks, public utilitycompanies, and garbage
and recycling companies Credit: Robert McCormick, NREL
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VIRGINIACommercial Biodiesel Production Plants
Source: National Biodiesel Board
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VIRGINIABiodiesel retail locations
Source: National Biodiesel Board (Retailers and Distributors map)http://www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/default.shtm
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VIRGINIAMarket Development in Virginia B20 Fleets
VALLEY
PROTEINS
US NAVY
Portsmouth
Yorktown
Westmoreland
Schools
2004 Fleets
2005 Fleets
2006 Fleets
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Industry Analyses
MORE INFORMATION National Biodiesel Board: www.biodiesel.org
Virginia Clean Cities: www.hrccc.org
US Department of Energy Clean Cities:http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/biodiesel.html
Iowa State Universitys Biomass Energy Conversion
Center (BECON): Biodiesel Short Course -
http://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel1.html
RESOURCE CD: Included as part of workshopseries
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www.hrccc.org
Al Christopher
804-436-3867
Contact Information
Hampton Roads
Virginia
www.hrccc.org
Chelsea Jenkins
757-256-8528