Biofuels Sustainability Criteria & Certification Scheme
Francisco GírioHead of Research at Bioenergy Unit of LNEG
Cristina Matos, Cristina Oliveira, Luís Silva, Rafał Bogel-Łukasik , Aurora Cardoso
National Laboratory for Energy and Geology
LEN - Energy Laboratory, Campus of Lumiar, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Lisboa
LNEG current studies on Biofuel Sustainability(Unit of Bioenergy)
Assessing the impact of biofueltechnologies;
R&D studies on 2nd generationbiofuels (international and nationalprojects)
GHG emissions calculations;
Public policy support on theregulation of biofuel sustainability;
Creating of the National Authorityfor Monitoring the SustainabilityCriteria of Biofuels and Bioliquids.
Adapted from: http://www.profissionaisti.com.br/2009/01/sustentabilidade-em-ti-indo-alem-da-ti-verde/
Environmental
SocialEconomicalSustainable
Socio-Economical
Socio-EnvironmentalEco-efficiency
Advanced Biofuel Technologies underdeveloping at LNEG (R&D contracts)
Biofuel type Specific name Raw material Technology Technologicalmaturity
Synthetic biofuels Biomass-to-liquids (BTL): diesel FT; bioMeOH; Bio-DME
Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae
Gasification & syntesis R&D(3-10 years)
Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae
Advanced hydrolysis & fermentation
R&D(3-10 years)
Biodiesel (FAME) Biodiesel Microalgae Growth, oil extraction & transterification
R&D(5-20 years)
Biodiesel(HVO)
Biodiesel hybrid between 1st and 2nd generation
Vegetable oils, animal fat, microalgae
Hydrogenation (refining) Commercialization(1-5 years)
Biogas SNG (synthetic natural gas) Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae, Wastes
Gasification & syntesis R&D(5-20 years)
Biohydrogen Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic materials, wastes
Gasification & syntesis orfermentation
R&D(10-20 years)
RED Renewable Energy Shares Portuguese Perspective for 2020
Mandatory share of 31% for 2020
Increase of 11.3% of renewable energies comparing with thevalue of 2005.
This increase will correspond to the following renewableshares for each sector:
• 30.6 % of RES in heating and cooling• 55.2 % of RES in electricity• 10 % of RES in transports
Source: PNAER
Source: PNAER
20%
31%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2005 2010 2020
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f E
nerg
y f
rom
R
ES
(kT
oe
)
transportes
electricidade
aquecimento e arrefecimento
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shar
e o
f e
ne
rgy
fro
m r
en
ew
able
so
urc
es
in g
ross
fi
nal
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f e
ne
rgy
(%)
2005
2020
Transports
Electricity
Heating and
cooling
Source: A factura energética portuguesa 2009, DGEG
Energy Consumption in theTransport sector (2009)
Indústria Transporte Outros sectores**
Mto
e
*Inclui uso não-energético
**Inclui sector residencial, comercial e serviços públicos, agricultura/floresta, pesca e outros não especificados***Inclui o uso directo de geotérmica/solar térmica e calor produzido por unidades CHP
Comb. renov. e resíduos
Carvão/Turfa
Petróleo
Gás
Electricidade
Outros***
The transport sector is still extremely dependent on fossil fuel( 95 % in 2010)
Services
OtherIndustry
Household
Transports
TransportsIndustry Other
Coal
Petroleum
Gas
Electricity
Combustion
Others
global warming
Flooded village
Source: Greenpeace
Bleached coral
(high water
temperatures)
“The most powerful tool that the developed
World has to reduce the CO2 emmissions in
the transportation sector is called Biofuels“
José Socrates, portuguese prime-minister
speaking as President of the European Union,
Brussels, (In: Diário Económico, 6 Julho 2007)
The role of Biofuels to prevent the global warming
Promotion of Biofuels in Portugal (EU): 2006-2010
• Tax exemption for biofuels when blended in diesel or petrol.
• Setting non-binding shares of biofuels 2% for 2005 and 5.75%for 2010 (energetic value).
• Creation of incentives for the incorporation of biofuels fromresidues and endogenous feedstocks.
DL 66/2006, 206/2008; Portarias 1391-A/2006, 3-A/2007, 1554-A/2007, 13/2009, 134/2009.
From 2006 to 2009
• Setting minimal mandatory shares for the incorporation ofbiofuels in diesel:
• 6% (v/v) for 2009;• 7% (v/v) for 2010.
From 2009 to 2010
Directive 2009/28/EC the goal of 10% share of renewables in the transport sector will beaccomplished with ≈90% of biofuels and ≈10% of electricity. Source: PNAER
CompanyCapacity
(ton/year)
Production
Start-Up (year)
Iberol 120 000 2006
Torrejana 109 500 2005
Prio-Biocombustíveis 100 000 2007
Biovegetal (SGCEnergia) 120 000 2007
Sovena 95 000 2008
Valouro 50 000 2011
Bioportdiesel 31 536 2011
Total 626 036 -
Rapeseed
Soya
Palm
Source: DGEG
Current major biodiesel producers and their maximal industrial capacity
Raw Materials used in the production of 1st generation biodiesel
Portuguese Biodiesel Producers
Fuel 2008 2009 2010
Fossil fuels
Petrol (ton) 1 678 058 1 446 177 1 400 000
Diesel (ton) 4 761 420 4 840 159 5 000 000
DL 49/2009
(2009 e 2010)
% de adição ao
gasóleo (vol)- 6 7
% de adição aos
combustiveis
(teor energético)
2
2,3 (vol)
3,9
4,5 (vol)
4.7
5,4 (vol)
Biofuels
BIOETHANOL
(ton)0 0 0
BIODIESEL
(FAME) (ton)149 000 294 000 350 000
Biofuels in Portugal: current situation
•Sets the minimal mandatory of 10% for renewables in the transport sector.
• Sets the biofuel sustainability criteria for GHG emissions and land use.
1) GHG emission reduction: 35 % until 31.12.2016; 50 % from 01.01.2017; 60 % from 01.01.2018
2) Land use, biofuels shall not be made from raw materialobtained from :
land with high biodiversity value(e.g. primary forest, protective lands, grasslands – tobe defined by national law after EC decision);
land with high carbon stock(e.g. wetlands, continuously forested areas) and
peatlands.
Adapted from: http://www.profissionaisti.com.br/2009/01/sustentabilidade-em-ti-indo-alem-da-ti-verde/
Environmental
SocialEconomicalSustainable
Socio-Economical
Socio-EnvironmentalEco-efficiency
The Novel “Rules” of Biofuels in Europe (2011 -2020)
RED: 2009/28/EC
• Sets the minimal Mandatory shares forrenewables in the transport sector (10%).
• Sets the biofuel sustainability criteria;
1) GHG emission reduction: 35 % until 31.12.2016; 50% for newplants (01.01.2011) 50 % from 01.01.2017; 60 % from 01.01.2018
•Promotes the more sustainable technologies(double counting);
• Establish a system of Biofuel Titles to control thebiofuel incorporation goals (TdB)
• LNEG is in charge for establishing the “NationalScheme” for Monitoring the Compliance ofSustainaibility Criteria for Biofuels and Bioliquids .
Adapted from: http://www.profissionaisti.com.br/2009/01/sustentabilidade-em-ti-indo-alem-da-ti-verde/
Environmental
SocialEconomicalSustainable
Socio-Economical
Socio-EnvironmentalEco-efficiency
DL nº 117/2010 25th October 2010: transposition of RED articles 17-19 and annexes III and V:
The Novel “Rules” of Biofuels in Portugal (2011 -2020)
Minimal mandatory shares for biofuels in the transport sector:
2011-2012 2013-2014 2015-2016 2017-2018 2019-2020
% of biofuels incorporation in fossilfuels (energetic value)
5 5.5 7.5 9 10
% of bioethanol incorporation in fossilfuels (energetic value)
0 0 2.5 2.5 2.5
Biofuels
Bioethanol (kton)* 0 0 58 58 58
Biodiesel (kton)* 365 402 506 615 688
* Calculations based on diesel and petrol sales from 2009
Promotion of Biofuels in Portugal: 2011-2020DL nº 117/2010
DGEGIdentification of
Biofuel production quantities
ECSMonitorization of the sustainability
criteria compliance
DGEGVerification of Biofuel
incorporation
Verification of the Sustainability Criteria
Compliance with the:
1. GHG reduction Criteria2. Land Use Criteria
TdBs Emission
Emited to:
1. Biofuel producers2. Biofuel importers
“NATIONAL SCHEME” - Verification of BiofuelSustainability Criteria Compliance
LNEG
DL nº 117/2010
monitoring the amount of sustainable biofuels.
post-verification of sustainability criteria compliance.Emission
Function
One TdB represents one Toe of biofuel.Value
Promotion for the use of wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material, lignocellulosic material and endogenous material.
Raw Material Nº of TdBs per Blended Toe
WastesNon-food cellulosic materialLignocellulosic material Non-food Endogenous material Endogenous agric raw materials
2 TdBs2 TdBs2 TdBs
1,3 TdBs1,1 TdBs
Biofuel Title System DL nº 117/2010
TdB Emission
GHG reduction Criteria
Land Use Criteria
Raw materials cultivation
Raw materials transportation
ProcessingBiofuel Plant
Transportation, Blending and Distribution
Proof of compliance of sustainability criteria from the entire value chain, through a mass balance system.
Verification of Biofuel Sustainability: the two criteria
DL nº 117/2010
FARMER DECLARATION (for biomass imported from outside
European Union)
FARM
NAME____________________________________________________________________
FARM
OWNER___________________________________________________________________
GEOGRAFIC LOCATION (COUNTRY AND
REGION)_______________________________________
FULL
ADDRESS__________________________________________________________________
For sustainability of biomass pursuant to the Directive 2009/28/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and
2003/30/EC – cultivation in the European Union.
________________(tons) of _______________________(type of biomass) grown in the
previously mentioned farm, harvested on __________________(harvesting date) and
supplied by me to __________________________________(name of the purchaser) fulfils
the requirements of the aforementioned directives; all data needed to verify this declaration
are available.
(Please check the items that apply)
Land Use Criteria
1
The supplied biomass originates from cropland that was already cropland prior to 1st of January
2008. It also does not originate from protected areas (Article 17 of the Directive 2009/28/EC)
that were converted to cropland after 1st of January 2008.
2
The supplied biomass originates from areas within protected areas where farming is permitted. The requirements for protected areas have been complied with.
3
The documentation on the location of biomass cultivation (verification of the area via field blocks, plots of parcels )
is available and can be viewed at any time.
is kept with the primary distributor of the biomass I supply.
4 The default value is to be used for calculating the greenhouse gas balance (Article 17 § 2 and
Annex 5 of the Directive 2009/28/EC).
5 The greenhouse gas balance of the biomass supplied is _____________ gCO2 eq./ha. The
documentation that allows the verification of this value is available and can be viewed at any time.
6* The land use for growing the supplied biomass falls into one of the following categories:
severely degraded land
land heavily contaminated
7*
A factor reflecting emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management may be used in the greenhouse gas balance.
* items 6 and 7 will be accepted only when accompanied by an official declaration proving the
veracity of these statements.
Note: With this declaration, the agricultural producer accepts that auditors from verification
bodies can check whether the requirements of Article 17 of the Directive 2009/28/EC have been
complied with.
Place___________________ , date _______________ Signature_____________________
Soja, colza, palma
Cultivo
Unidades Valor
ha.ano
kg semente/(ha.ano)
%
MJ ou L/(ha.ano)
kg N/(ha.ano)
kg P2O5/(ha.ano)
kg K2O/(ha.ano)
kg CaO/(ha.ano)
kg /(ha.ano)
kg /(ha.ano)
MJ/ kg sementeElectricidade e combustível gastos na
secagem
Dados Agrícolas
Área Cultivada
Produtividade
Gasóleo gasto
Fertilizantes Azotados
Fertilizante P2O5
Fertilizante K2O
Fertilizante CaO
Pesticidas
Sementeira
Humidade do Produto
Calculating real values for GHG Emissions (gCO2/MJ biofuel)
GHG reduction Criteria
Transporte
Unidades Valor
Km
Extracção do Óleo
Unidades Valor
kg semente/kg óleo
kg co-produto/kg óleo
MJ/kg semente
MJ/kg semente
MJ /MJ vapor
MJ/MJ vapor
kg/kg semente
kg/kg semente exp. n-Hexano
Vapor consumido
Tipo de caldeira
GN ou outro combustível
Electricidade
Químicos
Dados
Rendimento (indicar a humidade da
semente se possível)
Co-produto (exemplo farinha)
Electricidade
Dados
Distância
Tipo de transporte e combustível
Calculating real values for GHG Emissions (gCO2/MJ biofuel)
Refinação do Óleo
Unidades Valor
kg óleo não refinado/kg óleo refinado
MJ/kg óleo não refinado
MJ/kg óleo não refinado
MJ GN/MJ vapor
MJ/MJ vapor
kg/kg óleo não refinado
Transporte óleo
Unidades Valor
Km
Vapor consumido
Tipo de caldeira
GN ou outro combustível
Electricidade
Químicos
Dados
Distância
Tipo de transporte e combustível
Dados
Rendimento
Electricidade
Calculating real values for GHG Emissions (gCO2/MJ biofuel)
Transesterificação
Unidades Valor
kg óleo /kg FAME
kg co-produto/kg óleo
MJ/kg óleo
MJ/kg óleo
MJ GN/MJ vapor
MJ/MJ vapor
kg/kg óleo
kg/kg óleo
Transporte FAME
Unidades Valor
Km
Média de distribuição e blending (a definir ) 0,55
valor do JRC gCO2/MJ
Dados
Distância
Tipo de transporte e combustível
Vapor consumido
Tipo de caldeira
GN ou outro combustível
Electricidade
Químicos
Exp. (H3PO4; HCl; Na2CO3; NaOH;
Metanol
Electricidade
Co-produto (exemplo Glicerol)
Dados
Rendimento
Calculating real values for GHG Emissions (gCO2/MJ biofuel)
Emissões de TdBs e Verificação mensal dos critérios de sustentabilidade
Até ao dia 15 do mês n: Os operadores económicos entregam os seus pedidos para emissões de TdBs para o mês n+1 e
a informação referente à caracterização dos lotes (artigo 7º da Portaria) declarados em entreposto fiscal durante o mês n-1
Até ao dia 25 do mês n: A ECS emite os TdBs para o mês n+1 solicitados pelos operadores económicos até ao dia 15 do mês n, após validação dos
critérios de sustentabilidade (reporting mensal nos teros do artº 7º) dos lotes produzidos no mês n-1
Nota: Casos se detecte incumprimento dos critérios de sustentabilidade em alguns dos lotes do mês n-1, na emissão de TdBs
serão deduzidos os TdBs equivalentes ao volume correspondente a lotes do mês n-1 não sustentáveis.
Verificação anual dos critérios de sustentabilidade No 11º mês do ano os operadores económicos terão de entregar toda a documentação referida no artigo 8º da Portaria assim como os
relatórios das auditorias efectuadas. As inspecções da ECS decorrerão nos 6 meses seguintes.
mês n-1
mês n
mês n+1
15º dia 25º dia
15º dia 25º dia 15º dia 25º dia
“Portuguese National System” is based on Non-Bureaucratical burden for economic operators
Nº LoteTipo de
biocombustível
Matéria
Prima
País de
origem da
Matéria
Prima
%
Quantidade
(m3)
Quantidade
Total
(Tep)
nº de TdB´s solicitados
3
2
1
REGISTO DE PEDIDOS DE TdB´s
EMPRESA: TdB
Nº 3 do Artigo 13º do Anexo I da Portaria nº
(Example) Type of information required by ECS before day 15 (month n) for issue TdBs for month n+1 upon
request from the economic operator
Nº LoteTipo de
biocombustível
nº da
Declaração do
Vendedor de
Matéria-Prima
nº do
Documento
Alfandegário
nº da
Declaração de
Extracção do
Óleo
Matéria-
Prima%
Quantidade
(Tep)
Quantidade
Total
(Tep)
Origem
Lote
Origem
Matéria-
Prima
NUT II
Europeia
Discrição Genérica do
Processo
Palma 20 10.000 MY N/A Com recuperação de
MetanoSoja 50 25.000 BR N/A N/A
Colza 30 15.000 FR FR43 N/A
Trigo 50 1.000 PT PT16
Milho 50 1.000 PT PT11
Soja 50 50.000 BR N/A N/A
Girassol 30 30.000 PT PT18 N/A
Jatropha 20 20.000 MZ N/A N/A
PT
GN em Caldeira
50.000
Biodiesel
1
Bioetanol
PT
PT2 2.000
3
Biodiesel
100.000
(Example) Type of monthly information required by ECS before day 15 (month n) about the Characterization
Biofuel Batches produced under month n-1
Sim Não
Discrição Genérica do
Processo
Data de Início
de Operação
Norma de
Sustentabilidade
Uso da
terra
01/2008
Emissões
de GEE
g CO2eq /
MJ
%
Redução
GEE
Emissões
GEEBiodiversidade
Solos
Ricos em
CarbonoConformidade
com REDCom recuperação de
MetanoRSPO Cultivo 32 61,8 sim Sim Sim Sim
N/A RTRS Pastagens 50 40,3 sim Não Sim Não
N/A N/A N/A 46 45,1 sim Não Sim Não
CEN Cultivo 46 45,1 sim Não Sim Não
CEN Cultivo 37 55,8 sim Sim Sim Sim
N/A RTRS Cultivo 44 47,5 sim Sim Sim Sim
N/A CEN Cultivo 60 28,4 Não Sim Sim Não
N/A N/A Cultivo 39 53,5 sim Sim Não Não
2011GN em Caldeira
2005
2008
INDICADORES DE
SUSTENTABILIDADE
CUMPRIMENTO
CRITERIOS RED
+ Declaration, signed by the economic operator, that the produced biofuel
batches fulfills all the RED sustainability criteria.
(“self-regulation system”)
40%
45% 45%
58%
42%
47% 47%
61%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Soya Wheath (NG Boiler)
Rapeseed Sunflower
GH
G E
mis
sio
n S
avin
gs (
%)
Typical GHG Savings RED, JEC Data
UB studies, JEC data
GHG Emissions gCO2eq/MJBiofuel
Process StageInitial UB studies,
JEC DataTypical GHG valeus RED
Cultivation of Sunflower 17 18
Biodiesel Production 15 16
Biodiesel Transport 2 1Total 34 35
GHG emissions calculations (typical GHG RED values versus LNEG calculator)
60 %
Reproduction of the typical values of annex V of RED, using JEC results;
Life cycle assessment performed for several biofuels’ value chains;
Differences of about 3%.
Diesel = 83,7 gCO2eq/MJBiofuel
35 %
60 %
GHG Emissions gCO2eq/MJBiofuel
Process StageUB studies, JEC
DataTypical GHG valeus RED
Cultivation of Sunflower 18 18
Biodiesel Production 16 16
Biodiesel Transport 1 1Total 35 35
40%
45% 45%
58%
40%
45% 45%
58%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Soya Wheath (NG Boiler)
Rapeseed Sunflower
GH
G E
mis
sio
n S
avin
gs (
%)
Typical GHG Savings RED, JEC Data
UB studies and Biograce input, JEC data
Biograce Input
List of standard conversion values, from JEC consortium;
Correction of the global warming potentials used by JEC consortium.
GHG emissions calculations typical GHG RED values versus LNEG calculator using Biograce input
Assessment of the GHG emissions from feedstockcultivation in different Portuguese regions;
Sunflower in Centro and Alentejo and Maize in Centroshowed lower GHG emissions than RED default values.
13 gCO2eq/MJ
14 gCO2eq/MJ
18 gCO2eq/MJ
18 gCO2eq/MJ
50 gCO2eq/MJ
13gCO2eq/MJ
33 gCO2eq/MJ
Harmonization is important for the N2O soil emissions.
50%
16%
30%
1% 2% 1%
Soil N2O emissions
Diesel
N fertilizer
K2O fertilizer
P2O5 fertilizer
Pesticides
GHG emission calculations for Feedstock Cultivationonly (LNEG calculator)
Take-Home Messages
The renewable energy share in the transport sector will be, at least, 10% in2020.
Gradual mandatory shares of biofuels (both biodiesel and bioethanol) are setuntil 2020.
Portugal is adopting a “National Scheme” led by LNEG for Monitoring theSustainability Criteria of Biofuels and Bioliquids
No portuguese-based “voluntary schemes “ are currently available
The “National Scheme” will entry into force after publication of a PORTARIAand will:
• verify the sustainability criteria for GHG emissions and land use for allbiofuels and bioliquids that are being consumed in the country;• emit the biofuel title (TdBs).
The created biofuel title system will be used for:• The verification of the sustainability criteria;•The verification of the incorporation shares.
Take-Home Messages
This “new biofuel policy” based on sustainability criteria is necessary forPortugal and Europe, because:
Decrease the national dependence from fossil fuels.
Promote the use of new technologies for the production of moresustainable biofuels, with high reduction of GHG emissions.
Development of biofuels produced from wastes, residues, non-foodcellulosic material, lignocellulosic material and endogenous material.
Recommended