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BIOLOGY NOTES BIOTECHNOLOGY
1.
Herbert Boyer discovered that the restriction enzymes of E. coli bacterium can cut the DNA
stands in a particular fashion
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5.
Stanley Cohen developed a method to remove plasmids from bacterial cells and reinsert them
in other cells
6. Plasmids float freely in cytoplasm and replicate independently from the coding strand of DNA
7.
Insertion of recombinant DNA by means of plasmidsBIOTECHNOLOGY
8. Creation of recombinant DNA, gene cloning and gene transfer allows the introduction of one or
a set of desired set of genes without introducing undesired genes
9. The alien DNA will link to the origin of replication DNA sequence in the chromosomes and
replicates
10.
Fragments of DNA are separated through gel electrophoresis
11.Elutionextraction of fragments of DNA from the gel piece
12.
Selectable markeridentify and eliminate non-transformants and selectively permits the
growth of transformants
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13.Making the cells competent to take up DNA:Treating cells with divalent cationincreases the
efficiency with which DNA enters through the pores of the cell wall
14.
Methods of inserting DNA to cells
Incubating cells and DNA on ice
Incubating at 42
o
C - heat shock
Incubating on ice Micro injectionDNA directly injected into the animal cells
Gene gun or biolisticscells bombarded with DNA coated micro-particles of Au or W
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15.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)produce copies of DNA strandscomprises repeated cycles
of heating and cooling
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Taq polymerase (blue in colour)
Addition of nucleotidesextension of primers
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DNA developed from one strand which splits to produce
DNA in cycle 2
16.Bioreactorsto process culture
17.Downstream processingseparation and purification before marketing
18.
BtBacillus thuringiensis (bacterium)resistance towards insects
19.RNAi (interference)cellular defense mechanism in eukaryotic organisms
20.RNAi involves silencing an RNA (messenger (m) RNA) using a complementary RNA (small
interference (si) RNA)
21.
RNAi involves:
Creation of RISCRNA Induced Silencing Complex
Decodation of cellular mRNA by RISC
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22.Oral insulinlimitations:
The low pH level (acidic) of stomach breaks down insulin before it reaches the liverpH
level breaks the complex peptide bonds of insulin
Mucus layer of intestine is very thick and passing of insulin through this lining into the
blood is relatively low23.Applications of biotechnology:
Gene therapy
Molecular diagnosis
Genetically modified crops
24.
Sorbenta substance used to sorb (absorb/adsorb) molecules from other substances
25.ELISAEnzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay
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26.
GEACGenetic Engineering Approval/Appraisal Committee
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27.
Biopiracy - the theft or usurpation of genetic materials especially plants and other biological
materials by the patent process
28.NBANational Biodiversity Authority
Checks biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional resources
Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to genetic/biological resources
cannot be made without the approval of NBA
Helps in selection of areas of biodiversity importance by state governments29.
Biodiversity Act 2002 primarily addresses:
Issues of conservation and sustainable use of biological resources in the country
Issues related to genetic resources and associated knowledge
Issues arising from the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of
biological resources
30.
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