Biotechnology
Genetically modified mice
have been crucial to deciphering mechanisms of
disease.
Test: Tues. 2/14
protein synthesis, biotech, pGlo lab, mutations
Test: Tues. 2/14
protein synthesis, biotech, pGlo lab, mutations
Review what you Know...
Selective Breeding—uses naturally occurring genetic variation (produces desired traits)
Inbreeding—crossing similar genotypes (produces undesirable traits) ex: dogs, plants, cattle
Hybridization—crossing different genotypes (horses + donkeys = mules)
Mutations—changes in DNA **Ultimate source of genetic variation**
Genetic Engineering
Technique used to identify and/or alter genes at a molecular level
Making changes to DNA
Faster method
Requires equipment and $$
Types of Genetic Engineering
DNA Fingerprinting by gel electrophoresis
Transformation of DNA
Transgenic organisms
GMOs
Cloning
Gene therapy
Pest resistant cotton &
corn
DNA FingerprintingUnique system of bands that represent segments of DNA that were cut with restriction enzymes
Look for matching bands to identify individuals or determine paternity
Suspect 1Suspect 2
Crime scene evidence
Transformation of DNA
DNA from one organism is taken into another (sometimes unrelated) organism
Requires:
Restriction enzymes—cut DNA at specific sites
Vectors—”DNA Taxis” to move the gene (usually a virus or plasmid)
Restriction Enzymes
Regognize DNA palindromes (reads the same forward and backwards)
EX: RACECAR
Cut at specific sites
How Restriction Enzymes Work
Plasmid VectorsSmall circular pieces of bacterial DNA
Sections can be removed, manipulated, and reinserted (gluing back into DNA using base pair rule)
Plasmid Vectors
Producing a Transgenic Organism
Transgenic AnimalsCows that produce more milk, less lactose
Chickens that grow faster, larger
Spider goat—use silk protein (from spider gene) in goat milk to produce bulletproof vests, artificial tendons, clothing
Cloning
Glow Genes As Markers
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) derived from jellyfish
Provides permanent markers that follow the cancerous cells as they grow or spread throughout the body.
The glow-in-the-dark cats have been created by scientists working on
Aids
PGlo gene
The source of the pGlo gene is from the bioluminescent jellyfish, Aequorea Victoria which allows the jellyfish to
fluoresce and glow in the dark. E. coli can be transformed to express this gene (make the GFP protein) and cause the E.
coli to glow green when exposed to UV light.
Transgeneic/Genetically modified foods
Crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques.
Plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits
Pest resistance, cold tolerance, nutrition, disease resistance, drought tolerance
GMOs & GM Foods
CloningDonated egg has nucleus removed
Fertilized using electricity with a diploid cell
Implanted into surrogate mother to grow and develop
Clones—because DNA
came from sheep 2
Clones—because DNA
came from sheep 2
Sheep 1
Sheep 2
Sheep 3
Sheep 2
clone
Sheep 2
clone
Gene Therapy
Changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder
Bad gene is replaced with a working (good) gene that makes the needed protein
Common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA
Ex: targeting cancerous cells, treat genetic disorders such as Huntingtons, Leukemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Diabetes
Gene Therapy