BY: BRETT SLAJUS
Particle Physics
Standard Model of Elementary Particles
Three Generations of Matter (Fermions)
The Standard Model
Electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces
Dark matter, full theory of gravitation, Higgs boson
Fermions
Bosons
Quarks
Hadrons
Protons and Neutrons
Baryons and Mesons
Color Confinement
Flavour
Quark Types
J = Total Angular momentum
B = Baryon Number Q= Electric Charge Iз = Isospin
(Truth)
(Beauty)
C = CharmS = StrangenessT = Topness B’ = Bottomness
Baryons
InstabilityFields they interact withThere are 9 main Baryons and then variations
on some. Lambda particle typically can have either a Strange or a
Down Quark along with a Up and Down Quark (so its charge is 0). But, it can also exist with a Charm or Top Quark (though it will decay quicker).
The 3 most common types of quarks are Up, Down, and Strange. The other 3 exist, but are much more rare.
Some Baryon Quark Types
Proton = 2 Up Quarks + 1 Down Quark Charge = 2 (+2/3) + 1 (-1/3) = +1
Neutron = 1 Up Quark + 2 Down Quarks Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 2(-1/3) = 0
Lambda = 1 Up Quark + 1 Down Quark + 1 Charm or Strange or Top or Bottom Quark Charge Strange Lambda = 1 (+2/3) + 2 (-1/3) = 0
Other types: Sigma, Xi, Omega
Anitquarks
Antiparticles
Magnitude and charge
Symbols u = up quark u = antiup quark
Mesons
Quark and an anti-quark.
Pions are the lightest known Meson and have no isospin.
Like Baryons, there are many derivations of the same meson, but just with different types of particles.
Strong, weak and electromagnetic forces
Some Meson Quark Types
Pion = 1 Up Quark + 1 Anti-Down Quark Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 1 (+1/3) = +1
Kaon = 1 Strange Quark + 1 Anti-Up or Anti-Down Quark (Anti-Up) Charge = 1 (-1/3) + 1 (-2/3) = -1
Other examples of Mesons: Eta, D Meson, and B Meson.
Color Charge
Not actual colorsSymbolic
Form a “colorless” mass
Color Confinement
Anti Colors
Quark Colors
Anti-Quark Colors
Leptons
Sub atomic particleElectron3 GenerationsForces – Weak,
Electromagnetic, Gravitational
Neutrinos
Charge
Not faster than the speed of light…
3 forms
Forces affected by
How they are made
Lepton Properties
Antileptons
Like Quarks, there is an antiparticle version of Leptons. They are Antileptons. (Clever names.)
Magnitudes and Signs
Neutrino theories
Positron
Atoms & Exotic Atoms
Standard Atom formation
Exotic Atom substitutions
Effects on size, mass and shape of atom structure
Onium
Type of Exotic Atom
What is an Onium?
Electron + Positron = ____ (Not stable, however, but it still counts for a brief moment in time (Explanation on next slide for parenthetical commentary))
Mesons and Onium
Size of Onium
Positron Annihilation
Positron + Electron = 2 Gamma RaysPositron Annihilation is used in PET (Positron
Emission) Brain Mapping Isotopes
PET Scan
Gauge Bosons
They’re particles too!
Photons
Gluons
Z and W
Gluon
Strong force
Vector boson
Colors and Anti- Colors
Photons
Electro magnetic forceVector boson tooAdvancements in lasers, photochemistry,
Bose-Einstein condensation research, high resolution microscopy, lasers, and measuring molecular distances.
W and Z Bosons
Actually three Weak ParticlesThe W stands for “Weak”The W’s are positively and negatively
charged whereas the Z particle is neutral (Zero charge)
What the Ws do Mediators of neutrino absorption and emission
What the Zs do Only when neutrinos scatter elastically
W and Z Bosons continued
They have mass while the others don’t due to Higgs Mechanics.
This is because they have electroweak interactions, which is the combination of weak and electromagnetism.
W’ and Z’ Bosons
Graviton & Higgs Boson
Mediate force of Gravitation
Standard Model Theory
It would have no mass nor a charge, but a spin of 2. This is because of the stress-energy tensor which is the source of the gravitational field of an object.
“God Particle”
Reason for mass
Hasn’t been discovered, only thoerized
Would fill all places in space where there is neither matter nor anti-matter nor dark matter
The End