ByzantineChantanditsLocalTraditionsinSouthernItaly

beforeandahertheReformofDesiderius,

AbbotofMontecassino

TheassociationofMontecassinowithByzantineItalywasoriginallyanideaofDrewMaxwell, whospokeaboutByzan t ine Sou the rn I t a ly, Monte Cass ino and theEstrangementofEastandWestattheGreifswaldconferenceByzanzinEuropain2007.1Thepresentessayisintendedasananswertohisstudy,andcontainsreferencesaswelltoWesternastoEasternchantsourcesinItaly.

Itwouldbequiteeasytofinishthispaperwiththesecondparagraph.TherearetwotypicalwaysofgivingashortanswertothequestionwhetherDesideriusreformhadanyimpactonItaloByzantinechant.Theydependonthepointofview.

1)TheshortanswerfromaLatinpointofview:2

DesideriusreformhadnoimpactonItaloByzantinetraditions,itwasonlyconcernedwiththeLatinrite.TheAbbey

1TheproceedingswillbepublishedsoonatBrepols.2 For examplePeterHerdesarticlefrom1970anditsItalianrepublication1973,whichwasrecentlyrevisedandtranslatedintoEnglishbyCarinevanRhnandIngeLyseHansen:ThePapacyandtheGreekChurchinsouthernItalybetweenthe11thand13thCentury(Loud&Metcalfe2002,213251).

OliverGerlach

ofS.BenedejodiMontecassinohadalwaysgoodrelationshipswiththeGreekChristiansinItaly,andthemostohenquotedevidenceofthatisusuallySt.NeilosstayinMontecassinoandDesideriusroleasadiplomatemediatingbetweentheByzantineemperorsandRomanpapacy,andasanabbotemployingByzantinecrahsmentodecoratetheinterioroftheabbey.

2)TheshortanswerfromaGreekpointofview:3

TherewerenoconflictsbetweentheEasternandtheWesternchurch, insteadtheconflictsexistedbetweenByzantiumandtheNormanconquerorswhoeventuallyexpelledByzantiumanditschurchfromItaly.

Bothanswersdealwithideologicalpresuppositions:

Thefirstshortanswertreatsthereformasaninternalaffaireofthepapacy,whichitwascertainlynotforreasonsIwill explainfurtheron.

ThesecondshortanswertransformstheconflictbetweentheGreekandtheLatinchurch,whichwasmainlycausedbythesupremacyofthepope,intoapoliticalconflictbetweenNormaninvadersandByzantineauthorities.TheassumptionthattheItaloByzantineliturgywhichtheVaticanohenreferredtoastheGreekritewasexpelledbytheNormaninvaders,issomehowjustified,astheNormanconquestofByzantineApuliaandLucaniawasthebeginningofaslowprocessofLatinization.TheItaloByzantinetraditiondidnotonlycontinueunderthistendencyofLatinizationinthefollowingcenturies,but,evenaherthefallofConstantinople,itflourishedespeciallyinthefourmonasticcentresbetweenSicily,SouthernCalabriaandApulia.Sometracesofthisuniquetraditionsurvived,thoughitwasmoreorlessviolently

3ThishistoricalvisioncanbereadinthehomepageoftheOrthodox ArchdioceseItalyandMalta:(01/01/11).

2

http://www.ortodossia.it/San%20Giovanni%20Theristis.html

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

eliminatedbyRomanchurchpoliciesduringthe16th and17thcentury.

ItisplausiblethattheharmonybetweenRome,ByzantiumandBeneventowasdecisivefortheexistenceofthreedifferentliturgicaltraditions,andthereisnodoubtthatthisharmonywasdestroyedbytheunexpectedappearanceofafourthprotagonist:theNormans,whoservedasmercenariesforcertainabbotsofMontecassinoaswellasforcertainprincesofBeneventoandCapua.ButtheNormaninvadershadtheirownwayoflookingforabalance.PartlyinfluencedbytheAndalusiancourt culture andpart ly inspiredby theCarolingianstrategyofdealingwiththepope,theirwaywasquiteodd.

OnthepoliticalsidetherelationsbetweentheNormansandthepapacystartedwithanexchange.Ontheonehand,in1059thePopesformalrecognitionoftheinvaderspoliticalpowerhelpedthemtojustifytheirpresenceamongthelocalpopulation,somuchsothattherewasnoneedforthemtoconquertherestoftheprincipalityofBenevento.OntheotherhandthesupremacyofthepapacyinthechurchadministrationofSouthernItaly(withtheexceptionofSicily)wasfinallyrecognizedbytheNormans,aherPopeNicolasIIhadfoundinthemthemostpowerfulallies.Beforethen,PopeLeoIXhadtriedinvaintoallywiththeByzantineEmperorandwithlocaldukes,inordertodefendSouthernItalyagainsttheNormaninvaders.

Inmyopinion,theimpactoftheliturgicalreform,inwhichAbbotDesideriusparticipated,hastobestudiedfromfourperspectives,whichpartlyneedtobedevelopedbyfurtherresearch:

1. Theperspectiveofthereform:TherelationshipbetweentheAbbeyofMontecassinoandthepapacywithAbbot

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FrederickofLorraineasPopeStephenIXbecamestrongerthaneverbefore.ButitwasduringthepresenceofEmperorOjoIatMontecassino,thattheAbbeywasaskedagaintoconfirmtheFrankishconceptofRomanchant.TheharmonybetweenConstantinopleandRomewasmuchmoreseriouslydisturbedthenthanduringthesocalledoriental schism.WhereasByzantineauthoritiesofthecatepanateacceptedthelocalLatinliturgyandnevertriedtochangeit,therestorationoftheCarolingianreforminspiredcantorsinBeneventoandMontecassinotopreparetheirvisionofaNeogregorianreform.

2. TheByzantineperspective:TherelationshipbetweenGreekandLatinChristianswasinmostofthecasesneitherbadnorhostile,butsince1059itcouldonlycontinueonconditionthatthebishopsoftheGreekritesworetheoathoffidelitytothepope.TheywereforcedtosubordinatethemselvestotheRomanadministrationofthesuffraganseesinApulia,Campania,Lucania,andCalabria.ThisconditionwascertainlynotacceptedbyallbishopelectsoftheGreekrite.AherthelongperiodofArabSicily(about300years),theSicilianpopulationwasmainlyAraborGreek.ALatinchurchadministrationhadtobeestablishedbytheNormansforthefirsttime,whilethepapacywasforcedintoaratherpassiverole.4

3. TheNormanperspective:TherelationshipbetweentheNormanrulersandthepapacywasambivalentandquitepragmatic.TheNormanswereacknowledgedasrulersbythechurch,buttheywerechargedwiththeconquest

4 HorstEnzensbergersessayaboutDielateinischeKircheunddieBistumsgrndungen inS izi l ien zuBeginnder normannischenHerrschahcanberecommendedforahistoricview,whichtriedtorecognizetheohenfakeddocuments(Enzensberger2000b).

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

ofSicily.AhertheconquestofSicilywascarriedout,acollaborationwiththeArabandtheGreekpopulationwasneeded.InconfirmingtheMuslimlawschools,theNormansfollowedrathertheprototypeofAndalusiathanof anyChrist ianempire. Bytheendof the11thcenturyalotofFrancoNormanaristocratshadbecomepatronsandfoundersofLatinandGreekabbeysinSouthernCalabriaandSicily.AsthefundamentalstudiesofDavidHileyandJeremyJohnshaveshown,theNormanliturgywasveryeclecticandopenminded,anditexperimentedwithvariousreligioustraditions.5

TheacclamationLaudesrexgloriaewassungbythemonksofMontecassinowhentheyconfirmedRichardofAversaasprinceofCapuaandRobertGuiscardasdukeofApulia,CalabriaandSicily.Itwasthefirstaction,aherDesideriushadbeenelectedasthenewabbot.HispragmaticacceptanceofthenewauthoritiesandhiswillingnesstomediatebetweentheNormansandthepapacywereastonishing,consideringthathisfatherhaddieddefendingBeneventoagainsttheNormaninvaders(Loud2007,7071).6

5NeitherthedissertationofJeremyJohnsnorofDavidHileywereeverpublished.Botharestilltheonlymonographicstudiesdedicatedtothistopic,whichisverycrucialfortheunderstandingofliturgictraditionsofSouthernItalyanditsarchitecture(Hiley1981;Johns1984;Hiley2001; Johns2002).FurtherstudiesareinthefieldoftheNormancourtceremonials(Moran1977;Elze1990;Tronzo1997;Elze1998;Tronzo 2007).FromamusicologicalpointofviewscholarsstillmissmonographicalstudiesasthoseaccomplishedbyThomasKellyforTheBeneventanChant(1989)andthereisstillnoentryaboutNormanchantinthestandardencyclopaediasofthediscipline.6GrahamLoudsimageoftheNormanrulersasconventionalChristianscontradictsthequiteunconventionalformsofthecathedralsbuiltduringthisperiod(includingsphinxesassculpturesinthefacades),thefactthatseveralofthemgrewupwiththeSicilianArabculture,and

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4. TheAndalusianperspective:TherelationshipbetweenChristians,SephardimandMuslims,andbetweenNormanSicilyandAndalusiainparticular,wasnotonlyidealizedbyhistorians,butalsobycontemporaryJewishandMuslimtravellersfromfarawaycountries,whowerequitesurprised,whentheyvisitedSicilyandunderstoodtherealityofRogerIIsSicily.HeimitatedtheAndalusiancourtcultureoftheTaifarulers,includingcertainelementsofitsarchitectureandtheharems,buttheArabcourtierswereforcedtoconverttoChristianityandcalledaherLatinnames.HencealotofscientistsandartistslehSicilyforAndalusianSpainoritsAfricanprovinces.NeverthelessthepresenceofSaracensinSouthernItalywasnotonlythetimeofinsecurity,asitwasclearlyshownbytheuncontrolledinvasionsoflooters,piratesandslavetraders,itwasalsothetimeofanopenmindedexchangebetweenMuslims,Sephardim,andChristians,untiltheLatinizationofSicilyledtonewprogromsagainsttheJewishandMuslimpopulations.

Ingeneral,thecurrentresearchaccompanyingtheongoingexcavationsoftheCrdobaPalacemightchangescholarsapproachtothestudyofNormanApulia,Calabria,andSicilyandtheirinterpretationofapastage,duringwhichSouthernItalywasrecognizedforitsculturaldiversityanditsmostfamousmedievalchurchesandcastleswerebuiltinauniquestyle.InthefollowingsectionIwillfocusonthefirsttwoperspectives,butitmightbeusefultokeepinmindtheothersforafullunderstandingoftheeffortsofDesideriusreform.HehimselfwaseducatedattheconventSt.SophiainBenevento.

certainlytheadoptionofMuslimcourtculture(includingharemsandeunochs)butMuslims,whowereforcedtoconverttoChristianity.

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

ThePerspectiveoftheReform

TherehadbeennocloserelationbetweentheAbbeyofMontecassinoandthepapacyforalongtime,astherehadnotbeenanyforlargepartsofSouthernItaly.Alotofdioceseswereinstallednotbeforetheendofthe10thcentury,plentyofthemwerevacantordidonlyexistonpaper,whichexplainsthepresenceofformerlocalliturgiesforsuchalongtime,whenthecathedralsweremostlycentresoflocalcultsandrites(Loud2007,37).TheconceptoftheomnipresenceoftheFrancoRomanchantcanonlybeverifiedbysomedocuments,whichtrytoestablishanimageofthepast,asitwasrequestedbythecurrentsituationanditspoliticalcontext.7ButtheideaofusingtherichAbbeyofMontecassinoasacentreforaliturgicalreformcameprobablynotearlierthanduringthepresenceoftheEmperorOjoI,whorestoredMontecassinosaffiliationtotheFrankishempire.Beforethen,MontecassinohadcooperatedwiththeByzantineauthoritiestodefendtheregionagainsttheArabinvaders.Butthecatastrophicdefeatofhisson,OjoII,againsttheArabsatColonnain982putanendtotheEmperorsplansofliberatingChristianItalyfromtheMuslims.FromthenontheAbbeyofMontecassinohadtopayhightributesforprivilegesofferedbytheauthoritiesofthecatepanate.

Amongthepopesofthe11thcenturyLeoIX(104954)wasthefirsttoreorganizetheLatinchurchinSouthernItaly.AxelBayerregardedthereinstallationofthepapaljurisdictioninitsformerfrontiersnotonlyasalongtermproject,butalsoasthe

7 OtherdocumentsandfakedchartaestressthegoodandcontinuousrelationsbetweenMontecassinoandByzantium,butitseemsusefultounderstandthepragmaticintentionsofacertainchroniclerinthecontextofthecontemporarydiplomacy(includingfictivekinshipsbetweenabbotsandCarolingiandynasties),asGrahamLouddidinhisessayMontecassinoandByzantiuminthetenthandeleventhcenturies(Loud2000,EssayII).

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motivationbehindPopeLeoIXshesitationtoagreetoanalliancewithByzantiumaimingtodefendSouthernItalyagainsttheNormaninvaders(Bayer2004,59):

DiesesVerhaltenerklrtsichausderAbsicht,daskirchlichKonstantinopel unterstehendeSditalien(Lukanien,wahrscheinlichganzKalabrien,denSdteil derSalentinischenHalbinsel)wiederdemPrimatRomszuunterwerfen.Zwar wardieslediglicheinFernzielderrmischenSditalienpolitik,deren Hauptaugenmerkseit1051aufdasFrstentumBeneventgerichtetwar.Doch h`eeingemeinsameserfolgreichesmilitrischesVorgehengegendie NormanneneineFestigungderbyzantinischenHerrscha_ inSditalienzur Folgegehabt,unddieswredenAussichtenaufRckgewinnungderalten rmischenJurisdiktionsgrenzenabtrglichgewesen.

LeoIXpaidwithhislifethefactthatheunderestimatedthepoweroftheNormans.ButhisreformprojectwaslatercontinuedbyPopeStephenIX(8/10573/1058),theformerAbbotFrederickatMontecassino,soitwashardlysurprisingthattheunificationoftheliturgyandofitsmusicinSouthernItaly,whichwasneverrealizedbefore,becamepartofit.8

In1054FrederickwaspartofthedelegacythatwenttoConstantinopleandmadeascandal.9ButthisepisoderatherprovedthatchurchmendidnotreallycooperatewiththeplanofPopeLeoIXandtheEmperorConstantineIX,butitdidnotchangetheirpolicies.Thethesisconcerninganestrangementis

8 FrdricdeLorrainemusthavebelievedintheFrenchcantorsGregorianorRomanFrankishconceptoftheRomanliturgy.Ontheotherhand,therewasaneedtointegratetheItaliancantorsideaconcerningtheunifiedrite.ForanexchangebetweenMontecassino,GlanfeuilandSt.MaurdesFosssseeJeanFranoisGoudesennescontributioninthisvolume.9In1054thefuriousCardinalHumbertofCandida,likeFrdricpartofLeoIXslegacy,leh apapalbullintheHagiaSophia,inwhichthecardinalpretendedtoexcommunicatethePatriarchKeroulariosbyordersofthePope,whohadalreadydied.OtherscholarsregardHumbertasaclericwhowassofamiliarwiththeGreektraditionastobechosenbyLeoIXforthisdiplomaticmission.

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

usefultorecognizecertainconflictsbetweenGreekandLatinchurchmen,buttherelationsbetweenConstantinopleandRomewerecertainlybejerthaninOjonictimesincontrastwiththelaterhistoricalconstructionofanorientalschism.Hence,thereisnorealconnectionbetweenanantiByzantineajitudeandPopeStephenIXsprohibitionoftheAmbrosianchant,aslongasitisunderstoodasaLatinliturgyinspiredbythepresenceofGreekmonksinGreekdominatedregions(SouthernApulia)oftheformerDuchyBenevento.

WhatwasthediscontinuitybetweenOldBeneventanchantandtheBeneventanchantredefinedbytheNeogregorianreform10? TowhatextentdidDesideriusobeyStephensexclusionoftheAmbrosianrite?

IfweobservetheexperimentsofcantorsintheearliestBeneventanchantmanuscripts,wefindvariouscollectionsfollowingdifferentproportionsofBeneventanandRomanFrankishchant.HereIwilldiscusssomemanuscriptsofDesideriusschoolbeforehisreform:thechantbookswhichwerepresumablywrijenfortheuseinSt.Sophia.

TheGreekandLatinprocessionalantiphonsforGoodFridayareohen perceivedasadoubletwhichbelongstotheOldBeneventanchant,butnottotheNeogregorianchant.Thetroparion(Ex.1)isthesecondoftwoantiphonswhichcanbealsofoundastropariainByzantinemanuscripts,whiletheotherantiphonsoftheGoodFridayprocessionareratherpresentinItaliantraditionsliketheonesofRome,Milan,RavennaandAquileia.ThesameistrueforthistroparionandacomparativetranscriptionbyNeilMoranshows,thattheBeneventanversionisclosertotheByzantinesources(Moran2010).ThesimpleRomanantiphonwasbasedontheByzantine

10 ThetermNeogregorianisusedherefollowingtoLuisaNardinissuggestiontoemployittodistinguishtheCarolingianredactionofGregorianchantfromtheBeneventanofMontecassino(Nardini2007).

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psalmodyofplagiosdevteros,emphasizingtheopenFendingbyadifferentiaofthepsalmody,whiletheAmbrosianantiphonwasaproperrealizationoftheByzantinepsalmody. AcomparisonwithByzantinechantmanuscriptshasfirsttofacethedifficulty,thattheByzantinesourcesarelater.Ingeneralasystematicdistributionoffullynotatedmanuscriptsdidnotdevelopbeforethe11th and 12thcenturyandadiastematicnotation(MiddleByzantinenotation)wasnotusedbeforethe13thcentury.TheearlierformsofPalaioByzantinenotationwereusedbetweenthe10thand12thcentury.Theseconddifficultyisthatthebookswhichcontainthistroparion,areusuallychantbooksoftheConstantinopolitancathedralrite.

Ex.1:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS40,fol.1011

10

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

Theearliestmanuscriptscannotbedatedearlierthantothe12thcenturyandare thoseof theSlavicreceptionofthecathedralrite.TheSlavictraditiondevelopeditsownnotationsystemandtodaythereisjustavagueunderstandingofit.Theearliestlayerofasmatika,psaltikaandkontakariahassurvivedintheItaloByzantinemanuscriptspresentingByzantineroundnotation(notbeforethe13thcentury).CharacteristicfortheItaliantraditions,GreekaswellasLatin,isthepresenceofdifferentlayersofthesamesong,becausethebooksofthecathedralriteusuallycontainthemelismaticelaborationofsimplermodels,astheycanbefoundinbooksofthedifferentLatintraditions.ThereasonforthisdifferenceisthatthevastcollectionsofthereformedchantrepertoriesaretentimeslargerthantheByzantinemasschantthechantsungduringtheDivineLiturgy.Thereareveryfewchantgenreswhicharechangedfrequently(proprium).Alargerrepertoryofpropriumchanthastobesungduringthemorningservice(orthros)anditcanbefoundinthekontakarion, while largerpartsoftheordinariummissaedidnotchangeatall,soitwasusuallysunginmelismaticvariationsespeciallythesoloistsparts.

The melos o f t h i s troparion hasopencadencesonaandG,notonF,whiletheclosingandfinal cadenceisonE.TheByzantinemodalsignature is chosplagios devterosenaphnos,becausetheEmodehasoneGcadencewhichisprolongedbyanFendingwithapoderma.

ThewrijentransmissionofthistroparioninBeneventanmanuscriptsissoconstant,thateventheNeogregorianmissal(Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS33),whichcorrespondstotheCarolingiansacramentariesexceptthatitisdatedabout100yearslater,alreadyofferstheearliestversion,thoughonlyinLatintranslation.ThisprovesthatthisalienelementwasforaBeneventancantornotastrangeratall.ButtheAmbrosiantextredactionmighthaveservedasajustification,whileits

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modalstructureratherfollowedtheByzantineredaction.IthadobviouslyaByzantineorigin(cantopatriarchino) and hadprobablyderivedfromanearliertime,whenBeneventoovertookpowerinApulia,whichhaduntilthenbeenruledbytheRavennaexarchate.TheBeneventanversionhasinfluencedthemodernredactionofthesocalledGregorianchant,nottheFrankishone(Moran2010,3,ex.1).

IproposetodistinguisholderlayersofaByzantineinfluencefromthecontemporaryinfluencebetweentheGreekandtheBeneventanchant,asitexistedduringtheearly11thcentury.Theantiphon Crucemtuamadoramuswa sprobablyneitherGregoriannorNeogregorian,butitwasnotatedinseveralchantmanuscripts,becauseitwasaparaliturgicalsong.Theprocessionalantiphonasagenrewasalwayswithinthelimitedmeasure,whichallowedacantortoinscribehislocaltraditionintothemediumofthereform.11

Thisexamplewasobviouslynotatallrejected b y thereform,becausethetroparionhadbeenkept in the laterBeneventanmanuscripts.ButinacontemporarymanuscriptthebeginningofthedismissalofkatechoumenoiwasremovedtheexaposteilarionSiquiscathecuminisest(Ex.3),whichispartoftheEasterVigilMassinthetraditionofRavennachant(Levy1970).Itsmelodicstructure,whichwastakenfromtheSanctusduringtheAnaphorapartoftheDivineLiturgy.Itsmelosisthemesosdevteros(theGmodeasamediantbetweenbnaturalandE)inByzantinemanuscripts(Levy1958).

ThedivisionoftheDivineLiturgyintwoparts,the

11 ItwasalreadytheexperienceoftheCarolingianreform,thattheRomanliturgyhadnotprovidedanyantiphons fo r a lot o f localprocessions,solocalantiphonswerefixedintonotationforthefirsttime.Inthisparticularcase,theCarolingianantiphonhastheOldRomantextredaction,butitiscombinedwiththetrisagion,whiletheRomancantorsusedthesametrisagionasanantiphonforthefollowingImproperium.

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

scripturalreadingsandtheeucharisttheformerisopenfort h e katechoumenoi, whilethelajeris justreservedtothebaptized(),wasaswellusedinearlypreGregorianmassformularies,whethertheywereGreekorLatin.TheexclusionofthesecondpartwasratherusefulduringtheearlyChristianperiod,whenChristianityasanewstatereligionrequiredthebaptismoflargerpartsofthepopulation.

SimilartextscanalsobefoundintheearliermassformsofGallicanandAmbrosianchant.ButinthecontextofthegradualforSt.Sophia(Ex.2)aswellasinanothergradualofBenevento(Ex.3)thedismissalchantonlyappearsonceayearinthemassforHolySaturdaynotaher,butbeforethescripturalreadings.HereitsimplycorrespondstothelateroffertoryOmnesquiinchristobaptizatiestis(fol.1920),sobaptismwasobviouslyassociatedwiththevesperofHolySunday.

InthecontextoftheByzantineliturgyandstillinOrthodoxservicestoday,theordinarychantoftrisagion,whichwasjustusedasanantiphon(troparion)oftheentranceandbecamelatera troparionwithoutanyantiphonalstichonbeforetheepistel,wasreplacedbythebaptismhymnbetweenEasterand

Ex.2:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS40,fol.19

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Pentecost.Thelajerstonalityandmelosisthesameasthatoftheresurrectionhymn: the plagiosprtos.TheLatinoffertorywiththesametextisacompositionintheHypodorianmode(plagalD),whichismadeupaccordingtotheCarolingianpajerns:itstartswithinthelowerfourthunderthefinalisD,whiletheBeneventancompositionisjustmoremelismaticthantheversioninthemoderneditionoftheGradualetriplex.InthecontextoftheBeneventanmassforHolySaturday,thegradualbeforetheepistleisaveryshortversionoftheGreekDoxaenypsistis (Gloriainexcelsis),whichremindsoftheGallicanhabittoreplacethetrisagionwiththedoxaduringthemassonfeastdays.

Intheothergradualtheliturgicalcontextisthesame,butapalimpsestofthefirstpartofthedismissalchantshows,thatitwasnolongerused.Onlythebeginningwasremoved,sothatitsformerpositionwasstillrecognizable.Theprecedinglitany,whichisanothertraceofanoldermassliturgy,isthesameasintheformergradual o f S t .Sophia,butslightlycorruptedtoassimilateittotheRomankyrie:christeeleysoninsteadofchriste,audinos(MS40,fol.19).

SincetheAbbeyofMontecassinobecamethecentreofthe

Ex.3:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS38,fol.46

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

LatinchantreformforSouthernItaly,therewasthechanceforBeneventancantorstoinfluenceinalimitedmeasuretheconceptofGregorianchant,asaresulttheBeneventangradualsshowdifferentredactionsdealingwiththeFrankishRomanandtheBeneventanschool.InthisrespecteventhemissalMS33isnotsofarfromthegradualsofBenevento,theRomanFrankishrepertorywasjustmoredominantinthiscollectionthaninthoseofthelatermanuscripts.

AlastexamplemayillustratethecreativityofSouthernItaliancantors,usingwellknownformstakenbothfromByzantineandfromolderLatinliturgies(Ex.4).12

12 Thistranscriptionisalreadywellknown,becauseitservedasanexampleofGallicanchantinBrunoStbleinsentryGallikanischerRitusintheoldMGG,thoughitiscertainlynotGallican.Kenneth

Ex.4:Rome,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana,Regin.lat.334,fol.8787

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Thislitanycouldbeconservedasaprocessionalantiphonin a processionalwrijenforS.DomenicodiSora(Molise)inBeneventanscriptureandnotation.Butitisnotaprocessional antiphonatall,itwasjusthiddenthere.13Mytranscriptionalsofollowsthemistakes:TheredFlineatthebeginningofthefirstrowisslightlytoolow,butinthemanuscriptthereisanotherlinecoredintothefolioandthesecondligature(pes)startsonthisline.ThismeansthatthelowestnoteisalwaysF.

Accordingtomyinterpretationthebisalwaysnatural,evenifthemelosjumpsintothetritone.ThiskindoftonalityiscertainlynottheGuidonianconceptoftheautentustritus,butitisthediatonicconceptofchosvarys(tritusplagalis),whilebflatasthepurefourthtothefinalisFisindicatedbytheenharmonicphthoranana().14InthisrespectthelastexampleisaLatincompositionwhichtestifiesaninspiringexchangebetweenBeneventancantors(inMolise)andGreekpsaltes.

LevysearlyarticleaboutthehistoryoftheSanctusmentionsanotherprocessionalantiphonforDedicationinthismanuscript,whichhasaLatintranslationofthecherouvikon(Levy1958,39).13Thisisthereason,whysomeeditionsofSanctustropesdonotmentionit,butitisaSanctustropeindeed.Themanuscriptconsistsoftwobooksboundtogether,sotheprocessionalstartsonfolio57andcanbedatedaround1100.14Thismelosbelongstothe,butitsfinalisisGsol.ChristianTroelsgrdtranscribedapsalmodyforvarysendingonthetetartos(2006),butitwasalsoknownintheRomanandGregorianreceptionofthekoinnikon forHolySaturdayintheoffertoryGustateetvidete.Hence,itisnotsurprisingthatthetonaryofToulouse(Paris,Bibliothquenationale,fondslat.1118,fol.109)describesundertherubrictritusjusttwoplagalithefirstisidentifiedwithanintonationformulastartingoncandendingonG[!].Thesecondplagalishasanothermelos,itdescendstotheplagalfourth,butitsambitusisgoingupsohighaswellthatitincludesthemeloiofautentustritus.

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ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

TheByzantineperspective

TherelationshipbetweenGreekandLatinChristianswasnotalwaysasunproblematicasithasohenbeenassumed.15

AherPopeNicholasIIabandonedtheplanofhispredecessorstoallywiththeByzantineempire,hefoundintheNormandukesthemostpowerfulpartners.WithsuchalliesthePopenolongerhadtodealwithcompromisesasearlierpopeshaddonewiththeByzantinepatriarchswhowerewillingtocollaboratewithRome.

Hence,theecclesiasticaladministration,asfarasitwasestablishedinSouthernItaly,wasruledbythepapacy.Greekarchbishops(inCalabria,Campania,Lucania,andApulia)hadtoswearanoathoffidelitytothepopeandtojointhepapalsynods.16Theseconditionswerenotacceptedbyallbishopelects,asforexampleBasiliodiReggio,whowaselectedasecondtimeunderRuggeroBorsaandwhorefusedasecond

15 Itisnotnecessarytorepeat,whathasbeenwrijenbyVeravonFalkenhausen(1983b;2007)andGrahamLoud(2000,EssayII;2007,494524)abouttherelationshipbetweenGreekandLatinChristiansinSouthernItaly.16InhisHabilitationsschrihGeorgGresserwroteaboutthesynods,thattheyhadbecomeaveryimportanttoolforthereformingpapacy(Reformpapsjum)sinceLeoIX(Gresser2006,542):

WenndieReformppste,allenvoranLeoIX.,durchdieunglaublicheSteigerung derSynodenfrequenzdieDurchsetzungderReformzieleauchmitder DurchsetzungdesppstlichenPrimatesinganzEuropaverbindenwollten, mutensiesicheinGremiumschaffen,dasganzaufsiezugeschni`enwarund indemdieKommunikationdabeigewissermaeninFormeinerEinbahnstraeverlief.DiezahlreichenBelegedafr,dagenaudiesesVorgeheneben nichtdenBeifalldesdieKirchereprsentierendenEpiskopatesfand,lassensich inderDarstellungimmerwiederfinden.

Thisveryspecificrolewhichthesynodshadduringthereform,mightalsohelptoexplaintheajitudeofBasiliodiReggioandotherGreekchurchmen,whowereexcluded,becausetheydidnotaccepttheprimacyofRome.

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time,beforehewasreplacedbyaLatincandidate.17

IfweregardtheNeogregorianreformaspartoflongtermtasksofthecontemporarypapalreform,itisalsonecessarytounderstandthekeyrolewhichtheNormansplayed,whentheywerechargedaspapalvassalstoreconquerArabSicily.ParalleltothereconquestofSicily,therewerealsotheCluniacplansconcerningthereconquestoftheNorthernpartofAndalusianSpaininthesecondhalfofthe11thcentury,especiallytheJerusalemoftheWest:SantiagodiCompostela.ButthemoststrikingdifferencewasthattheNormansasthenewkingsofSicilybecameadmirersandimitatorsoftheAndalusianculture,astheyhadfounditinArabSicily.

ConcerningtheestablishmentofaLatinchurchadministrationinSicily,FranconormannobleandroyalfamiliesactedaspatronsbothforGreekandforLatinmonasteries.LargeLatinAbbeyswerefoundedtosejledownLatinChristiansinSicily,whentheislandwaspopulatedbyanArabmajority,GreekandSephardicminorities,andaverysmallnumberofLatinChristians.SmallerGreekabbeyswerefoundedaswelltoholdtheGreekpopulation,andthereasonwhyalotofthemdidnotsurvivealongtime,wasratherthatsomeoftheirpatronizingfamiliesweremoreambitiousthantheycouldaffordoverthenextgenerations.

DuringthisprocesscentresofGreekmonasticismhadgrown,whichhadneverexistedbefore.Ahierarchywasestablishedbetweenlargerandsmallerabbeys,inwhichthearchimandritsofthelargermonasterieswerechargedwiththetask of cont ro l l ing the smal le r abbeys , which weresubordinatedcells(metochia) . In 1132 the firstcentrewas

17 FordiplomaticreasonstheNormandukestriedtwicetoestablishaGreekarchbishopinReggio,andinbothcasestheyhadtolookforaLatinprelate,becauseBasiliowasnotpreparedtosweartheoath,tosubordinatetothepopeandtojointheWesternsynods.

18

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

establishedinMessina:theArchimandritatodelSS.Salvatore.18

Other archimandritateswereestabl ished inCalabria(S.AdrianodiRossano,since1192S.MariadelPatiron),inLucania(SS.EliaeAtanasioinCarbone)andinTerradOtranto(S.NicoladiCasole,nearNard).HistorianshavedebatedonwhetherthisconceptwastakenfromaBenedictinepracticeorfromLucasstayonMountAthos(Loud2007,507),butthereisnodoubtthathistypikoncreatedalotofconflictsbetweensomeabbotsandthearchimandrite (Falkenhausen1983a),especiallyconflictsbetweentheDioceseorArchdioceseofMessinaandtheArchimandritateSS.Salvatore(Enzensberger2000a).Concerning the sources most manuscr ip ts of ra therrepresentativeliturgiescannotbedatedearlierthantothe13thcentury,afewtothe12thcentury.Butespeciallyfortheolderformsofmonasticism,wehavemainlyevangeliariesandprophetologia,afewdocumentsandeuchologia.19

DuringtheperiodofArabSicilysomeGreekabbotsandcharismaticreligiousfromValDemoneexiledtothemainlandnorthwards, andtheir highactivity in foundingnewmonasteriescanbeeasilyexplainedbythefrequentchangesoflocationtheyfeltforcedtododuringtheirlives.20These

18 TheAbbeyS.SalvatoredellAcroteriowasbuiltsince1122onthepeninsulaS.Ranieri.In1131RuggeroIIorderedatypikonbyBartolomeodiSimeri,AbbotofS.MariadelPatiron,butitwaswrijenbyhisnoviceLuca,whobecamethefirstarchimandriteofthenewbuiltAbbeyin1132(Enzensberger2000a).AherfurtherdonationsbytheKingtheAbbeybecameoneoftherichestlandownersofSicily.Duringthe16thcentury,underCharlesV,thecommunityhadtomoveandtheformerbuildingsbecamepartofthefortificationsfortheportofMessina.19 AndrJacobsstudiesofeuchologiahaveshowntheveryuniqueredactionofdifferentformulariesoftheDivineLiturgyincludingtheItaloByzantineLiturgyofS.Pietro(1974;1980;1984;1985).20 TypicalroutesareSicily,Calabria,Peloponnes,Calabria,Lucania,Sardiniaetc.(Mnager1958).Thegeneraltendencywastoescape

19

OliverGerlach

movementsweremainlycausedbySaracens.ThisexternalviewofArabSicilycanbeexplainedbydocumentswhichshowthatMuslimmercenariesweresometimesemployedbythecaliphate,byByzantineauthorities,andevenbyBeneventanprincesorthepapacy.Inadditiontothem,therewerealsolootersandpirates,whousuallyburneddownsejlementsandsoldtheinhabitantsasslaves,oraskedforhightributesascompensation,inordertoleaveanabbeylikeMontecassinoinpeace.

EvenaprestigiousrefugeeliketheAbbotNeilosofRossanohadexactlythesamedestiny,anditmusthavebeenasurpriseforthemonksofMontecassinotoreceivearareanachoretelikehimintherichAbbey.21Andhelookedforit,becausehewasmainlyinterestedinitsfortificationsanditssoldierswhocoulddefendtheAbbeyagainstinvaders.

AsafamouscharismaticAbbotwhowasongoodtermswithAbbotAligernofMontecassino,hecouldintroducehiscommunityinaveryelegantway.Followinganinvitationof theAbbot,hearrivedpossiblyona20thMarchofthe980s,toperformaserviceonthenextmorning(orthros)inhonourofthe

northwards.TheterritoryofthePrincipalityofBeneventoandCapuahadbecomesosmallduringthe10thcentury,thatitspopulationwasmainlyLatin,butalotofGreeksfromSicilyorCalabria,likeS.NilodaRossano,arrivedtherelookingforarefugefromtheSaracens.21InordertoillustratetheeconomicautonomyofGreekmonasteriesinNeilostime,VeravonFalkenhausenreferstoanepisode,inwhichNeilosabsenceinsynodswasexcused.Inthisexcusehewascomparedtoaunicorn,whichcanbehardlyfound(Falkenhausen1978).InfactthelijlemonasteriesfoundedbyGreekmonkslikeNeiloswereveryhardtocontrolbothbythepatriarchandbythepope.ThisexplainsthechangethattheRomanreformcouldachieveundertheNormanrule,whenRogerIIestablishedmonasticcentresaccordingtothemodel,codifiedinthetypikonoftheArchimandritateS.SalvatoreinMessina.

20

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

AbbeyspatronSt.Benedict.22

ItisnotonlymentionedinhisVita,thathecomposedahymnforS.BenedejodaNorcia,inhisanthologyofNeilospoemsSofroniGassisipublishedalso24akrostichadedicatedtoS.Benedejofor the odes o f the kanntakenfromacertainheirmos(1906,4449).HiscriticaleditionismainlybasedonthemnaionforMarch,asitwaswrijendownbyNeilosIIfortheAbbeyofGrojaferrataduringthe12thcentury(Grojaferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.8488)thelaststationandabbeyfoundedbyNeilosI,thepoetoftheseakrosticha.

InthispaperIwouldliketoanswerthequestionfromamusicologicalpointofview:whichwasNeilosmethodofcomposingtheakrostichaforoneofthemostimportantsaintsoftheLatinchurch,whodoesusuallynotappearinaByzantinemnaion?

Hiswaywasthemostcommonpossible:hechoseamonasticgenre,becausehewasanabbotaddressingthemasterofWesternmonasticism,andasusualhetransformedanexistinghymntextofthisgenre,dedicatedtothemotherofgod(theotokos) , andadapted i t to S .Benedejo.Followingtheconventionofheirmologichymns,hecomposedthepoemalongamelodicmodel(heirmos)whichalreadyexistedtomemorizetheverycomplexmeteroftheodes. Oursources,whichdatebacktoabout150yearslater,tellusthattheuseofcommemoratingS.Benedejoduringthemorningserviceof

22 ThereisnoexactdateinhisVitaandonlyfewtestimoniesinLatinhagiography,butNeiloscommunityarrivedmostlikelyinthoseyears,whenRossanowasnearlypermanentlyajackedbylooters(Mnager1958,758)andwhentheEmperorOjoIIwasdefeatedandkilledbyArabsoldiersinsouthernCalabriaandhisplantoconquerSicilyfaileddefinitely.ThediplomaticrelationshipbetweenMontecassinoandByzantiumbecamemorerelaxed,andtheAbbeywasinterestedinimprovingagaintherelationshipwiththeByzantineauthorities.

21

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St.ByrillosdaywascontinuedinByzantineItalyatleastinthosemonasteriesfoundedbySt.NeilosofRossanosinceValleluce,theGreekmonasteryonthelandedpropertyofMontecassino.

Theheirmologionanditsoktchossystemwhichconsistedofeightdiatonicmodes(choi)andtwophthorai(thechromaticnenanandtheenharmonicnana),wasoriginallycreatedbymonksoftheLavraAgiosSabasnearJerusalemduringthe7thcentury,anditwasintendedtoreplacetheConstantinopolitantraditionofthekontakion,ahomileticgenreofpoetrywhichbecameveryfamousthankstothecontributionsofRomanosMelodosduringthe5thcentury.TheHagiopolitanreformintroducedtheoktchosbymelodicmodelsofthebookstropologionandheirmologion,whichorderedthedifferentmeloiaccordingtotheeightchoi,whileConstantinopolitanpsaltesusedthesystemoftheAsma:asystemof4kyrioi, 4 plagioi,4mesoi, and 4 phthorai. Thegenreof heirmologionreferredincontenttothecanticlesorbiblicalodes(cantica),whichhadbeenrecitedduringtheorthrossincetheoldestservices.ForcertainoccasionsthisrecitationwasreplacedbythekontakiaintheConstantinopolitancathedralrite.ThemonasticSyrianArmenianoktchosreformwasalreadyconfirmedbyaGreeksynodin692,buttheGreekaswellastheItalianredactionwhichwasestablishedduringthe9thcentury,favoredthehymnologistsofthe8thcentury.23Untiltodaythehymnsoftheheirmologionhavehadtobesungtogether withfurtherakrostichacomposedoverthesamemelodicmodeloftheheirmologion,whichiscalledheirmos.Theakrostichahadalwaysbeensungfromasecondbookwithoutnotation,calledmnaion.

23BythetimewhenIoannisDamascene,AndreasandKosmasjoinedtheLavraAgiosSabas,thereformhadalreadybeendone.Theircreationswereestablishedinatypeoftropologion,whichbecamefamousunderthenameofitsintroductorytreatise,Hagiopolites(Jeffery2001).

22

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

InthemnaionofGrojaferrata,thereisonecompositionofSt.NeilosofRossanowhichconsistsoffourstrophesforeachoftheeightodesofthekann,andtheyfollowthemelodicmodeloftheheirmosinthechosplagiosdevteroswhichwereprecededandidentifiedwithitstextintheheirmologion.Itsincipitiswrijeninredinkoverthetextoftheakrosticha:

Thebeginningofthefirststropheistakenfromanotherfamoushymnoftheheirmologion,butitisnotreferredtothefirstbiblicalode(theprayerofMosesaherleadingthepeopleofIsraelthroughtheRedSea),itisahymndedicatedtothemotherofGodandtakenfromanotherheirmosofthechostetartos.

In order to findthe melodyof thefir s t odeinthechosplagiosdevteros,whichisthemodelusedhere, I consultedthreeheirmologia f romdifferentperiodsandwassurprisedtofindthattheyalldeliverthesamemelodyinaquitedifferentversion.24HereIwanttoconcentrateontheearliestversionofanheirmologion,whichwaswrijenaboutthesametimelikethemnaion:

24Theothertwolaterheirmologiawereonecopyofanheirmologion inConstantinopolitanredaction,madewithseveralmistakesbyLectorTheophylaktosin1281(E..),andanothermuchlaterheirmologionfromthe15thcentury(VaticanLibrary,Palat.gr.243).Eventhecadencesofthethreeversionsareohennotonthesamepitch,neitherarethecadenceformulasthesame.Despiteallthesedifferencesitseemsthatthe12 thand15thcenturyItalianredactionareclosertoeachotherthantotheConstantinopolitanversion(Ex.7).

Ex.5:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.84

23

OliverGerlach

Thecadenceoncwiththexron()attheendofthethirdline()cannotbefoundintheotherheirmologiaand

forasimplemodel,representingamelosofacertainchos,itisaratheroddchange.Inthe15thcenturyitisjustacadenceonthekyriosdevteroslikebnatural.

Ex.7:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..II,fol.171171

Ex.6:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..III,fol.186186

24

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

TheConstantinopolitanversionisnoteasytoreconstruct,becausetheinkwasremovedfromthesurface,sothatfolio171rectoishardlyreadable(Ex.7).Neverthelessitisreadableenoughtounderstandthattheredactingnotatorhaschangedthecadencesonprtosanddevterosfromaandbtotheloweroctave(octaveequivalance),probablyinspiredbytheimageofthetyrannicforcesatthebojomoftheRedSea.

Thesamesubjectistreatedinthe15thcenturyversionbychangingthefinal cadence,sothat it endsonthekyriosbnatural,andnotontheplagios.Inthe12thcenturyversionthecadencesonprtosanddevterosareDandE(fihhequivalence).Butthemaincontrastisherebetweenthetonalityofplagios devteros(lowE)andthephthoranana(likeCmajor)onGcfwiththecadenceoncinthehigherregister.

The12thcenturyversion(Ex.6)fitsthemosttothetextoftheakrostichon,becausethetemporarychangeinregisterandintonality(thephthoranana)occursexactlybeforethebeginningofthenextline(),whichisaddressingBenedictdirectly.Butthefollowingkolonendsanthekyriosdevteros:

, Openmymouth, andclarifythetongue, andenlightenmymind,, ovenerableholyTrinity,

throughthepuresupplications, ofBenedict,yoursaint, wholivedinasaintlyway. whichpleasesyou.25

Thenewcolourofthephthorananaisassociatedwiththeunderstandingofthemimeticpurifyingideasofthehonouredsaint,whichareinapowerfulcontrasttothemelosofchos plagiosdevteros,usedforthecherouvikonandfortheantiphonon

25 IwouldliketothanktheItalianhymnologistDonatellaBuccawhopreparedanItaliantranslationofthefirstandthefihhstropheforthepresentationandwhocorrectedtheEnglishtranslation.

25

OliverGerlach

GoodFriday(Ex.1).

TheCoislinVnotationusedintheearlierheirmologion (Ex.6),isalatePalaioByzantineform,closesttotheMiddleByzantinenotation.Onlyatthebeginningthefallingthirdis notindicatedbythelatersystematicuseofthepnevmata.Butthechangetothelowerregisterisindicatedbythechamil()inthesecondlineaherthekolon.

Neverthelessamongthethreeheirmologiatheoldestonepresentsthemostchanges,and,althoughitwaswrijenabout150yearsaherNeilosvisit,itisineveryrespecttheclosestonetotheoraltransmissionamonghiscontemporaries.

Thiswasalsotrueforthethirdode,whichservedasmodelforthenextfourakrosticha(5th8th).26Itchangestothechromaticgenosbythegreatsignintheolderheirmologion,butwhilethephthoranenanreignsthroughthewholeodeintheConstantinopolitanredaction,itisresolvedagainbythephthora nana(xron).Aherthisresolution,themelosjumpsbackintothelowregistertoswitchbackintothediatonicmelosofchos plagiosdevteros.

26ThesecondodedoesnotexistintheheirmosaccordingtothegoldenkannofJohnDamascene.Itisnotusedatallintheheirmologianowadays,whileitwassungincertainheirmoiofthefasteningtime.AlthoughthefeastofSt.Benedictisonthe21March,Neilosparticularchoiceoftheheirmoshasnosecondodeinitskann.

Ex.8:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.84

26

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

ThetextofthefirstakrostichoncreatedoverthethirdodemodelreferstoanepisodeofS.BenedejosVita:

, Revealingthedivinegrace youhavemade thebrokenkneadingtrough new,

andyouhavewithdrawninacave, for36months, obeying. toRomanservantofChrist.

Alaterreadermightsuspectthatthesewordsweremeantasanallusiontothepolemicazymondebate70yearslater27,butinhissituationNeiloswouldhavehardlytalkedaboutbreadif hehadknownabouttheselatercontroversies.Hewasratherwellknownforhisemphasisontheasceticaspectsoftheanchoritetradition.28Thiswasalsohismotivationtoadmire

27Duringthe1050sthePatriarchKeroulariosaskedtheProtosynkellostointerrupttheserviceintheLatinchurchesofConstantinople,todefilethesacramentalbread,andtoclosedownthechurches,whichuseunleavenedbreadfortheeucharist.Inabout1045,theazymondebatewasusedagainstthemonophysitismproclaimedbythechurchintheArmeniankingdomAni,aheritwasconqueredbytheByzantineempire.ThepolemicbytheArchbishopLeoofOhrid,wrijenagainstLatinChristiansduringthe1050s,wasinspiredbythisdebate.28 InanepisodeofhisVitathepeasantStefanosaskedtoNeilosifhe

Ex.9:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..III,fol.186

27

OliverGerlach

andtohonourBenedictasthemasterofWesternmonasticism.

NeilosofRossanoasaguestoftheAbbeyS.BenedejodiMontecassinohadchosenarathercomplicatedmodeloftheheirmologion. Itsperformancehadnotonlytoimpress,butalsotocommunicatethedistinctionoftheGreekmonasticriteanditsindependencefromtheBenedictinetraditioninSouthernItaly.IamtemptedtoregardhischoiceasadiplomaticstrategytoconvinceAbbotAligernandhiscommunity,thatNeilosandtheGreekmonkswererecognizedasanautonomouscommunitythatwasallowedtostayinaplaceseparatedbytheAbbeyofMontecassino.ThemonksofMontecassinoinvitedNeilosandhismonkstostaytogetherwiththemintheAbbeySt.Benedict,whichwouldhavemeanttoabandonsoonerorlatertheirowntradition.ButattheendNeilosdiplomaticintentionbehindtheuseoftheGreekserviceinhonourofSt.Benedictwassuccessful:hiscommunitywasallowedtostayinanindependentlocationinValleluceaplace,whichwassituatedwithintheAbbeysestates.29

couldbecomeamonkunderthedirectionofSt.Neilos,butNeilosrefusedhimwiththewordsyouwilldieofhunger,heshouldratherenterintoacenobitemonastery.ButStefanosrepliedthatasapeasanthewasusedtohunger.Healreadyknewmonasticlife,buthedislikedit,hence,hepreferredtostayinthecavewithNeilos(Falkenhausen2010,149).29WhileNeiloswasongoodtermswithAbbotAligern,hewasdisgustedbyManso,whofollowedAbbotAligernaherthepoliticalmurderofPrinceLandenulf,butalsobyhisownprosperingcommunity,sothatheleh ValleluceandfoundedanothercommunitynearGaetathelaststationbeforeGrojaferrata.NeiloswouldcertainlynothavelikedBasilio,theonlyGreekAbbotofMontecassino,whowasrecognizedbythechroniclerLeoofOstiaratherastheprincesbusinessagentthanasanabbot(Loud2000,II,44).

28

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

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