C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
The Current Strategy of the CGIAR
Francisco ReifschneiderDirector CGIAR
June 2, 2003
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Centrality of agriculture
12%
Ag GDP/total
27%
Alldeveloping
LLDCs
2%
Industri-alized
GNP Exports Employment
Agriculture in African Economies
35%40%
70%
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Agriculture is getting back on the development agenda
• World Food Summit+5, 2002
• World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002 / WEHAB: 5 areas of importance (Kofi Annan)
• World Water Forum, 2003
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Challenges to agriculture
• Doubling of food production in 40 years
• Extreme poverty in rural areas
• Reduce ecological footprint
• Can food security gap be closed?• Case for agricultural research as a global public
good stronger than ever before
• Recovery from natural and man-made disasters
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Cereal demand: Developing world accounts for 2/3 by 2020
1974 1997 2020 Baseline0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Million metric tons
Industrialized world
Developing world
664
560
822725
1,118
1,675
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Meat demand:Explosive growth in developing countries
1974 1997 2020 Baseline0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Million metric tons
Industrialized world
Developing world
77
32
111
213
11498
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Poverty
• Predominantly rural phenomenon
• >70% of the poor live in rural areas
• It is multidimensional (lack of food, assets, credit, technologies, extension, and increasingly, knowledge)
• Poor are powerless and voiceless
• The poor risk being bypassed by the knowledge revolution
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Natural resource degradation
• 40% of world’s cropland already degraded
• 20-30% of world’s forests cleared
• 40% of fish stocks fished to their limit
• Ecological footprint of agriculture is large and growing
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Changing context and agricultural research
• Intellectual property rights• Environmental and social concerns• Market security• Accelerating pace of scientific change• Speed of change itself• Private sector investment in S&T
• Investments are large (30 to 40%) and growing, but outputs are localized
• Steep decline in public investments, but still 60%• CGIAR investments only 1.8% of public agricultural R&D
• Emergence of strong NARS, dismantling NARIS• New ‘threats’ and ‘opportunities’
(climate change, AIDS, globalization, ICT, etc.)
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Role for international agricultural research
•Agricultural research is a driver of growth in rural areas
•Partnerships are essential
• Importance of knowledge sharing, building national capacities
•Provision of public goods
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Provision of public goods
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR)
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
A strategic alliance for the 21st century
• Created in 1971• 62 public and private members• 4 co-sponsors (World Bank, FAO, IFAD, UNDP)
• 16 CGIAR Centers• Partners in academics, CSO, PS, NARIS (in
N+S)• 8,500 scientists/staff in over 100 countries• Total budget 2002: US$ 357 million
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
The CGIAR Centers
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Five CGIAR research pillars(2002)
• Increasing productivity (34%)
•Strengthening NARS (23%)
•Protecting the environment (18%)
• Improving policies (15%)
•Saving biodiversity (10%)
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
CGIAR contributions of yesterday: Green Revolution
• Diffusion of knowledge through collaboration of ARIs, NARS, NGOs, extension services…
• Impact: since 1950s Asia more than doubled yields of staple crops
• High yielding varieties averted food crisis looming in the 1960s
• Saved land
• Still spreading
• but changing external environment
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Broadening CGIAR research agenda
• Twin pillars of research for development: germplasm improvement and natural resource management
• Simultaneous achievement of productivity, environmental, and social goals
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
01-02
00-01
99-00
98-99
02-03
Growth in area devotedto low-till farming
(in ha)300,000
100,000
12,0001200
500,000• Low-till farming in
rice-wheat systems• Total area: 23
million ha• Example of yield
increase• 1.64 to 3.34 tons/ha
in India
• Partnership for impact (4 countries, 5 Centers, 6 ARIs)
• Resource conserving
CGIAR contributions of today: Rice-Wheat Consortium of
Indo-Gangetic Plains
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
CGIAR contributions of today: Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
• Has twice the amount of lysine, tryptophan – essential amino acids
• QPM planted on one million hectares, in 20 countries, boosting food, nutrition, health and income security
• In Ghana, record yields of 7 tons/ha achieved
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Vision for a new CGIAR
• Agile, world-class knowledge alliance• Working at frontier of science, linking science
and the poor• Provider of public goods that will not be
addressed by private sector research• Partnerships as key element
• US universities, GREAN Initiative, FONTAGRO platform etc.
• Resource mobilization (finance, knowledge, intellectual property)
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
CGIAR reform program
• Increase research impact through internal and external alliances
• Increase efficiency in policy formulation and decision-making
• Harness cutting edge science to help meet international development goals
• Service provision in a more effective mode
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Strategic consensus with Co-sponsors and members
• World Bank: “Reaching the Rural Poor” strategy acknowledges importance of S&T
• FAO: Strategic Framework for FAO 2000-2015 calls for cooperation to eradicate food insecurity and rural poverty
• IFAD: Strategic Framework 2000-2006 emphasizes critical role of agricultural science to reduce poverty and conserve natural resources
• USAID: strategy aims at revitalizing agricultural programs with emphasis on science-based solutions
• IDB: recognizes strategic importance of the agricultural sector for overall growth
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
New CGIAR strategic framework is in development
• To meet CGIAR goals facing new opportunities and threats
• Formulation and drafting will be a broadly consultative, participatory process involving as many stakeholders as possible
• Lead to action plan for implementation in the short and medium term
• To help define the strategic niche for Challenge Programs in the CGIAR’s research and development agenda
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
CGIAR Challenge Programs
• Approach: time-bound, innovative multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary, and multi-country
• Focus: tackling problems of global significance in agriculture and allied sectors• Water and Food• Biofortified Crops for Improved Human Nutrition
• Challenge programs are:• building new and strengthening ongoing partnerships• strengthening research for development• addressing Millennium Development Goals
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Biofortified crops for improved human nutrition
• Objectives: breeding and diffusion of new crops with improved micro-nutrient content • 6 staple crops (beans,cassava,maize,rice,sweet pot.,wheat)
• 11 additional crops (incl.: barley,sorghum,millet,lentils)
• Nutrients: iron, zinc, beta-carotene
• About 40 partners (incl.: 8 CGIAR Centers, 4 leading ARIs)
• 3 geographical regions: LAC, Africa, Asia
• Initial funding: US$ 46 million (first 4 years)
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Water and Food
• Objectives: increasing water use efficiency in agriculture while protecting the environment
• Partnership: 18 members (6 NAROs, 4 ARIs, 5 CGIAR Centers, 3 international NGOs)
• Matrix structure: 5 research themes (incl. crop water productivity improvement) and 7 benchmark river basins in LAC, Africa, Asia (incl. Nile, Karkheh, Sao Francisco)
• Minimum core budget: US$ 120 million (first 6 years)
• Some 75% of total funding is organized as open, competitive grant financing
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
Challenges of CPs
• Resource mobilization
• Strategic priorities
• Effective governance model
• Transaction costs
• Science quality
• Global public policy issues (PPP, IPR)
• Major experiment
C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H
The way forward
• Agricultural development pivotal for economic growth, poverty reduction, food security and proper environmental management
• Existing partnerships have to be strengthened for increasing impacts (MDGs); new partnerships have to be formed
• Public good research is and will be vital
• CGIAR reform process, partnerships and external environment: harnessing the opportunity is a must