CABRIO®.POWDERY MILDEW POWERWITH A COMPELLINGADVANTAGE...

CABRIO CONTROLS DOWNY MILDEW.CABRIO CONTROLS DOWNY MILDEW.

What is Cabrio?Cabrio is a highly active, new generation strobilurin fungicidethat delivers the power of pyraclostrobin to control disease whereand when it matters.

While other products may only suppress disease, Cabrio workshard to provide fast and long-lasting results that help to protect thequality of the crop.

Cabrio provides excellent control of powdery mildew, which isarguably the most costly disease of grapevines in Australia.However, Cabrio stands out from other strobilurin fungicidesbecause it provides powerful control of downy mildew as well.

Whether powdery mildew or downy mildew occur naturally in avineyard is the result of a range of factors; in the absence of aneffective spray program, weather conditions and inoculum levelsare primary determinants.

In addition, while both powdery mildew and downy mildew don’talways occur together, one disease may follow the other.

With this in mind, using Cabrio provides protection against eitherdisease under a wide range of seasonal conditions…a virtualinsurance policy against powdery mildew and downy mildew in grapevines.

How does Cabrio work?When Cabrio is applied to the plant, some of the productpenetrates the leaf surface within a short period of time. Thisquantity then diffuses within the leaf and starts to build a protective barrier against disease.

Cabrio remaining on the leaf surface then binds to form depositson and within the waxy cuticle as a result of its lipophilic nature.These deposits act as reservoirs to release the product over timefor ongoing protection.

This diagram illustrates the activity of Cabrio. In this case awheat leaf has been treated for the control of Septoria tritici.(Overseas trial data - not a registered use in Australia).

Cabrio has low solubility in water, and is subject to minimal lossdue to evaporation or washing off via rainfall.

Cabrio has excellent protectant activity and should be appliedbefore infection occurs. While it is known that Cabrio hascurative properties, the product must only be used in a protectantprogram in order to reduce the likelihood of disease resistancedeveloping.

How effective is Cabrio?Commercial experience with Cabrio over the past two seasonshas proven that Cabrio provides disease control of both powderymildew and downy mildew unlike any other strobilurin availableto Australian grape growers. Cabrio has been extensively testedin Australia for the control of powdery mildew and downy mildewin grapevines, both prior to release and in continued Nufarm andindependent research and development programs.

The following graphs summarise data generated from theAustralian development program.

Fungal Spore

Translaminar Movement

Efficacyon fungiin leaf

Cabrio

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Control Amistar

50gFlint 500WG

30gCabrio 40mL

UTC Cabrio 40mL

Flint 500WG15g

IncidenceSeverity

Rate per 100L

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

UTC Cabrio 40mL

Flint 500WG15g

Prosper 500EC60mL

IncidenceSeverity

Rate per 100L

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Comments: Grapes cv Chardonnay. A two-spray program commenced at flowering and was appliedat a 17 day interval. Leaves were assessed on February 7th 2005. Cabrio and Flint 500WG providedequivalent control of Powdery Mildew.

Comments: Grapes cv Cabernet Sauvignon. A three-spray program commenced at flowering and wasapplied at 14 day intervals. Assessment was conducted at bunch closure. Cabrio, Flint 500WG andProsper 500EC all reduce the incidence and severity of powdery mildew.

Efficacy - downy mildew (grapes % infected leaves)

Efficacy - powdery mildew (grapes % infected leaves)

Efficacy - powdery mildew (grapes % infected leaves)

Source: Dr T. Wicks, Lenswood, South Australia, 2004/2005

Sources: M. Sumner – Serve-ag, Yallingup, Western Australia, 2004/ 2005

Comments: Cabrio at 40 ml per 100 litres provided complete control of downy mildew, and wassuperior to Amistar and Flint. Cabrio and Amistar were applied at label rates, and Flint 500WG wasapplied at twice label rate.Source: BASF Data

Cabrio was applied 3 times from flowering until bunch closure.Cabrio provided satisfactory control of downy mildew comparedto the untreated control where downy mildew infection occurred.Healesville, Victoria 2004/2005.

3 applications of Cabrio Untreated

Locally systemic actionThe following photograph illustrates the locally systemic activity of Cabrio, whereby disease is controlled in untreated areas of a leaf that are adjacent to treated areas (within the yellow circles).In this case a cucumber leaf has been treated for the control of Pseudoperonspora cubensis.(Overseas trial data - not a registered use in Australia).

Translaminar ActivityOptimum disease control is achieved when Cabrio is appliedevenly to the plant surface. In addition, translaminar activitymeans that Cabrio will move between the leaf surfaces to providea level of disease control on the unsprayed surface.

The graph below shows the distribution of Cabrio in threesections of a leaf in the period between 0.5 and 192 hours after application.

The following graph illustrates the translaminar activity ofpyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin when measured on the unsprayedsurface of the leaf.

Rainfastness & extendedresidual activity Cabrio is ideal for use over the critical flowering period whenfrequent rainfall may occur. This is due to Cabrio being highlyrainfast once it has dried on the plant, with the product bindingtightly to the waxy cuticle and having a high level of resistance to subsequent rainfall events.

Field trials have shown that dew or light rainfall followingapplication of Cabrio will reactivate leaf deposits of the product,hence the period of protection against disease is optimised.

In the case below, Cabrio rainfastness was measured ontomatoes infected with Alternaria solani. (Overseas trial data - not a registered use in Australia).

Cabrio needs to beapplied throughout the seasonCabrio is recommended for application from flowering, and foroptimum results, should be applied in a preventive program ofthree sprays. While a range of spray intervals is specified on thelabel, the shorter interval should be used when conditions favourdisease development or during periods of rapid growth.

Cabrio can be applied as a dilute or concentrate spray, howeverthe same amount of product must be applied to the target regardless of which method is used.

Cabrio is a Group K Fungicide and is subject to an AVCAREfungicide resistance management strategy. A maximum of threeapplications of Cabrio or any other Group K Fungicide should beapplied in any one season.

Cabrio has a withholding period of 21 days for grapes destinedfor domestic use. For grapes destined for export wine, advice maybe obtained from Nufarm or the Australian Wine Research Institute(www.awri.com.au).

Cabrio & the environmentCabrio is not toxic to birds, earthworms and a range of beneficialinsect species. Cabrio is highly toxic to aquatic organisms.

Cabrio decomposes rapidly in soil to form harmless non-mobile metabolites.

Cabrio is packaged in a convenient 5-litre bottle, which is sufficient to prepare 12,500 litres of spray solution.

Translaminar movement on and within the leaf% Distribution

Time [hours after treatment]

100

10

1

0

upper cuticleremainder of leaflower cuticle

0.5%0.3%

86.3%

9.7%4.0%

(Cabrio was applied at 25ppm. Assessments were conducted by liquid scintillation.)

0.5 2 24 192

Source: BASF Data

Concentration [ppm]

(Cabrio was applied to the upper leaf surface. The leaves were infected on the lower side 1 dayafter treatment. Assessments were conducted at 8 days post infection.)

Control

Pyraclostrobin

Azoxystrobin

% Sporulating Area 90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 0.5 1 4 8 25 125 250

Translaminar activity against downy mildew in grapes

Source: BASF Data

Cabrio rainfastness

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Control 1 hour 24 hours

Amount ofsimulated rain

Drying time before rain

(Mean of 2 experiments with Alternaria solani on tomatoes. Disease severity evaluations were conducted at 5 days post-infection.)

None30mm60mm

Source: BASF Data

% Disease Severity

Cabrio delivers these outstandingadvantages:• Controls powdery mildew

and downy mildew

• Translaminar and locally systemic activity

• Excellent rainfastness to optimise spray applications

• Extended residual activity

Downy mildew berries source: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.

EL 27Fruit set

EL 2580% Capfall

EL 19Flowering

begins

When should I use Cabrio?

EL 31Pre bunch

closure

For optimum results up to 3 applications of Cabrio should be incorporated into a protectant program through thecritical flowering period. Use period based on AWRI recommendation.

“Trials over several years haveshown Cabrio (pyraclostrobin) tobe one of the most effectivefungicides for the control ofpowdery mildew when appliedtwice around flowering inprograms with different fungicidesused at other growth stages”, saidDr Trevor Wicks of the SouthAustralian Research andDevelopment Institute.

“The two flowering sprays alsocontrolled downy mildew in recenttrials in South Australia showingthat Cabrio is a useful fungicide toapply during the highly susceptibleflowering stage”, said Dr Wicks.September, 2005.

This publication is a guide only and no substitute for professional or expert advice. The product label should be consulted before use of any of the products referred to in this publication. Nufarm Australia Limited shall not be liable for any results, loss, or damage whatsoever, whether consequential or otherwise through the use or application of products and/or materials referred to herein.

® Cabrio is a registered trademark of BASF used under licence by Nufarm Australia LimitedFlint and Prosper are registered trademarks of Bayer CropScienceAmistar is a registered trademark of a Syngenta Group Company

© Copyright 2005Nufarm Australia LimitedA.C.N. 004 377 780

0905.04

For more information contact your Nufarm Regional Office:Phone Fax

Coastal/Central Regions 1800 267 612 1800 267 602Southern New South Wales 1800 033 038 1800 707 543Victoria/Tasmania 1800 033 038 1800 707 543South Australia/Sunraysia 1800 131 964 1800 133 206Western Australia 1800 131 964 1800 133 206

Dr Trevor Wicks - South Australian Research &Development Institute

THE SARDI PERSPECTIVE