2. The Native Peoples of California CH:1
With Californias landscape having so much to offer it is no
surprise that at the time when Europeans first made contact with
the land in 1492 that nearly one third of all Native Americans
living within the present day continental U.S. likely around three
hundred thousand, are estimated to have been living within the
present day boundaries of California. Anthropologists describe the
Native American culture as belonging to twenty-two linguistic
families in which of these categories were some 135 separate
languages.
Located in the mountainous, stream-rich northwest were the fishing
peoples: the Yuki, the Tolowa, Karok, and Yurok, the Hoopa, Wiyot,
Mattole, and Wailaki.
To the west were the people: the Wintun, the Shasta, and the
Yana.
To the coastal south were the Pomo, the Maidu, the Lileek, and the
Wappo.
Many tribes could also have been found in present day Orange
county, San Francisco and just north of that in Marin county, San
Joaquin Valley and to the east along the mountains and plains of
San Bernardino.
3. Spanish Exploration CH:2
In 1513 a young adventurer named Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an
expedition from the eastern edge of Panama into the interior.In
September 1513 Balboa and his men made the discovery of the Pacific
Ocean yet his discovery would remain unknown to the Spanish for a
decade as Balboa had been fleeing creditors and was avoiding any
contact that might send them his way.
A Spanish sailing expedition led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand
Magellan had hoped to find a new quick path to the riches of the
Indies. He set sail on September 20, 1519 with 5 vessels and 265
men. By January he had reached South America, rounded the tip of
the continent and on November 28, 1520 he reached the Pacific
Ocean. He continued on a northwest course reaching the Marianas on
March 6, 1521, and the Philippines ten days later where he was
killed on April 27, 1521 while trying to arbitrate a dispute
between the natives. One of his ships continues on the journey to
cross the Indian Ocean and reach Europe on September 6, 1522.
Magellans expedition had successfully completed the first
circumnavigation of the globe and linked Spain,the Atlantic, the
Caribbean, South and Central America, and Mexico, the Pacific, and
the Philippines into a continuum that would hold its unity until
the collapse of the Spanish empire in the early 1800s. Located at
the center of this continuum was Mexico from which the eventual
exploration and settlement of California would be launched.
Ferdinand Magellan
4. The Railroad CH:5
It had become National policy by the mid 1800s to extend the
railroad across the continent linkingthe East to West Coast and by
1860 more than thirty thousand miles of track had been laid. It was
in March of 1853 when congress directed for a commission to be set
into place a report by the Topographical Corps of the U.S. Army to
prepare a report recommending the five best routes for a
transcontinental railroad line. A three volume survey titled
Pacific Railroad Reports were presented in 1855. In California
Oliver Wozencraftwho was a member of the constitutional convention
of 1849 and engineer by the name of Theodore Judah were separately
on track to find a way to link the state of California with the
rest of the continent via railroad.
Theodore Judah traveled to Washington to lobby for federal support
for the construction of the railway which would link the west coast
with the rest of the nation. After months of failed attempts to win
support for his cause he found a winning argument that it was
paramount for the security of the nation for there to be a
continental railroad linking the two coast in the event of an
invasion of a foreign invader so that military forces could quickly
and effectively reach the west coast to defend the territory.He
also suggested that there was a possibility of dissension between
the western territories that were so disconnected from the rest of
the union and how would the rest of the nation get along without
the gold, silver, and grain from the west.? Judah had gathered the
support he needed and the pacific railway Act of 1862 was passed
and in 1864 a second act was passed allotting more funds and land
grants to the railway making the Central pacific and the Union
Pacific the two largest landowners in the Far West.
Theodore Judah