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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST
RELPA-ELMT OPEN DAY
LA MADA HOTEL, NAIROBI
26TH NOVEMBER, 2009
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Table of Contents
I. BACKGROUND. 3
II. OVERVIEW OF RELPA-ELMT, KEY ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS LEARNT.3
a) Overview of ELMTs Key achievements and lessons learnt by Cary Farley...3
b) EMT Key Achievements by Girma K. Kassa, Deputy Chief of Party, ELMT.....5
III TECHNICAL PRESENTATION ..7
Climate related vulnerability and adaptive capacity in Ethiopias Boran
and Somali Communities by Charles Hopkins, CARE Ethiopia...7
Cross-Border Programming and early Response Planning
by Ibrahim Nur, CARE Somalia.8
Involving the private sector: support to privatization of vet services
in Northern Kenya by Illona Gluecks, VSF-Suisse.10
Camel Forum in Ethiopia by Dr. Kebadu Simachew, SCUS-Ethiopia ..11
Pastoral Voice: Working with customary Institutions by Adrian Cullis, SCUS-Ethiopia 12
Pastoral land use planning and resource management: an integrated
landscape approach by Dr. Boku Tache, SOS Sahel13
Participatory interpretation of high resolution satellite imagery for the evaluation
of NR, land use and management systems by Massimiliano Rossi, LVIA..14
Pastoral GIS Atlas and web based monitoring tools to strengthen the ELMT
information and evidence base by Italo Rizzi , LVIA.15
Lessons learnt and recommendations on irrigated fodder production in Somalia
and Kenya by Mark Abaha, VSF Suisse Somalia..16
Peace Building with Customary Institutions in Northern Kenya by Abdi Billow
and Daniel Kiptugen , Wajir Peace and Oxfam BG...17
Recommendations from Regional Livestock Marketing Workshop
by Martin Nyamweya, VSF Suisse....18
Ethio-Kenya Cross-border Somali Cluster Peace Meeting Organized by CEWARN
and ELMT/ELSE/RCU by Girma Kassa, RCU.....19
Livelihood Diversification framework and Policy linkages with the Ministry of Northern
Kenya by Farouk Jiwa..20
The View from Here by Walter Knausenberger, RELPA Manager, USAID/EA...22
IV. CLOSING..23
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I. BACKGROUND
The Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle (ELMT) Program aims to increase the self-
reliance and resiliency of the population through improved livelihoods in drought prone pastoral
areas of the Mandera Triangle, the cross border area of Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. The two
year program started on 31st August 2007 and was the field-based component of USAIDs
RELPA Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle (RELPA) program which
included a policy and co-ordination component: PACAPS, as well as support to COMESA.
The ELMT program was implemented by a Consortium led by CARE Somalia comprising:
CARE Kenya, CARE Ethiopia, Save the Children/US (SC/US), Save the Children/UK (SC/UK)
and Veterinaries Sans Frontires-Suisse (VSF-S), together with some 25 resource agencies
and local organizations.
Despite the challenges of working in such a large consortium, across three countries, in an area
constantly challenged by insecurity and drought, much has been achieved by the consortium
members working individually and collaboratively. A considerable amount of innovation has
taken place with cross agency and cross border learning and substantial scale ups in different
areas.
It is for this reason therefore that ELMT held it first open day on the 26th November 2009 at La
Mada Hotel in Nairobi, Kenya. This day provided a platform for the members to share their
experiences, lessons learnt and key achievements with the different stakeholders working with
pastoralists in the region.
Below are the key highlights of the presentations. Full versions of the presentations are
published on the ELMT Website at www.elmt-relpa.org.
OVERVIEW OF RELPA-ELMT, CARY FARLEY
ELMTs Chief of Party, Cary Farley, started his presentation by providing an overview of the
Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas (RELPA) program before giving an overview
of the ELMT component.
Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas (RELPA) program intended to support an
effective transition from emergency-relief dependency to livelihood resiliency and the promotion
of long-term economic development in dryland and pastoral areas.
Program objectives:
Increase household incomes and economic resiliency of populations living in thepastoral areas;
Reduce populations requirements for emergency assistance; Establish conditions by which pastoral areas in the HoA can participate in a broader
process of social and economic development; Support COMESA in the design of a long term regional umbrella program addressing
food security (> policy process and investment frameworks)
RELPA has four components that include:
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USAIDs Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)- to support emergency response
activities;
COMESA Secretariat - to develop policy to encourage & support pastoral economic
growth;
Pastoral Areas Coordination, Analysis & Policy Support (PACAPS) - to strengthen
regional policy interventions (COMESA) and coordinate EW & ER in the region andpromote regional conflict prevention and mitigation (RCPM);
Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle (ELMT) to undertake on-the-ground
activities to strengthen livestock-based and support complementary/alternative
livelihoods;
ELMT
GOAL: to increase the self-reliance and resiliency of the populations living in the drought prone,
cross-border, pastoral areas of Northern Kenya, Southern Ethiopia and Southwestern Somalia,
through improving livelihoods.
ELMT Objectives and Intermediate Results
Obj. 1: To reduce the requirements for emergency assistance of populations living in pastoralareas in the event of a livelihood shock;
IR1 - Livestock based livelihoods protected in the event of a drought-triggered emergency.
Obj. 2: To increase household incomes and economic resiliency of populations living in pastoralareas;
IR2 - Livelihoods enhanced by improved livestock production, health & marketing.
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IR3 - Natural resource management enhanced.IR4 - Livelihoods enhanced by strengthened alternative, complementary and enhanced incomesources.
Obj. 3: To strengthen conditions for pastoralists to participate in broader social and economicdevelopment processes.
IR5 - Strengthened capacity of organizations and systems in peace building, civil governance &conflict mitigation.IR6 - Pastoral area voice in dryland policy formulation and implementation strengthened at alllevels.
The consortium work is informed by community interests and need, innovations and thinking
outside the box and sharing information.Challenges:
Slow start-up in the beginning Since ELMT is a multi -faced program, bringing different
partners together to work in synchronization took a lot of time. Working in harmony within the consortium at the beginning was also a major challenge.
The various Government and Ministrys recognition and appreciation of the collaboration
also took time. Start up phase took about 12 months. This was an experience, essential
for the growth of ELMT.
Insecurity in many of the areas of operations leads to slow progress.
Next steps
ELMT is coming to a close and an application for an extension until June 2010 has been sent to
USAID. In addition, an external evaluation has just been completed and the evaluators have
advocated for a second phase of both RELPA and ELMT. Recommendations were made for
bridging funds between phase 1 and 2 and the importance of financing a longer term program 10-15 years programs.
ELMT Key Achievements and Lessons Learnt by Girma K. Kassa, Deputy Chief of Party,
ELMT
Girma Kassa started by highlighting the aims of the ELMT program which include addressing
the recurring crises and chronic vulnerability in the Mandera Triangle to improve the resiliency
and livelihoods of people in the same geographic area (N. Kenya, Southern Ethiopia and W.
Somalia).
ELMTS Key Achievements/outputs:
New thinking / Innovations in the fields of: Early Response planning for better preparedness-
better response by continuously is assessing the crisis/drought calendar. This initiative was lead
by SCUK working in partnership with PACAPS; Other areas of new thinking include in animal
health services linking Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) to community drug stores
and private drug supply services (VSF-Suisse piloted this in Kenya and Somalia) and in Natural
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Resource Management (NRM) where participatory NRM Mapping and the use of GIS has been
introduced into the communities.
Catalytic: ELMT initiated dialogue between different agencies like CEWARN, NSC, MDNKAL,
MoFA on conflict resolution, peace building and development. Round table discussions between
MDNKL and the business community to fast track investment opportunities in Northern Kenya
were also held.Crossborder/regional: A Cross-border
Peace meeting was held in Moyale to link
cross border peace structures (communities
and government) and establishes a
framework for peace council. In addition, a
Regional Livestock Marketing Symposium
(LMS) was held in Nairobi, Kenya to
promote learning from best practices in
the region. Over 44 different stakeholder
groups from the Horn of Africa were
represented including pastoralists, traders
and policy makers. The Camel Husbandry
and Health training was held and this
eventually led to the formation of the Camel
Forum in Ethiopia, a collaborative venture of
VSF, CETH and SCUS.
ElderssayingaprayerattheMoyalePeaceMeeting/Photo/GirmaKassa
Other Major outputs include;
The LMS Report titled working towards best practice-400 pages will published soon by
AU-IBAR.
Testimonies and views from pastoralist on climate change might be presented inCopenhagen by the consortium partners.
There are plans to publish a Natural Resource Management book titled Towards
Participatory Rangeland Management.
Rangeland Monitoring Manual by Impala Research (upcoming)
ELMT-RELPA Website (www.elmt-relpa.org)
Information on RELPA partners and ELMT activities, GIS monitoring
Monthly Technical Bulletin- with key documents, events and issues
ELMT Newsletter on experiences and lessons learnt
Key Lessons
-Implementation versus shared learning and building cross-border linkages
-Need to be more focused on strategic, cross-border issues
-Need to nurture common values and principles between partners
-Closer coordination and ownership.
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II TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS
Climate related vulnerability and adaptive capacity in Ethiopias Borana and Somalia
Communities by Charles Hopkins, CARE Ethiopia
CARE International in Ethiopia and Save the Children-UK Ethiopia country office commissioned
a study on the climate-related vulnerability and adaptive capacity in Ethiopias Borana and
Somalia Communities. This study was conducted by International Institute for Sustainable
Development (IISD), IUCN and CARE International.
The objective of the research was to undertake a comparative analysis of the climate-related
vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Borana and Somali pastoralist communities in Ethiopian to
determine how they have changed over time and how they relate to climate change.
The results of this analysis are intended to provide the Government of Ethiopia, civil society
organizations, and international donors a basis for improved development programming and
advocacy
Analysis of climate change vulnerability
The main climate-related hazard affecting pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Borana
and Shinile is drought. Other climatic and non-climatic hazards affecting livelihoods include -
conflict; locust/pest infestation; bush encroachment, land degradation, extreme heat, livestock
diseases and human diseases (mostly malaria).
Vulnerability to these changes varies with time, geographic location, and economic, social, and
environmental conditions. Climate change impacts on pastoralism and agriculture are therefore
highly region- , livestock- and crop-specific, determining whether they result in net benefits or
losses. For example, in Ethiopia, the productivity of many livestock, pasture and crop species is
expected to decrease. Most of the natural, financial, human and social resources on which
Borana and Shinile communities depend are already significantly affected by climate-related
hazards.
Community suggested strategies for responding to climate change
Short-term coping strategies include:
- Migration of livestock to better pasture lands- Migration of young men to nearby towns and across borders to find employment- Early selling of weak and old animals- Reducing the amount of food consumed-External assistance / food aid
Long-term coping strategies:
- Modifying livestock diversity, composition and numbers;
- Diversifying livelihood activities
- Haymaking, collection and preservation
- Maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of water infrastructure
- Education
- More effective, efficient and participatory management of natural resource
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Recommendations
To the Government of Ethiopia:
- Re-evaluate the place of pastoralism in Ethiopias sustainable development
- Protect andenhance pastoral livelihoods through the development and implementation
of appropriately-targeted economic development, social protection and relief strategies
- Improve coordination, communication, and information-sharing between differentgovernment agencies from national to the local levels
To civil society
- Usingtraditional knowledge and starting from what people are already doing on the
ground
- Understanding climate-livelihood linkages in an intervention area;
- Improving information and knowledge-sharing
To international donors
- Donors should allow enough funding flexibility to enable practitioners to adjust
interventions in the face of climate change uncertainties.
- Donor funding should include funds for emergencies and contingencies to provide
projects and programs with adequate resources to address climate-related emergencies
without threatening the achievement of program/project goals and objectives
- Donors should also promote the integration of climate change adaptation considerations
into development programs, projects, and policies
The video produced alongside the study No Time to Recoverwas played.
The video, policy brief and full report of the research is posted on the ELMT website
Cross-Border Programming and Early Response Planning by Ibrahim Nur, CARE Somalia
Issues in cross border areas include mobility, conflict, natural resources management,
emergency response, livestock diseases and trade. The Mandera Triangle is large, remote and
insecure and it also brings together different countries with different operational context.
Achievements realized through ELMT include- Cross border interventions including community
dialogues (Dolow Ado/Dolow Somalia) on peace building and conflict resolution to improve
access to grazing by CARE Somalia; Cross-border livelihood situation updates by SC/UK were
disseminated to all partners bi-monthly; Garissa cross border contingency planning between
agencies working in Somalia and Government officials (organized by the District Steering
Group/Arid lands, CARE Somalia/ CARE Kenya and VSF-Suisse); cross border peace meeting
in Moyale Ethiopia under the umbrella of CEWARN with support from CARE Somalia (RCU);
SCUK staff in Ethiopia worked with PACAPS/FEG in developing cross border livelihood profile
(Mandera/Suftu) that will inform cross border programming and the fodder study that was done
in Mandera Kenya , Dolow Somali and Dolow Ado
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Learning and sharing of experience:
Camel Husbandry training by VSF Suisse was held in Ethiopia; there was also a workshop on
prosopis held in Nairobi-Kenya led by SC/US in collaboration with CARE Somalia; Holistic
Rangeland Land Management training in Kenya by CARE Somalia (RCU); Policy advocacy
training for consortium members and partners from the three countries by RECONCILE/CARE
Somalia; training of trainers on Fodder production by KARI/KASSAL for all the three countriesin Mandera- Kenya organized by VSF-Suisse in collaboration with CARE Somalia; cross border
NRM mapping in Moyale Ethiopia for all partners from the three countries by SC/US.
Lessons learnt
Pastoralists treat these cross border areas, as one economic unit. Therefore, to be effective in
enhancing pastoralists livelihoods we need to look at this larger picture. There is also need to
understand the dynamics of pastoral livelihoods across these areas more clearly e.g. in terms of
mobility, pastoralists coping strategies to hazards such as drought.
There is a symbiotic relationship between communities across these borders, so programs
should build on this for example in Garissa/Afmadow where Garissa serves as market for
livestock from Lower Juba while Lower Juba serves as a drought reserve for pastoralists from
larger Garissa district of Kenya
Cross border programming requires coordination and engagement on both sides of the border
with Government, other agencies and even donors. It is involving and requires better planning
and commitment particularly in terms of staff time. The crisis calendar is a very useful tool in
early response planning.
Challenges
- Insecurity particularly the deteriorating situation in Somalia is making work difficult
- Large and remote area with poor infrastructure
- Cross border livelihood analysis is lacking
- Different operational context for example no central government in Somalia to relate to,
though district authorities and council of elders provide some semblance of governance
Way Forward
- Support cross border livelihood analysis that can inform cross border programming
- Raise awareness on the value added for cross border programming to enhance pastoralists
livelihoods
- Once there is an understanding and support from all parties develop cross border
contingency plans involving the different actors-communities, Government, NGOs.- Link cross border contingency plans to national level plans.
- Support capacity building of district-based institutions and communities in early response
planning using the crisis calendar.
- Create synergies between the different cross border interventions disease control, peace
building & conflict resolution, livestock trade etc.
- Address issues of policy arising out of cross border work such as livestock trade & disease
control, mobility, conflict, community policing etc.
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Involving the private sector: support to privatization of vet services in Northern Kenya by
Ilona Gluecks, VSF-Suisse
Problem statement: There is only one private veterinarian practicing in the area even though
unexploited potential for vet services exist. Large areas therefore do not benefit from regular
supply of quality drugs and veterinary services and in addition the existing vet drug stores onlysupply most basic drugs.
Although CAHWs have tried to bridge the gap they are not legally recognized. Surviving on
animal health service delivery alone turned out to be difficult as Emergency Projects tended to
subsidized CAHWs for their services and Community ownership/management of vet drug stores
has shown to be a non successful concept.
Objective: Enhance/enable privately run drug stores to provide regular veterinary services and
quality drugs to pastoralist communities in Northern Kenya in a legal and sustainable way.
Approach:
- The selection of privately run agrovet stores or interested people to run a business.- Selection of private supplier
- Linking selected drug store owners and private supplier
- Ensuring legality
- Linking CAHWs to Agrovet Stores
- Selection of active CAHWs in the area (together with Agrovet Store Owner and DVO)
- Training/refresher of CAHWs (incl. business training)
- Linking CAHWs and Agrovet Stores
- Awareness creation among communities
- Supply of Kit to CAHW on the same Shared Risk Model
- Issuing printed Treatment Forms
Monitoring:This was done usingTreatment Forms, Orders (crosscheck with Agrovet Stores)
and on job training
PIA Findings
Financial performance
- Stock turn over for CAHWs increased from 19.5% before to 80.5% after intervention
- 51,000 animals treated, in average 177 cases per month, average monthly profit USD 35
sufficient incentive to motivate CAHW to continue working
- Private supplier planning to expand as agrovet store financially stable
- Drought as a challenge, pastoralists spend money on water and food and less on vet
Quality of CAHW treatments
- Case fatality rate from CAHW-treated animals significantly lower than from owner-treated
animals;
- Knowledge on the use of antibiotics needs to be strengthened;
- Knowledge on camel diseases needs to be strengthened PIA;
Conclusions andRecommendations:
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- Service provided by CAHWs had a positive impact on livelihoods as it substantially
reduced disease related livestock fatalities;
- Improvement still needed;
- Policy environment for CAHWs in Kenya
- Using private sector during disasters (e.g. voucher system to offer treatments through
private sector);
Reactions and Discussions from the Participants
What kind of forum, vision should be used in livestock emergency efforts: lobbying and
advocacy is being done and policy brief for ELMT on this subject has been done and is on the
website.
The Camel Forum in Ethiopia by Dr. Kebadu Simachew, SCUS-Ethiopia
Overview
Ethiopia stands third in African camel population in the world with estimated number of 2.3
million camels. Generally two main camel breed types identified by pastoralists on their milkproduction ability and body size are the Arogg and Ayyon. Husbandry practices are completely
traditional with a herd structure of 1:25 and may go up to 1:50.
Grazing on natural range land is the main source of camel feed. Female camels donot reach
puberty before five years, and age at first calving is 7 years and calving interval is 2 years. Calf
mortality is usually more than 50% on average. Milk production lactation yield ranges from 1090
to 2165 l, and 3.5 - 5 liter per day with 7.5 liters at peak while live weight of camel on average is
400kg for male, yielding 211kg carcass weight. An adult working camel can be exposed to a
draught force level of 1.77-KN without reduction of its draught force output. This huge camel
resource is not utilized properly and constrained by several factors including camel health
problems, inadequate husbandry practices, inadequate information on camel breeds, lack of
clear strategy and knowledge gaps on camel production.
Initiative on camel development
CARE Ethiopia, SC/US and VSF-Suisse as part of ELMT/ELSE took the initiative on camel
development in Ethiopia with prior emphasis on capacity building on camel health, management
and husbandry. A ToT training was organized in two phases on April and August targeting 35
professionals and camel practitioners from regions of Somali, Oromia, Afar and SNNRS.
Camel Forum Ethiopia:This forum was formed as a result of a conference held in Ethiopia on
Camel Development. Participants fully endorsed the establishment of the forum and expressed
their goodwill to be members. The steering committee will be chaired and hosted by the Ministryof Rural and Agricultural Development (MoRAD).
This forum was set up to promote improved camel health, management production and
marketing in Ethiopia, encourage collaborations and networking, for training and research,
documentation, Advocacy sensitization and policy support. It is open to all individuals and
institutions that have principal interest in camel matters
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-Build skills and capacity and improve accountability
-Focus institutions to address fragmentation and land tenure issues
-Links to policy makers
Reactions and Discussions from the Participants
- There are a lot of harmonized pastoralists Customary Institutions in Ethiopia.- Need to push for sustainable livelihood protection alternative livelihoods systems for the
pastoralists. Livelihood diversification leads to sustainable protectionism.
Pastoral land use planning and resource management: an integrated landscape
approach by Dr. Boku Tache, SOS Sahel
Why landscape approach: Environmental variability and resource mosaics in functionally
interconnected landscape units (e.g. mountain forests, plains and hills)
Grazing Systems in Borana Rangeland include: Two macro regions (Liiban & Dirree) separated
by the Dawa River; Liiban two grazing zones of Golba & Gubbaa, Dirree Five grazing zones
(Wayaama, Goomolee, Malbee, Golboo, Dirree [tulaa wells region])
Scaling up (adopting the dheeda approach): Methodology
Stakeholders consultation (institutional basis, under one shade) to create shared understanding,
common vision & direction in NRM
Output
- Two pilot grazing zones visualized, key rangeland resources identified and their current
conditions assessed in 5 districts.-Framework developed for Dheeda level CAPs
-Foreseen Challenges (planned sedentarization)
Conclusion
Maintain integrity/interconnectivity of all elements of the landscape to ensure its support to
sustainable pastoral livelihoods; ensure coherent governance of the landscape as a whole and
Institutional empowerment for landscape management and sustainable pastoralism
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Participatory interpretation of high resolution satellite imagery for the evaluation of NR,
land use and management systems by Massimilliano Rossi, LVIA Ethiopia
As a sub-grantee of CARE Ethiopia, LVIAs main focus was on cartographic aspects of NRM
mapping. LVIA carried out a participatory mapping activity based on interviews with Customary
Institutions. This was coupled with cartographic support observations (satellite images).
A test phase was conducted in Oromiya and Somali
regions of Ethiopia in mid 2009 with the following
findings: Communities could locate themselves on
the cartography and recognize easily their local
environment and features on the land. There was
need of re-setting some technical issues in terms of
support (type of images, resolution, scale and the
interview questions (check list was modified).
The next phase was the preparation which involved
interview protocols preparation, interview organization
in the field and areas selection and support selection.
In total 13 focus groups were formed composing of 3-
5 people from rheeras, three women representatives, three Das and one PA leader.
Communitymemberstryingto'locate'wheretheyare.Photo/M.Rossi
Findings:
Elderswere able to demark non formal administrative boundaries,
Young scoutscould easily track the mobility and migration patterns,
Womencould identify agriculture and grazing reserves patterns,
After the preparation phase, was the digitization of the exercise and final results were asfollows:
- More the 2,400 Sq Km were mapped with high accuracy and digital data delivered to the
federal government.
- IK (indigenous knowledge) was taken into account;
- The activity allowed integration of different knowledge systems through different
approaches;
- The exercise provided an interpretation tool for analysis and study of local territorial
systems;
- All information collected can act as a evidence base to support pastoral policy and
interventions.
Discussions and reactions from the participants
How do you address issues of expensive GIS software and transfer of capacity in the field to the
practitioners and the policy makers? What next after the process has been carried?
One possibly application of the technology is in pastoral training courses for policy makers and
also in policy advocacy by the pastoralists themselves. Oromiya region has been identified as it
has a mandate to have a GIS unit and their work can be integrated into the mapping work.
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There is need to establish a channel of analysis and communication with policy makers about
the use and evolution of the resources. Tool can be used for evidence based discussions with
policy makers and the governments
Pastoral GIS Atlas and web based monitoring tools to strengthen the ELMT information
and evidence base by Italo Rizzi, LVIA Ethiopia
Project Goals/Objectives:Create a digital cartographic database with administrative and bio-
physical themes to highlight to governments, NGOs and other agencies the cross border
similarities in order that these are considered when programming
Datasets coverage can be summarized into three different type:
Local Datasets:High accuracy, produced under small or pilot cartographic projects, (mainactors are NGOs, local governments);National Datasets: Medium accuracy but still with standard problems at regional level. Mainproducers are central governments and development agencies.
Regional Datasets: Low accuracy but good geographical consistency and level ofstandardization (main actors are International organizations, Developments agencies incollaboration with governments)
Challenges:
- Lack of attribute information: Some datasets available on the web or kindly provided by
national and regional stakeholders were lacking of attributes (good geographical quality,
low information contents)
- Edge Matching and Geographical Conflicts problems: Especially along the country
borders, datasets had overlapping of matching problems
- Legend standardization in combining the different national datasets
Utilization of Mandera Triangle Pastoral Atlas
- Data are available in digital format (CD supported);
- Data can be used by any organization, government and agencies working in Mandera
Triangle as a general information support and support development interventions;
- Further numerical data analysis on resources distribution could support sectors priority
identification on a common geographical base;
The whole cartographic database is available and downloadable on the RELPA/ELMT web-site
at:http://www.elmt-relpa.orgon a dedicated page of Pastoral Atlas
Lessons learnt and recommendations on irrigated fodder production in Somalia and
Kenya by Mark Abaha, VSF Suisse Somalia
VSF-S Approach
This activity was carried out: directly, through sub-grants in Somalia (DFCS, MODA),
demonstration Plots in Kenya, training centers, seed bulking, training and learning visits (KARI).
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DFCS Approach:DFCS is a local CBO in Dollow Somalia 73 of the 375 were involved.. The
approach was to engage riverine farmers who are members of the cooperative to produce
fodder. VSF also supported the farmers with training & seeds on cost-sharing basis
Achievements:- Skills improvement; 14 Kenya, 31 Somalia, 73 - DFCS and 65 MODA - Somalia
- Seed production - Somali and Kenya for the farmers and for the market
- Fodder available to pastoralists during drought periods
- Fodder production enhanced e.g. DFCS: Over 9, 000 Bales in store
- Cross learning Study tour (29 on commercial viability of fodder as an IGA and
diversification of livestock breeds)
- Increased incomes;
- Collaboration- KARI/KASAL Rangeland reseeding (37 trained on rangeland reseeding,
suitable rangeland grasses, seed commercialization, importance of seed multiplication
and seed banking)
- Replication: 120 additional farmers have taken up fodder production- MODA: 65 farmers from the Somali - Bantu community (Marginalized)
PIA indicated:
Over 90% survival of the animals for contact farmers while non-contact farmers
recorded higher percentage of mortality
Farmer interviewed indicated increase in milk production
Core breeding animals (cattle and shoats) sustained during drought period
Lessons Learnt
-Training of farm help and managers enhanced production
-Agro-pastoralists need more than just fodder production training (other crops information)-Multiplier effect of seeds has increased seed availability and more farmers engaged
Recommendations
-Harmonize on approaches with other organizations
-Scaling up fodder production (250,000 ha potential available)
-Fodder Farmers Traders link to be developed
-Training of peri urban livestock owners
-Seeds multiplication through local institutions (DFCS MODA)
-Commercial seeds through drug stores
Reactions and Discussions from the Participants
Fodder when the program started it was hard to get seeds in Kenya and they had to be
imported from Ethiopia. However this has changed as a result of the project. Fodder farms in
Mandera and Rapsu are now selling their fodder to the local government for supplementary
feeding for livestock.
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How viable is fodder production through irrigation cost of irrigation especially in the use of
motor pumps is expensive. Gravity irrigation costs are much lower .- Considering going into
intergraded cropping, using crops that are used for human use e.g. maize stalks. It is important
to note that the fodder being produced only provides support during drought only and not
throughout the animals life.
Fodder production is driven by demand. What are the costs of producing fodder; is it
commensurate with market price of livestock farmers are given seed and have capabilities of
fueling the pump and irrigating fodder. This is the selection criteria. Fuel and labour are the
costs incurred by the farmers.
Peace Building with Customary Institutions in Northern Kenya by Abdi Billow and Daniel
Kiptugen , Wajir Peace and Oxfam BG
Why customary institutions? : CIs understand the geography of the area well and have a good
picture of the situation and hence good analysis. Northern Kenya has porous and vastinternational borders that are not well secured. CIs also provide healing and reconciliatory
home-grown solutions and also command respect and has large constituency. They are also
easily available and accessible.
Actors: Customary institutions mainly involve traditional leadership structures like clan leaders,
respected elders, religious leaders, and mentored youth and to some extent women leaders.
Role of traditional institutions: Identify conflict early warning indicators, Map conflict spots,
Analysis analyse conflict trend, actors etc, response and mitigation- rapid response to conflict
early warning indicators and mitigate and dialogue, reconciliation, trauma healing and mediation
and recovery of stolen properties.
Why Establish Early Warning Desks
To be accountable - to funders, managers, colleagues, partners, beneficiaries
To steer- identify how our plans need to be modified to achieve aims and objectives
To learn - so that our experience helps us to be more effective next time
Monitoring Desks: These were established to allow actors to systematically and proactively
ensure that conflict analysis and updating of conflict maps inform local level, national and
regional actors to contribute to a program course that is cost effective, to ensure efficient and
timely early warning response using conflict sensitive lens, to avoid duplication and reinventing
the wheel amongst actors among other reasons.
Achievements
-Established 15 conflict early warning desks-improved linkages from local to regional levels
formed and trained 3 new peace committees
-Sensitized DSG members on conflict sensitive programming and improved programming.
-Enhanced cross border linkages, improved security and improved resource sharing.\
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Lessons Learned
- Traditional institutions are effective and efficient even where state agencies are
nonexistent or weak.
- Blending traditional and modern systems of justice improves human safety and security.
- Conflict is dynamic and there is need to develop new strategies to mitigate its effects.
- Conflict early warning desks are vital in monitoring and designing response for conflicts -Traditional institutions have good knowledge management systems.
- Peace building and conflict management is a collective responsibility.
Reaction and Discussions from Participants:
This presentation highlights the importance of customary institutions. Much impact has been
realized and a national level structure for peace set up from the national levels to the grassroots
and lifting policies at different level. Peace declarations have also been documented. Provincial
declarations are also being reviewed to feed into the national declarations.
Security issues transcend boundaries and this has been consolidated from the local to the
regional level. Peace campaign framework from Kenya has been blended with the IGAD and a
rapid response fund has been created.
Recommendations from Regional Livestock Marketing Workshop by Martin Nyamweya,
VSF Suisse.
Preamble:Improved marketing of livestock and livestock products is critical to the reduction of
poverty and enhancement of pastoral livelihoods. Rapidly growing domestic, regional and global
demand for livestock products offers great market opportunities. Pastoral livelihoods are under
threat from deteriorating rangelands, cycles of drought, inaccessibility of markets and
information, animal diseases, insecurity and conflict, marginalization, policy etc.
Conclusions
- Improved marketing of livestock and livestock products is critical to the reduction of
poverty and enhancement of pastoral livelihoods
- Rapidly growing domestic, regional and global demand for livestock products offers
great market opportunities
- Pastoral livelihoods under threat: deteriorating rangelands, cycles of drought,
inaccessibility of markets and information, animal diseases, insecurity and conflict,
marginalization, policy etc
- Cross border trade in livestock should be accepted and institutionalized
- The significant role private sector plays in improvement of pastoral livestock marketing
- Governments, with support from development partners, actively engaged in pastoral
livestock development initiatives
- Disproportionate focus on cattle in livestock initiatives need to diversify
- Livestock are highly taxed commodities
Recommendations
A. Best Practices for livestock marketing
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- Efforts in building producer associations for collective access to markets: enhancing the
bargaining power
- Market information systems: scaled up to benefit pastoralist marketing initiatives.
- Livestock value chain analysis (e.g. Value Addition Information Management System)
used
- Effective application of drought early warning for off-take management strategies- The export of chilled carcasses rather than live animals
- Provision of financial including Islamic banking services for pastoral livestock value chain
actors
B. Policies for supporting and promoting livestock marketing
- Deliberate pro-pastoral policies designed to mitigate the myriad of constraints in a
holistic way.
- Specific policies for the marketing of pastoral livestock and livestock products
C. Role of Pastoralist Communities
- Pastoral communities should organize themselves for collective marketing of their
livestock & products
- Pastoral communities should be pro-active in lobbying governments, donors and
development partners
- Study exchange visits for pastoralists to learn from other successful livestock marketing
strategies.
Ethio-Kenya Cross-border Somali Cluster Peace Meeting Organized by CEWARN and
ELMT/ELSE/RCU, Girma Kassa, RCU
Overarching objective of the meeting was to start a process for sub-regional cross-border peace
building framework.
Related objectives
-Map out on going conflict management and peace building activities
-Link and strengthen community led and government peace initiatives and structures
-Encourage building trust and confidence
Participants included Pastoral elders and representatives CBOs and local NGO, Provincial
commissioners and regional admin representatives, Police and security personnel, district and
Wereda administrators. The meeting was presided over by the Hon. Mohamed Elmi Kenyas
minister for the Development of Northern Kenya and Arid Lands and H.E Dr Shiferaw T,
Mariam, Minister of FA of Ethiopia.
Causes and triggering factors of conflict:
- Inter-clan tension over establishment of new districts/weredas
- Role of local spoilers/ politicians
- Proliferation of small arms and ammunitions-Spillover from Somalia/Sudan
- Taunting and inciting songs, insults
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Recommendations
- State must provide unequivocal support to community led peace processes
- Local politicians, MPS must be committed to the peace process and refrain from being
spoilers
- Pastoralist elders and community representatives should lead and revamp their peace
activities- Work on a process for the establishment of a sub-regional peace framework
- Reward communities/districts that maintain peace
- Sanction and punish individuals that foment conflict
- Customary institutions to cooperate with state organs in handing over spoilers, criminal
elements to face the law.
Activities for next 3-6 months
1. Strengthening cross-border local/CEWRU peace structures
-series of peace meetings with youth,
-establishing addition peace organs
2 Sensitizing MPs, police, security to secure ownership and buy-in
3 Support a peace process by Boran, Gabra and Garee elders.
Livelihood Diversification Framework and Policy linkages with the Ministry of Northern
Kenya by Farouk Jiwa
An Overview of the Ministry of State for the Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid
Lands:
Ways of Working:
Coordination - Coordinates development policy in Northern Kenya and other arid areas;
provides clear & coherent leadership across government; complements & amplifies efforts to
make sum total of governments work more effective. Location in Office of Prime Minister gives
it necessary convening power. Ministry is time-bound.
Implementation- Delivery of government plans in target areas is for most part still done through
line ministries. However, Ministry will implement selected flagship projects and piloting new
approaches which add value to the work of others.
Policy, Legal and Institutional Reform - Ministry has finalised the draft policy for the arid and
semi-arid lands and submitted to Cabinet for approval. Ministry is systematically working to
remove any policy, legal or administrative impediments to development in the north of Kenya.And it will strengthen key institutions, both formal and customary, which are critical to planning,
NRM and peace-building.
Key Priorities:
Physical Infrastructure
Human Resource Capacity
Investment & Partnerships
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Peace and Security
ELMT Engagement with Ministry for N. Kenya and other Arid Lands
Human Resource Capacity
Ministry Staff Capacity
Ad-hoc advisory support to Ministry Staff on various issuesAcumen Fund Fellows opportunity
Education Foundation for Northern Kenya
Light-touch support: AKU, KCDF, Board Members Recruitment
Pastoralism/ Northern Kenya Curriculum Development consultations with Kenyan Universities.
Functional Literacy for Adults in Northern Kenya
- Development of Functional Literacy Curriculum
- Kenya Institute of Education & Ministry of Education Roundtable
- Training Adult education Teachers in Functional literacy opportunity
- Job Placements Initiative, BDS Voucher Scheme
Northern Kenya Investment Fund opportunity
Investment
Eco-Tourism Assessment
- Assessed different best practice eco-tourism models in N. Kenya
- Reviewed key dimensions: Funding, legal & financial counsel symmetry, ownership,
environmental impact, social impact, viability, community dividends and elite capture
- Shared the findings with 35 eco-tourism sector stakeholders at roll-out event-
- Provided a brief to Ministry for N. Kenya to be reviewed for inclusion in Vision 2030
Annex
- Helped start the conversation within CARE Kenya about our position on eco-tourism outcome still pending
Northern Kenya Investment Fund
This is a regional social venture fund model (as opposed to private equity or sectoral fund)but it
is envisaged that this will be a Fund++ like the Atlantic Canada Opportunity Agency (ACOA) set
up to stimulate investment and job creation in economically & geographically marginalized
Maritime Provinces of Canada.
It will be modeled on experiences from setting up CARE Enterprise Partners (now $100 million
Africinvest) and as IFC investee, etc. Ad-hoc guidance from Enablis, Acumen Fund, IFC-BPI,
GroFin, etc. Also MRRD Afghanistan. Consensus has been reached that NKIF will operateoutside of Government of Kenya ring-fenced from Treasury, Ministerial appointment changes.
The fund will be managed by independent professional fund managers and debate is on
Impact Investing community on venture fund vs. simulated social venture fund approach still
on-going.
Phase I (completed)
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- Consultative meetings with key organizations across the financial services sector
MFIs, Commercial Banks, Social Venture Funds, DFIs (and eventually donors)
- Consultative meetings with selected BDS providers IFC, TechnoServe, etc
- Consultative meetings with businesses (SMEs) in N. Kenya or those interested in
investing
- Good opportunity to raise awareness of N. Kenya needs and Ministry in the sector- Mapping of financial services sector with interest in N. Kenya
Phase II (underway)
- Jointly develop a Northern Kenya Investment Fund (NKIF) Framework has already
generated considerable interest among financial sector stakeholders. First formal
consultative meeting to be held on 1st December 2009 (next week): Limited to 30 pax
- Identify specific areas for policy changes to encourage financial sector deepening in N.
Kenya.
- Based on feedback, develop a draft NKIF Framework
- Quiet consultations and review with selected financial services stakeholders
- Larger Meeting on NKIF framework to be presented in mid-January 2010
Phase III
-Elaborate structure, governance, management and investment policies of NKIF
-Another round of review with selected stakeholders
-Set up fundraising strategy for NKIF
-Establish capitalization target for both BDS & Fund: ($20 Million estimated)
-Quiet fundraising phase for NKIF approach turn-key donors and projects who are more likely
to invest and invest.
-Wider fundraising for NKIF, leveraging funds committed / secured
Phase IV
Launch the Northern Kenya Investment Fund
The view from here by Walter Knausenberger, RELPA Manager, USAID/EA
RELPA launched with Famine Prevention Funds intended to:
- Validate promising potential solutions to chronic vulnerability
- Be innovative and catalytic, while flexible
- Leverage resources of other partners
- Promote institutional and policy reform to stimulate growth
Major Achievements include:
- Evidence that the Famine Prevention Fund intentions have been advanced
- Key policy changes endorsed by Councils of Ministers of Agriculture & Env.
- Facilitation of cross border livestock trade
- Establishment of long term livestock development in the COMESA region (ACTESA)
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- COMESA pioneering a regional approach and mechanism addressing Transboundary --
Animal Diseases in the HoA in cooperation with the Middle East livestock trade partners
and other key stakeholders (IBAR, IGAD, ILRI, FAO, USDA)
- ELMT-RELPA achieved breakthrough working with CEWARN in organizing the recent
cross-border peace framework meeting held in Moyale
- Evidence that resilience of pastoralists has been increased, e.g. Business DevelopmentServices, and functional literacy /numeracy training; private veterinary services in remote
drylands.
- Number of vulnerable households assisted (72,714) greatly exceeded target (13,541)
- Leveraging of ECHO funds Regional Drought Decision program, project co-hosted by
ELMT Reg. Coordination Unit (30 M Euros) among others.
Challenges/Opportunities:
- Achieving true regional synergies and more holistic paradigm-shifting approaches to reversing
the downward spiral in drylands
-Transformative ideas need much greater emphasis, e.g. ways to revive customary community
institutions, land tenure, trade, livelihoods and peace initiatives must be linked
-Truly effective coordination, synchrony, linkages across actors
Future of Pastoralism in Horn of Africa
- Transformative wide-area pastoralism-favoring management lifescapes to govern access to
wet and dry season grazing
-Holistic planned grazing through customary drylands management systems, e.g. linked to
Boran gadasocio-political governance
-Integrally linked to livelihoods, trade and peace maintenance support structures, full
government buy-in to community-led productivity initiatives
-Foster private entrepreneurship, e.g., private veterinary services, fodder production & greatlyexpanded haymaking and storage practices
CLOSING
The Chief of Party thanked all the presenters and participants for attending the open day saying
that in future ELMT would have more of such forums where different stakeholders can share
experiences and lessons learnt.
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