11
Can there be a truly Green Building or Can there be a truly Green Building or Eco-city without a Data-based Eco-city without a Data-based
approach?approach?
QINGPENG WEI, Ph.D.QINGPENG WEI, Ph.D.Building Energy Research CenterBuilding Energy Research Center
Tsinghua University, ChinaTsinghua University, China
3rd US-China Green Energy Conference
20100622, Suzhou, China
22
BERCBERC Building Energy Research CenterBuilding Energy Research Center Established in March, 2005; Sprouted from Institute of Built Environment, THUEstablished in March, 2005; Sprouted from Institute of Built Environment, THU
General InformationGeneral Information
MissionMission Devote to develop energy efficient Devote to develop energy efficient and environmentally responsible and environmentally responsible buildings and cities in accordance buildings and cities in accordance with national and international with national and international energy and environmental targets energy and environmental targets through innovation.through innovation.
33
Solar thermalpanel Plant roof
Insulated walland window
Light well andVentilation chimney
PV panel
Double-skin façade, External ventilation
Double-skin façade, internal ventilation
Vacuum glazing
Sunlight Collect system
Man-madeWet land
HorizontalExterior Shading
VerticalExterior Shading
Double-skin facade, natural ventilation
PCM risenfloor
Self cleaningglass
Green house
Low-E TripleGlazing Controllable
aperture
Low Energy Demo Building: An Integrated PlatformLow Energy Demo Building: An Integrated Platform
44
City electricity network
PV panel
Liquid Desiccant Regenerator
Solar thermal collector FAHU with Liquid Desiccant Total Heat Recovery
Frequency changeable pump
Fan coil unit
Radiant Cooling/ Heating Ceiling
Personal ventilation
Displacement ventilation
LampSunlight collector
Soil resource heat pump
Electricity
Natural gas
Absorption heat pump
Stirling engine
Fuel cell
Micro turbo
Exhausted heat
Gas engine
Chiller
Heat exchanger
Liquid Desiccant Tank
Temperature control
Humidity
control
55
Can there be a truly Green Building or Can there be a truly Green Building or Eco-city without a Data-based Eco-city without a Data-based
approach?approach?
66Owens (USGBC), Frankel, Turner (NBI), 2008
77
Typical Multi Family Bldg. in BeijingTypical Multi Family Bldg. in Beijing
A. 5 floors, 1981 Split unit
B.18 floors, 1996, Split unit
C. 26 floors, 2003 Split unit
D. 26 floors, 2004, Unitary AC
E. 26 floors, 2005, Centralized AC system
88
Measured Electricity Use for ACMeasured Electricity Use for AC
02468
101214161820
A B C D E
20062007
kWh/m2.year
99
Case2: AC in Summer in Res. Bldg. Case2: AC in Summer in Res. Bldg.
• Measured Electricity Use of Air-Measured Electricity Use of Air-Conditioners in Each Household in a Conditioners in Each Household in a multi family apartment in Beijingmulti family apartment in Beijing
0123456789
101112131415
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
住户编号
空调
能耗
指标 (
kW
h/m
2 )
平均值 2.3 kWh/m2 Average 2.3kWh/m2
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n of
Coo
ling
Sys
tem
(kW
h/m
2)
Apartment No.
0123456789
101112131415
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
住户编号
空调
能耗
指标 (
kW
h/m
2 )
平均值 2.3 kWh/m2 Average 2.3kWh/m2
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n of
Coo
ling
Sys
tem
(kW
h/m
2)
Apartment No.
Elec
tric
ity C
onsu
mpt
ion
of C
oolin
g Sy
stem
0123456789
101112131415
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
住户编号
空调
能耗
指标 (
kW
h/m
2 )
平均值 2.3 kWh/m2 Average 2.3kWh/m2
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n of
Coo
ling
Sys
tem
(kW
h/m
2)
Apartment No.
0123456789
101112131415
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
住户编号
空调
能耗
指标 (
kW
h/m
2 )
平均值 2.3 kWh/m2 Average 2.3kWh/m2
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n of
Coo
ling
Sys
tem
(kW
h/m
2)
Apartment No.
Elec
tric
ity C
onsu
mpt
ion
of C
oolin
g Sy
stem
1010
Case studyCase study :: Campus BuildingsCampus Buildings
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
摄氏
度
费城北京
B A
1111
Observations on A Campus in BeijingObservations on A Campus in Beijing
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
电扇 分体空调 中央空调
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
电扇 分体空调 中央空调
Electricity of Campus Buildings (A), kWh/m2.a
Average: 30
Average: 64
Average: 82
Buildings with Fan Only
Buildings with Split AC Units
Buildings with Centralized AC System
1212
Observations in Campus in PhiladelphiaObservations in Campus in Philadelphia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94
kWh.
a/m
2
Electricity of Campus Buildings (B), kWh/m2.a
Excluding District Cooling Plant
Served with District Heating / Cooling (DHC) System
1313
Metered Cooling Consumption DataMetered Cooling Consumption Data11 22
Cooling Consumption in Buildings in a summer weekCooling Consumption in Buildings in a summer week
Buildings in USBuildings in US
W/mW/m22
Buildings in BJBuildings in BJ
1414
Reheat Fighting with CoolingReheat Fighting with Cooling• A typical Air Handling Process in a US bldg: A typical Air Handling Process in a US bldg:
VAV + ReheatVAV + Reheat22 ℃
17℃ 21℃ 14℃ 20℃
Cooling CoilVAV box withRe-heaterCooling: 264kW
Heating: 228kW
22 ℃
17℃ 21℃ 14℃ 20℃
Cooling CoilVAV box withRe-heaterCooling: 264kW
Heating: 228kW
1515
Think of it… Think of it…
ECBCS ExCo Meeting, Oxford, United Kingdom, November 2009
IEA ECBCS Annex 53 Total energy use in buildings - analysis and evaluation methods
16
Influencing Factors on Total Energy Use in Buildings
Weather
Building Envelop
BuildingEquipment
Operation & Maintenance
OccupantBehavior
Indoor EnvironmentConditions
Building Performance Energy UseEnergy Use
By Prof. Yoshino
1717
EUI per capita vs. EUI per GFAEUI per capita vs. EUI per GFA
Source: International Energy Outlook 2008, EIA DOE, 2008
Canada, 155
France, 132
Netherlands, 37
USA, 1431
Japan, 245
Greece, 27
Urban China,342
Germany, 143
England, 227
Korea, 81
Rural China, 187
0
20
40
60
80
0 2000 4000 6000
EUI_ca: kgce/(ca.a)
EU
I_fl:
kg
ce/(
m2
.a)
million tce
1818
Evolution of Energy Use in Bldg.Evolution of Energy Use in Bldg.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1945 1960 1975 1990 2005
kgce
/(m
2.a
)
USA Japan Korea Urban China Rural China
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1945 1960 1975 1990 2005
kgce
/(ca
.a)
USA Japan Korea Urban China Rural China
Per capitaPer capita Per GFAPer GFA
Source: International Energy Outlook 2008, EIA DOE, 2008
1919
Global Ecological FootprintGlobal Ecological Footprint
Source: A Living Planet, WWF Report, 2005
2020
Data-based ApproachData-based Approach• Goal SettingGoal Setting
– Maintaining the real energy use in urban Maintaining the real energy use in urban consumption sector within a certain figureconsumption sector within a certain figure
• Policy MakingPolicy Making– Designed and conducted based on analyzing and Designed and conducted based on analyzing and
understanding the real energy use dataunderstanding the real energy use data– Evaluated after implementation through Evaluated after implementation through
measured or surveyed real energy use data on measured or surveyed real energy use data on which the policy is supposed to influencewhich the policy is supposed to influence