Carbon Capture & Storage(CCS)Carbon Capture & Storage(CCS)
Method to reduce Method to reduce carboncarbon
Capture COCapture CO22 from from point sourcespoint sources Coal plantsCoal plants
Store it, not release itStore it, not release it Could reduce Could reduce
emissions 80-90% emissions 80-90% from plantsfrom plants
ProblemsProblems
Capturing COCapturing CO22 requires much requires much energyenergy About 25-40% About 25-40%
more fuel for coal more fuel for coal plantsplants
Would result in Would result in higher prices for higher prices for energyenergy
Where to Store COWhere to Store CO22 (Sequestration) (Sequestration)
Geological Geological FormationsFormations
Deep OceansDeep Oceans MineralsMinerals
CostsCosts
Depends on cost of Depends on cost of capture and storagecapture and storage Depend on where Depend on where
storedstored
Storage in salt or Storage in salt or depleted oil fieldsdepleted oil fields $0.5-8.0/CO$0.5-8.0/CO22 ton ton
injected + $.10-.30 for injected + $.10-.30 for monitoring (2003 oil monitoring (2003 oil prices)prices)
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Could cut cost of CCSCould cut cost of CCS Used to increase oil Used to increase oil
production from fieldproduction from field Inject COInject CO22, Nitrogen, or , Nitrogen, or
steamsteam Gases expand, force oil to Gases expand, force oil to
well borewell bore Improves recovery up to Improves recovery up to
30%30% ½ - 2/3 CO½ - 2/3 CO22 returns, rest returns, rest
remains in reservoirremains in reservoir Canada Example –Canada Example –
SaskatchewanSaskatchewan Inject 18 million ton COInject 18 million ton CO22 Recover 130 million more Recover 130 million more
oil barrelsoil barrels In this case, more COIn this case, more CO22
emissionsemissions
CCS Environmental EffectsCCS Environmental Effects
Reduction of Reduction of COCO22 up to 90% up to 90% depending on depending on plantplant
Energy required Energy required for storagefor storage Means more fuel Means more fuel
useuse Pollutants Pollutants
increase = dirty increase = dirty airair
Removing CORemoving CO22
Post CombustionPost Combustion Pre CombustionPre Combustion
Fuel oxidizedFuel oxidized Eventually generate COEventually generate CO22
and Hand H22
COCO22 removed removed
Oxy fuel combustionOxy fuel combustion Burn in oxygen, not airBurn in oxygen, not air Produce COProduce CO22 and H and H22OO Remove water by coolingRemove water by cooling Store COStore CO22 Requires lots of energyRequires lots of energy
Geological Storage (Sequestration)Geological Storage (Sequestration)
Inject in:Inject in: Oil & Gas fieldsOil & Gas fields Depleted Coal seamsDepleted Coal seams Salt depositsSalt deposits Saline filled basaltsSaline filled basalts
Problems with oil fieldsProblems with oil fields Limited distribution and sizeLimited distribution and size Increase emissions with EORIncrease emissions with EOR
Coal SeamsCoal Seams CO2 adsorbs to coal surfaceCO2 adsorbs to coal surface Coal must be permeableCoal must be permeable Will displace methane adsorbedWill displace methane adsorbed Can burn methane, produce CO2Can burn methane, produce CO2
Salt depositsSalt deposits Large storage volume, commonLarge storage volume, common Not much is known about themNot much is known about them
Ocean StorageOcean Storage
Inject COInject CO22 by ship or by ship or pipelinepipeline COCO22 dissolves in deep dissolves in deep
waterwater
Inject to deeper than Inject to deeper than 3000m3000m COCO22 denser than denser than
waters, forms lakewaters, forms lake
Convert COConvert CO22 to to bicarbonatebicarbonate
Store COStore CO22 in clathrate in clathrate hydrateshydrates
Problems with Ocean StorageProblems with Ocean Storage
COCO22 kills organisms kills organisms
COCO22 increases acidity increases acidity of waterof water
After 1600 deep After 1600 deep ocean circulates to ocean circulates to surfacesurface
ExpensiveExpensive
Mineral StorageMineral Storage
Minerals have Mg and CaMinerals have Mg and Ca Add COAdd CO22, convert to , convert to
carbonatescarbonates
Minerals are commonMinerals are common Carbonates are stableCarbonates are stable Must have Must have
environmentally friendly environmentally friendly methodmethod
Must be economically Must be economically feasiblefeasible
Problems with CSSProblems with CSS
Leakage from Leakage from geological geological formationsformations Well selected Well selected
site, COsite, CO22 trapped trapped millions of yearsmillions of years
1000-3000 1000-3000 meters in Oceanmeters in Ocean 50-80% CO50-80% CO22
retained for 500 retained for 500 yearsyears
Mineral storage Mineral storage no leakageno leakage
Other MethodsOther Methods ReforestationReforestation
Use COUse CO22
Already used in BrazilAlready used in Brazil Deforestation Deforestation
contributes 20% of contributes 20% of COCO22 in atmosphere in atmosphere
Forest preservation Forest preservation from logging, from logging, clearingclearing
Leave carbon in the Leave carbon in the groundground Requires alternative Requires alternative
energy sourcesenergy sources
More MethodsMore Methods
Substitute bio-based fuels Substitute bio-based fuels for fossil fuelsfor fossil fuels
Conservation tillageConservation tillage Leave some percentage of Leave some percentage of
biomass in groundbiomass in ground Carbon sequestered in soilCarbon sequestered in soil
Rotational grazingRotational grazing Enhances soil Enhances soil
sequestrationsequestration
Harvest dead/old treesHarvest dead/old trees Bury in trenches in soilBury in trenches in soil
Ocean Iron SeedingOcean Iron Seeding
Enhancing Enhancing productivity in oceansproductivity in oceans Add ironAdd iron Plants/algae grow, use Plants/algae grow, use
up COup CO22
Synthetic TreesSynthetic Trees
Removes CORemoves CO22 by combining by combining with mineralswith minerals
Air flow through sodium Air flow through sodium hydroxide (NaOH) inside treeshydroxide (NaOH) inside trees
Creates NaCreates Na22COCO33 liquid liquid Liquid pumped to sediments Liquid pumped to sediments
below oceanbelow ocean Stored for millions of yearsStored for millions of years
1 tree removes 1000x more 1 tree removes 1000x more than real treethan real tree
250,000 trees need to remove 250,000 trees need to remove 22 billion tons of CO22 billion tons of CO22 produced produced annually from fossil fuelsannually from fossil fuels