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SKELETAL SYSTEM • 1) Components
– Cartilages
– Bones
– Tendons & ligaments
– joints
• 2) FUNCTIONS
– Structural support
– Protection of various regions of the body
– Storage: minerals & bone marrow
• 3) Movements???? 1
Cartilage and Bone Tissues
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Cartilage • 1) characteristics
– Avascular & No innervation
– Chondroblast vs. chondrocytes
– Lacuna
– Extracellular matrix - “Resilient tissues”
• Semi-solid
• dense collagen
– Perichondrium
• 2) types
• 3) Location
– throughout the body 3 4
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
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Growth of Cartilage • 1) Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton
stops growing
• 2) Growth pattern
– A) Appositional growth
• From periphery
• Perichondrium – external: dense irregular CT
– internal: chondroblasts
– B) Interstitial growth
• From within
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Bone • 1) Characteristics
– A) Extracellular matrix
• Minerals + fibers
– B) cells
• Osteogenic cells
• Osteoblasts vs. Osteocytes
• Osteoclasts
• 2) Functions
– Supports and protects
– Muscle attachment site
– Storage 11
Compact Bone
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Compact (dense or cortical) bone • 1) characteristics
– dense outer layer
• 2) osteon (Haversian system)
– A) Osteons run parallel to the shaft of the bone
– B) Components
• perforating (Volkmann's) canals
• central (Haversian) canal
• Canaliculi
• Lamella
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Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
• 1) characteristics
– internal network of bone
• Trabecula: thin plates of matrix
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Classification of Bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones Irregular bones
Sutural or Wormian bones
•Carpal •tarsal •patella
•Skull •Scapula •Sternum •Ribs
•Vertebrae •Ethmoid •Sphenoid •pelvic
17 Figure 6.3
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Long Bone
• 1) Diaphysis
• 2) Metaphysis
– epiphyseal line vs. plate
• 3) Epiphysis
• 4) Medullary cavity
• 5) Nutrient artery
• 6) Membrane
– Periosteum vs. endosteum
• 7) Sharpey’s fibers 19 20
Flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones
• 1) Contain bone marrow
– no marrow cavity
• 2) Diploë
– Internal spongy bone of flat bones
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bone development
• 1) Intramembranous
– bone develops from fibrous CT
– flat bones of skull, clavicle
• 2) Endochondral
– bone develops from a pre-existing cartilage model
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Bone Growth
• 1) bone growth
– Appositional
– interstitial
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Bone Remodeling
• 1) dynamic living tissue
– Bone deposit and removal
• At periosteal and endosteal surfaces
– Age
• Osteoblastic activity
• Osteoclastic activity
• Protein synthesis
• 2) Osteoporosis
– low bone mass
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Skeleton
• 1) Bones
– 206 or 210???
• 2) divisions
– Axial skeleton
– Appendicular skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
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Skull
• 1) Houses brain & special sense organs
• 2) Structures
– A) Cranium • Paranasal sinuses
• cranial fossae
• Fontanels
– B) Face • framework of the face
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Cranial Bones
• 1) Temporal Bone
– Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
– zygomatic arch
• 2) Sphenoid bone
– keystone of the skull
– Sella turcica: pituitary gland
• 3) Ethmoid
– Nasal septum
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Facial Bones
• 1) Vomer
– Nasal septum
• 2) Palatine bone
– palate
• 3) Zygomatic bone
– Zygomatic arch
• 4) Maxillary
– palate
– “keystone” bones of the face
• 5) mandible
– Largest, strongest bone of face
• 6) Lacrimal bone
– Lacrimal fossa • lacrimal sac
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Hyoid Bone
• 1) Characteristics
– Acts as a movable base for the tongue
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Vertebral Column • 1) Functions
– protects spinal cord
– Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
• 2) major segments
• 3) Curvatures
– ↑flexibility and stability
– Primary vs. Secondary curvature
• 4) intervertebral disks
– nucleus pulposus
– Anulus fibrosus
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Thoracic Cage • 1) bony framework of
chest
• 2) Structures
– A) vertebrae
– B) Ribs • Classification
• Intercostal spaces vs. subcostal space
– C) Sternum • Jugular notch
• Sternal angle
• Xiphisternal joint
– D) costal cartilages 35
Landmarks
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Appendicular Skeleton
• 1) structures
– A) Pectoral girdle • Clavicle
• scapula
– B) Pelvic girdle • Transmits weight of upper
body to lower limbs
• Pelvic bones
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Upper Limb
• 1) Brachium
– Humerus • Glenohumeral joint
• 2) antebrachium
– Ulna
– radius
• Hand
– Wrist (carpus)
– Palm (metacarpus)
– Fingers (digits)
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Pelvic Girdle
• 1) Coxal bones
– A) bones
– B) Acetabulum
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bony pelvis
• 1) True vs. false pelves
– A) Pelvic brim
• 2) Openings
– A) Pelvic inlet
– B) Pelvic outlet
• 3) gender differences
– A) Female pelvis • Childbearing
• Lighter, wider, shallower
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Lower Limb • 1) Carries the weight of
the erect body & locomotion
– A) thicker and stronger bones
• 2) Femoral
• 3) Leg
– A) Crural vs. sural
• 4) Foot
– A) Arches • distribute the weight of
the body
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Arthrology • 1) joint vs. articulation
• 2) Place of contact between parts of the skeleton
• 3) Inverse relationship: stability vs. mobility
– axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton
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Classification of Joints
• 1) Structural classification
– A) Fibrous joint
– B) Cartilaginous joint
– C) Synovial joint
• 2) Functional classification – range of motion
– A) Synarthrosis: FIXED JOINT
– B) Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
– C) Diarthrosis: freely movable
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Fibrous Joints • 1) Sutures
– Short CT fibers
– Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
• 2) Syndesmoses
– longer CT fibers
– Diarthrosis (radius –ulna)
– Synarthrosis (Tibia-fibula)
• 3) Gomphoses
– periodontal ligament
– Synarthrosis
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Cartilaginous Joints
• 1) Synchondroses
– Hyaline cartilage
• 2) Symphyses
– Fibrocartilage
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Synovial Joints
• 1) Joint cavity
• 2) articular capsule
– Fibrous capsule
– Synovial membrane
• 3) Articular cartilage
• 4) Reinforcing ligaments
• 5) Articular Discs
– Temporomandibular joint
– Knee join
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movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
• 1) Gliding
• 2) Angular movement
– A) Abduction vs. adduction
– B) Flexion vs. extension
– C) Rotation
• Medial vs. lateral rotation
• Pronation vs. supination
– D) circumduction
• circular movement (rotation around another bone)
• distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the proximal end remains stationary
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Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Subclassification of Synovial Joints
• 1) Uniaxial
– bone moves in 1 plane
• 2) Biaxial
– bone moves in 2 planes
• 3) Multiaxial
– bone moves in >2 planes
Uniaxial plane • 1) Planar (Gliding) Joints
– Side-to-side motion
– Intercarpal & intertarsal
– sacroiliac joints
• 2) hinge Joints
– flexion & extension
– Elbow, knee
– interphalangeal joints
• Pivot joints
– Rotation
– Atlanto-axial joint
– Radioulnar joint 56
Bi-axial plane
• 1) Condylar joint
– Wrist joint (radiocarpal)
– Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle)
– atlanto-occipital joint
• 2) Saddle joint
– Carpometacarpal joint
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Multi-axial
• 1) Ball-&-Socket Joint
– Angular and rotational movements
– Hip & shoulder joints
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Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
• 1) bags of lubricant between
– muscle & ligament
– tendon & bone
Special movements
Elevation vs. depression protraction vs. retraction
Special Movements
supination vs. pronation opposition
Special Movements
Inversion and eversion Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.