VertebratesFish, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles,
Mammals
Biology B
Section 30-1
Nonvertebratechordates
fishAmphibians
ReptilesBirds
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
Nonvertebrate Chorodate
• Choradate– Dorsal hollow nerve cord– Notochord– Pharyngeal pouches– Tail that extend beyond anus
• Nonvertebrate Chorodates– Tunicates and Lancelets
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
TailAnus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollownerve cord
Notochord
The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
b
3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates
1. Endoskeleton. Supports larger animal size. Grows with animal (No molting!)
2. Backbone and cephalization. Well-developed brain with sensory organs. Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.
3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart. 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be separated
into oxygenated or deoxygenated. More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.
Endotherms and Ectotherms
• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by external environment.– Fish, amphibians, reptiles
• Endotherm: Body temperature is regulated by internal processes.– Mammals, birds
Section 33-2
Environmental Temperature (°C)
Bo
dy
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Temperature Control in Chordates
Section 33-1Diversity of Chordates
Characteristics of fish• Live in water.• Overlapping scales that cover skin.• Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming).• Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have one).
– Why do many sharks never stop swimming?• Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water).• Gills (blood and water flow in opposite directions;
more efficient oxygen absorbtion and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and closing flaps; sharks)
Section 30-2
Muscle
Kidney
Vertebra
Stomach
Pyloriccecum
Swimbladder
Esophagus
Spinalcord
GillsBrain
Urinarybladder
Anus
Reproductiveorgan
Intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
HeartOperculum
Mouth
The Anatomy of a Fish
Section 30-2
Bulbus ArteriosusVentricle
AtriumSinus Venosus
Bodymusclecirculation
Digestivesystemcirculation
Gills
Heart
Brain andhead
circulation
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Circulation in a Fish
Oxygen-poor bloodfrom the veins collects in the sinusvenosus.
Blood enters theatrium and flowsto the ventricle.
The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus.
The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills.
Fish: Life Cycle• Varied strategies.
– Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon: external.
• Generally, lay many more eggs than they need.– Many are never fertilized.– Many more are fertilized than the
environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this wasted effort on the part of the fish?)
Cut Throat
Rainbow
Characteristics of Amphibians
• Live both in water and on land.
• Four strong limbs.• Nictating membrane: see through
second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both land and in the water?
• Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land? Water?
Amphibians: Energy and Wastes
• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept moist.
• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped circulatory system. – What is that? Why is that a good thing?
• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into lungs, circulatory system changes
• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the frog.– In water excrete, on land retain.
Section 30-3
Adult FrogAdult Frog
Young FrogYoung Frog
Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs
TadpolesTadpoles
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
The Life Cycle of a Frog
Characteristics of Reptiles
• Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation).
– Keratin: A hard, water-resistant protein (human hair and fingernails, bird feathers).
• Usually carnivores.• Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles
have 4 chambers).
• Ectotherms.– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?
Rafekie
The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)
• Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.
• Yolk: food source.
• Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.
• Chorion: regulates gas exchange.
• Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell is porous (gas can exchange through it).
• Allantois: stores wastes.
Section 31-1
AllantoisEmbryo
Shell
Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
The Amniotic Egg
The chorion regulatesthe transport ofoxygen from thesurface of the eggto the embryo andthe transport ofcarbon dioxide,one product ofrespiration, in theopposite direction.
This baglike structurecontains a yolk thatserves as a nutrient-richfood supply for the embryo.
The amnion is a fluid-filled sacthat surrounds and cushionsthe developing embryo. Itproduces a protected, wateryenvironment.
The allantois stores thewaste produced by theembryo. It also servesas a respiratory organ.
Characteristics of Birds• Adaptations center around flight…
– Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross braces.
– Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift.
– Fused bones (ligaments are heavy).
– Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of weight).
• Shape of the wings gives lift.• The one reptilian characteristic of birds is their
scale-covered legs.
Section 31-2
Esophagus
Crop
Liver
Firstchamberof stomach
Gizzard Smallintestine Cloaca
Pancreas
Air sac
KidneyHeart
Lung
Brain
When a bird eats,food moves downthe esophagus andis stored in the crop.
1
As digestion continues,the food moves throughthe intestines.
4
Undigested food isexcreted through thecloaca.
5
Large intestine
The muscular wallsof the gizzard squeezethe contents, while small stones grind the food.
3
Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard.
The Digestive System of a Pigeon
2
You Eat Like A Bird…
• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to maintain their high metabolism.
• Feathers – trap body heat.
• Unique respiratory system – air flows one-way.
• Crop Gizzard Intestines.– Figure 26.18.
Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird
• Toronto Blue Jays World Series 1992-1993 Champions
Characteristics of Mammals
• Endotherms – hair.
• Mammary glands – produce milk.
• Large, well-developed brains.
• 4-chambered heart, double-looped circulatory system.
Variety of Mammals• Size
– Smallest: shrew (weighs less than a dime)
– Largest: whale (100,000 kg; 32 elephants)
• Speed– Slowest: Two-toed sloth (1
meter/15 seconds)– Fastest: Cheetah (400
meters/15 seconds)– Humans (150 meters/15
seconds)
• Environments
Mammals: Movement and Energy
• High-speed running: long bones and flexible hip and shoulder joints.
• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth structures.
• Diaphram: More gas exchange.
• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas exchange.
Section 32-1
CARNIVORE HERBIVORE
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolarsallows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
Chisel-like incisors are used forcutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivoresuse them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
Jaw jointJawjoint
WolfHorse
The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
Mammals: Types of Life Cycles
• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying eggs (duck-billed playtpus).-
• Marsupials: Give birth to small, immature young that then further develop inside the mother’s external pouch (kangaroo).
• Placental mammals: Babies develop inside the mother’s body (95% of all mammals).
The PlacentaSection 39-4
The Success of Mammals
• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest part of the brain; makes processing information and learning possible.
• Care of the Young: Development inside the mother; care of the young for the first year(s) of their life.
Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Response
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Response
Section 33-3
Gills and diffusion
No true chambers
Gills andgill slits
Simple; mass of nerve cells
Gills and diffusion
No true chambers
Gills andgill slits
Simple; mass of nerve cells
Non- vertebrate Chordates
Gills and diffusion
No true chambers
Gills andgill slits
Simple; mass of nerve cells
Non- vertebrate Chordates
Gills and diffusion
No true chambers
Gills andgill slits
Simple; mass of nerve cells
Gills/air sacs
Single loop; 2 chambers
Kidney andgills
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Gills/air sacs
Single loop; 2 chambers
Kidney andgills
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Simple lungs and skin
Double loop; 3 chambers
Kidney andgills
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Simple lungs and skin
Double loop; 3 chambers
Kidney andgills
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Lungs
Double loop; 3 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Lungs
Double loop; 3 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; small cerebrum
Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)
Double loop; 4 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; large cerebrum
Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)
Double loop; 4 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; large cerebrum
Lungs (alveoli)
Double loop; 4 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; large cerebrum
Lungs (alveoli)
Double loop; 4 chambers
Kidney
Cephalization; large cerebrum
Compare/Contrast Table
Function fish Amphibians (adult)
Reptiles Birds Mammals
Section 33-3
Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System
fish MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS
The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates
Movement
Reproduction
TemperatureControl
Movement
Reproduction
TemperatureControl
Section 33-3
Muscles,no bones
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Muscles,no bones
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Muscles on either side of backbone
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Muscles on either side of backbone
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Amphibians (adult)
Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Amphibians (adult)
Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments
External fertilization
Ectothermic
Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization; shelled egg
Ectothermic
Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization; shelled egg
Ectothermic
Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization; shelled egg
Endothermic
Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization; shelled egg
Endothermic
2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization and development
Endothermic
2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments
Internal fertilization and development
Endothermic
Compare/Contrast Table continued
Function Non- vertebrate Chordates
fish Amphibians (adult)
Reptiles Birds Mammals
Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
The Digestive Systemsof Vertebrates