Chap 2: Presenting Data in Tables & Charts
Excel Tutorial
Analysis Tool Pack
• In order to obtain Data analysis option (which contains various statistical functions) in your Excel menu you need to install “Analysis Tool Pack”
• In order to Install ITP follow the following commands
In the main menu select
Tools/Add-inns
In the Add-inns options Check the first two options
Press ok. This will add the option of Data Analysis in the Tools menu
Frequency Distribution
Example 2.12 (pg # 57)• Using Excel to make
• Frequency Distribution
• Percentage Distribution
• Cumulative Percentage Distribution
• Solution:• We take the class interval as 7. Which means
that there will be 7 classes in the frequency distribution of electricity costs during the month of July for the sample of 50 one-bedroom apartments.
=f4 –f5
Class boundaries will be prepared manually using the drag option according to the interval of 19
To find the frequencies select
the frequency column.
Do not select the label !!
Then Press the functions button and choose the
option of
Frequency
Select the data array. Costs of electricity bills of 50 houses
(A2:A51)
Add the range of upper class boundaries In the bins array .
(H2:H8)
Press ctrl + Shift + Enter
DO NOT PRESS OK !!
Frequency Distribution of electricity costs of 50
one-bedroom apartments during the month of July
2001.
Calculate the midpoints of the classes by taking
the average of UCB and LCB of each
classM.P of First class= (100.5 + 81.5)/2= 91
Relative Frequency and
Percentage Distribution
To calculate the relative frequency we divide the frequency of the class with the total frequency.
For exampleR.F of first class = 4/50 (G3/G$10)We add the dollar sign so that the denominator stays the same when we drag the cursor down
Sum of the R.F’s should be equal to 1 or very close to it
To calculate the “relative percentages”
we multiply the R.F’s by 100
Sum of the Relative Percentages should be
equal to 100
Cumulative Percentage Distribution
Add another class at the bottom of the classes
C.P shows the % of values falling below a particular class. C.P for the first class is 0. For remaining classes it is obtained by adding R.P and C.P of the previous class
Graphical Presentation of Data
• Different graphs and charts are used for the graphical presentation of data. In this demonstration we shall cover
• Histogram
• Percentage Polygons
• Cumulative Percentage Polygon
• Bar Chart
• Pie Chart
• Pareto Diagram
For making
• Histogram
• Percentage Polygon
• Cumulative Percentage Polygon
Which are the graphical tools for presenting Quantitative Data
We use example 2.12 on page 57
Select Tools/data analysis from the main menu
Select Histogram from the Data analysis menu
Check the chart output check box
PRESS OK
Select the Upper class boundaries as the bin
range
Select the input range as the 50 sample values
This is the Histogram for the data but it
requires some adjustments as there
should be no gaps between the bars of the
Histogram
Right click on the bars of the Histogram and select the option of Format Data series
Select Options and reduce the gap
width to 0
There is no gap between the bars
now
Make other necessary adjustments for better
presentation
Percentage Polygon is formed by having the midpoint of each class represent the data in that class and then connecting the sequence of midpoints at their respective class percentages.
Choose the chart wizard from the main menu. Select line graphs and then select the
first option In the second rowfor making the line graphs
and then click next.
Select the relative percentages in the
data range.
Select Series option.In Category (X) axis labels enter the mid
points range. Then Click Next
Add titles for the X and Y axis series
and the chart titles. Then click finish
Enhance the diagram by removing
unwanted labels and using better
coloring.
Optionally, to remove/change
background color, select the graph – right click – select Format Plot Area
To obtain the Cumulative Percentage Polygon. We repeat the same process
by selecting C.P’s in place of R.P’s
Mid point of the additional class has
also been calculated
• For the purpose of making• Bar chart • Pie chart
(Used for presenting “Qualitative Data”)• We use the following table (Table 2.7 on page
61 of the book)
Fund Objective No of Funds % of Funds
Growth & Income 26 18.98
International 42 30.66
Mid cap 20 14.6
Small Cap 37 27.01
Technology 12 8.76
Total 137 100
From the chart wizard in the menu select the
option of bar chart then click Next
In the Data Range select the series (in this case the number of funds in each
category)Then select the Series
option on the top of the window
In the category (X) axis labels input the labels range (in this
case the fund objective column).
Then click Next
Add the suitable titles and click Next /Finish
Make necessary changes to make the
chart more presentable.
Bar chart can also be made for two or more series. By using other
options in the bar chart menu.
In order to make the pie chart select the
option of pie from the chart wizard
In the Data Range select the series (in this case percentage of funds in
each category).Then select the Series
option.
In Category labels select the label series (in this case the fund
objective). Then click Next
Add a suitable title for the chart
In the data labels check the options of category name and
percentage or whatever is suitable.
Then click Next
Color scheme and other aspects of the
chart can be changed by right clicking on
the chart.
• In order to prepare a “Pareto Chart” we use problem 2.29 in the book on page 66.
• Data table is as follows
Reasons for Failure Frequency
Physical Connection 1
Power Failure 3
Sever Software 29
Server Hardware 2
Server out of Memory 32
In adequate Bandwidth 1
Select PHStat /Descriptive Statistics /One-way
Tables & ChartsFrom the main menu of
PHStat
In the types of Data select the table of
frequencies
In the table of Cell Range select the
complete table and check the option of “first row contains
labels”
Check the option of Pareto Diagram and press ok
This adds three sheets on the menu of excel work sheet. The sheet named Pareto contains
this Pareto diagram.
The one way table shows the necessary calculations. Enhance the table & diagram for
better presentation.Delete the sheet
named “DataCopy”
Pareto diagram and this table shows that 90% of the time failures occur due to
only two reason Server out of Memory
Server Software
Using the same procedure bar chart and
pie chart can also be prepared for the
“Qualitative Data”Using the PHStat menu