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Internetworking
Devices
Chapter 10
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Chapter Objectives
Explain repeater
Discuss the working of a bridge and its types
Explain the working and features of routers
Explain the operation of hubs and hub configurations
Discuss the working of switch and different switching
methods
Explain gateway
Describe multi-protocol routers, brouters and layer 3switches
Explain routing protocols
Troubleshoot different networking devices
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Recall - I
Internet Protocol (IP) address is a 32 bit uniqueaddress used by computers for communication.
Classful IP addressing and Classless IP addressingare types of IP addressing.
List of classful IP addresses are: Class A address
Class B address
Class C address
Class D address Class E address
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Recall - II
Special addresses are IP addresses which arenever used on the public internet. They are
Private addresses
Loop-back addresses
Link-local addresses
Mobile IP protocol allows mobile device users tomove from one network to another while maintaining
their permanent IP address.
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Introducing Network Elements
Networking devices interconnects networks Manage data flow and network traffic
NetworkingDevices
Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches Routers GatewaysOther
Devices
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Show Repeater through CBT
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Hubs - I
Simplest and low cost device Also known as Multi-port Repeater
Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater
Data transfer to all the ports Hub types:
Active hub Provides signal regeneration
Passive hub No signal regeneration
Intelligent hub
Provides management of each port
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Operation of Hub
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Hubs Configurations
Hub
Configurations
Standalone Stackable Modular
Hub configurations can be used to expandnetworks.
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Bridges - I
Layer 2 devicesas it works atData Link Layerof the OSI model
Interconnectmultiple LANsand managesdata flow
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Working of bridge through CBT
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Bridges - III
Capable of passing a frame Check Physical address
Pass frame to the specified segment
Perform error checking on the frame
Bridges
TransparentBridge
TranslationalBridge
Source-routeBridge
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Types of Bridge
Transparent Bridge common in ethernetnetwork
Translational bridge used to connect two
different network such as ethernet and tokenring
Source-route Bridge found in token ring
technology
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Bridges - IV
Features Easy to use as just plug in device
Helps in network expansion
Divides large network into small segments
Used for increasing network reliabilityDisadvantages
Frames are buffered so provides network delay
During high traffic may overload network
Does not filter broadcast packets
Expensive than Repeaters
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Switches
Provide signal flow management Replace slower hub
Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC addressfor data transfer
Data transfer to specific port
SwitchingMethods
Cut-throughMethod
Store & ForwardMethod
Fragment-FreeMethod
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Multispeed Switches
Having number of ports such as 100 Base Tand one or two gigabit ports
Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at
that speed is called auto sensing
Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred toas 10/100/1000 port
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Routers - I
Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model
Can connect nearer or far network segments
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Routers - II
Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments
Having LAN and WAN ports
WAN port connects to regular phone line ormore advanced telephone connection likeISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem
Route the packets seeing the IP address
stored in the packet Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions
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Routers - III
Decide the best route with the help of network layeraddress
Responsible for Source to Destination delivery ofpacket
For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm
Router types:
Static router Routing tables are manually configured
Dynamic router
Routing tables are automaticallyconfigured
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Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost tofind the best path
An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups androuters which are managed by a single organisation
Routing Protocols - I
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Gateways - I
Operate at all layers of the OSI model Act as gate to other networks
A default gateway is on the same subnet as yourcomputer
GatewayTypes
AddressGateway
ProtocolGateway
ApplicationGateway
TransportGateway
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Gateways - II
Address Gateway Interconnects same protocolnetworks
Protocol Gateway Interconnects different protocol
networks Application Gateway Connects two parts of
applications
Transport Gateway Connects networks at
transport layer
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Other Devices - I
Multi-protocol router supports multiplecommunication protocols
Like router, it operates at Network Layer
OtherDevices
Multi-ProtocolRouters
BroutersLayer 3
Switches
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Other Devices - II
Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge andRouter
Works at two layers, Data Link and Network
Can operate only as bridge or only as router
High performance switch operating at network layeris Layer 3 Switch
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Summary - I
Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regeneratesthe signal
Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devices as theyoperate at the Physical layer of the OSI model
A multi-port repeater is known as Hub Hubs are of three types, active hub, passive hub
and intelligent hub Active hub regenerates the signal before passing
and Passive hub does not regenerate signal Types of bridges are Transparent bridge,
Translational bridge and Source-route bridge
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Summary - II
Switch filters and forwards data to the destination Switch uses cut through, store and forward or
fragment free method for switching A router is an intelligent device which functions at
the Network layer Router is capable of connecting many network
segments even though the segments are far Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic
router The Netstsat and Route Print commands are used
to view the routing table
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Summary - III
Routing algorithms are used by the routing protocolsto determine the next port to which the packet is tobe sent
Routing protocols are of two types, interior andexterior
RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are interiorrouting protocols and BGP is an exterior routing
protocol OSPF and IS-IS uses Link state algorithm
BGP uses path vector routing
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Summary - IV
Gateway is a networking device which converts dataformat and not actual data
Backbone is a segment that connects othersegments
Multi-protocol routers support more than onecommunication protocols and works at network layer
Brouter provides combinational functions of a bridgeand a router
As name suggests Layer 3 switch operates at layer3 i.e. network layer of the OSI model
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