ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Study processes where energy is Study processes where energy is transferred as heat, worktransferred as heat, work
Heat: transfer energy due to Heat: transfer energy due to TT00 Work: transfer energy when Work: transfer energy when T=0T=0
Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object, C, thermal equilibrium with a third object, C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.with each other.
Allows a definition of temperatureAllows a definition of temperature
Internal EnergyInternal Energy
Internal EnergyInternal Energy, U, is the energy , U, is the energy associated with the microscopic associated with the microscopic components of the systemcomponents of the system• Includes kinetic and potential energy Includes kinetic and potential energy
associated with the random associated with the random translational, rotational and vibrational translational, rotational and vibrational motion of the atoms or moleculesmotion of the atoms or molecules
• Also includes any potential energy Also includes any potential energy bonding the particles togetherbonding the particles together
First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased bysystem can be increased by• Adding energy to the systemAdding energy to the system• Doing work on the systemDoing work on the system
There are many processes through There are many processes through which these could be accomplishedwhich these could be accomplished• As long as energy is conservedAs long as energy is conserved
First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics
Energy conservation lawEnergy conservation law Relates changes in internal energy to Relates changes in internal energy to
energy transfers due to heat and energy transfers due to heat and workwork
Applicable to all types of processesApplicable to all types of processes Provides a connection between Provides a connection between
microscopic and macroscopic worldsmicroscopic and macroscopic worlds
First Law, cont.First Law, cont.
Energy transfers occur due toEnergy transfers occur due to• By doing workBy doing work
Requires a macroscopic displacement of Requires a macroscopic displacement of an object through the application of a an object through the application of a forceforce
• By heatBy heat Occurs through the random molecular Occurs through the random molecular
collisionscollisions Both result in a change in the Both result in a change in the
internal energy, internal energy, U, of the systemU, of the system
First Law, EquationFirst Law, Equation
If a system undergoes a change from If a system undergoes a change from an initial state to a final state, then an initial state to a final state, then U = UU = Uff – U – Uii = Q - W = Q - W• Q is the energy transferred to the Q is the energy transferred to the
system by heatsystem by heat• W is the work done by the systemW is the work done by the system• U is the change in internal energyU is the change in internal energy
First Law – Signs First Law – Signs
Signs of the terms in the equationSigns of the terms in the equation• QQ
Positive if energy is transferred Positive if energy is transferred toto the system by heat the system by heat Negative if energy is transferred Negative if energy is transferred out ofout of the system by the system by
heatheat
• WW Positive if work is done by the systemPositive if work is done by the system Negative if work is done on the systemNegative if work is done on the system
• UU Positive if the temperature increasesPositive if the temperature increases Negative if the temperature decreasesNegative if the temperature decreases
Results of Results of UU
Changes in the internal energy result Changes in the internal energy result in changes in the measurable in changes in the measurable macroscopic variables of the systemmacroscopic variables of the system• These includeThese include
PressurePressure TemperatureTemperature VolumeVolume
Notes About WorkNotes About Work
Positive work decreases the internal Positive work decreases the internal energy of the systemenergy of the system
Negative work increases the internal Negative work increases the internal energy of the systemenergy of the system
This is consistent with the definition This is consistent with the definition of mechanical workof mechanical work
Second Law of Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Heat flows naturally from hot to Heat flows naturally from hot to cold objects. Heat will not flow cold objects. Heat will not flow spontaneously from cold object to spontaneously from cold object to hot object.hot object.
Heat EngineHeat Engine
A heat engine takes in energy by A heat engine takes in energy by heat and partially converts it to other heat and partially converts it to other formsforms
In general, a heat engine carries In general, a heat engine carries some working substance through a some working substance through a cyclic processcyclic process
Heat Engine, cont.Heat Engine, cont.
Energy is Energy is transferred from a transferred from a source at a high source at a high temperature (Qtemperature (Qhh))
Work is done by Work is done by the engine (Wthe engine (Wengeng))
Energy is expelled Energy is expelled to a source at a to a source at a lower temperature lower temperature (Q(Qcc))
Thermal Efficiency of a Heat Thermal Efficiency of a Heat EngineEngine
Thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio Thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of the work done by the engine to the of the work done by the engine to the energy absorbed at the higher energy absorbed at the higher temperaturetemperature
e = 1 (100% efficiency) only if Qe = 1 (100% efficiency) only if Qcc = 0 = 0• No energy expelled to cold reservoirNo energy expelled to cold reservoir
h
l
h
lh
h
eng
Q
Q
Q
Q
We
1
Maximum efficiencyMaximum efficiency
Depends only on the temperature of the Depends only on the temperature of the hot and cold sources.hot and cold sources.
TTH H and Tand TLL are in Kelvin are in Kelvin Carnot CycleCarnot Cycle
H
L
T
Te
1
inputheat
outputwork efficiency max
max
Sadi CarnotSadi Carnot
1796 – 18321796 – 1832 French EngineerFrench Engineer Founder of the Founder of the
science of science of thermodynamicsthermodynamics
First to recognize First to recognize the relationship the relationship between work and between work and heatheat
Carnot EngineCarnot Engine
A theoretical engine developed by Sadi A theoretical engine developed by Sadi CarnotCarnot
A heat engine operating in an ideal, A heat engine operating in an ideal, reversible cycle (now called a reversible cycle (now called a Carnot Carnot CycleCycle) between two reservoirs is the most ) between two reservoirs is the most efficient engine possibleefficient engine possible
Carnot’s TheoremCarnot’s Theorem: No real engine : No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two operating between the same two reservoirsreservoirs
ExampleExample
A heat engine works between 400 C A heat engine works between 400 C and 200 C. What is its maximum and 200 C. What is its maximum efficiency? If the engine uses 10Mcal efficiency? If the engine uses 10Mcal in a hour and operates at maximum in a hour and operates at maximum efficiency, what is the work output? efficiency, what is the work output? Power output? How about at 80% of Power output? How about at 80% of maximum efficiency?maximum efficiency?
Heat Pumps and RefrigeratorsHeat Pumps and Refrigerators
Heat engines can run in reverseHeat engines can run in reverse• Energy is injectedEnergy is injected• Energy is extracted from the cold reservoirEnergy is extracted from the cold reservoir• Energy is transferred to the hot reservoirEnergy is transferred to the hot reservoir
This process means the heat engine is This process means the heat engine is running as a heat pumprunning as a heat pump• A refrigerator is a common type of heat A refrigerator is a common type of heat
pumppump• An air conditioner is another example of a An air conditioner is another example of a
heat pumpheat pump
Heat Pump, contHeat Pump, cont
The work is what The work is what you pay foryou pay for
The QThe Qcc is the is the desired benefitdesired benefit
The coefficient of The coefficient of performance (COP) performance (COP) measures the measures the performance of the performance of the heat pump running heat pump running in cooling modein cooling mode
Heat Pump, COPHeat Pump, COP
In cooling mode,In cooling mode,
The higher the number, the betterThe higher the number, the better A good refrigerator or air conditioner A good refrigerator or air conditioner
typically has a COP of 5 or 6typically has a COP of 5 or 6
cQCOP
W
LH
L
TT
TCOP
max
Heat Pump, COPHeat Pump, COP
In heating mode,In heating mode,
The heat pump warms the inside of The heat pump warms the inside of the house by extracting heat from the house by extracting heat from the colder outside airthe colder outside air
Typical values are greater than one Typical values are greater than one
HQCOP
W
LH
H
TT
TCOP
max
ExampleExample
A gasoline engine takes in 2500 J of A gasoline engine takes in 2500 J of heat and delivers 500 J of mechanical heat and delivers 500 J of mechanical work per cycle. Heat is obtained by work per cycle. Heat is obtained by burning gasoline with a heat of burning gasoline with a heat of combustion of 5.0x10combustion of 5.0x1044 J/g. Determine J/g. Determine thermal efficiency, heat lost, gas thermal efficiency, heat lost, gas used during each cycle, power output used during each cycle, power output with 100 cycles/s, amount of gasoline with 100 cycles/s, amount of gasoline used in one hour.used in one hour.