Chapter 2
Europe Looks Outward
Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward
Section 1: Age of Exploration
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Section 3: Europeans Compete in America
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
Section 1: Age of Exploration
The Vikings were the earliest people from Europe and Asia sailing to the Americas. Evidence shows these trips were rare, if they occurred at all.
Lief Erickson, a Viking, in 1001 sailed to the northern tip of North America. They settled in a town they called Vinland which is present day New Foundland.
Section 1: Age of Exploration
First Visitors From Europe The Voyages of Columbus
Columbus intended to reach Asia Gained financing from Spain after Portugal refused
Setting Sail @90 men, three ships, and 170 miles per day Land was sighted on October 12, 1492 Columbus sailed around what today are the lesser and greater
Antilles, Bahamas, landing at Hispaniola and Cuba meeting Tainos
Spain backs more voyages Columbus named governor of all he had claimed
In September 1493 he returned with many ships, soldiers, and settlers, continues to explore, lands in South America in 1498
Columbus dies in 1506, still convinced he had found Asia
Section 1: Age of Exploration
The Continuing Search for Asia Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513)
Spanish settler in the Caribbean, explored Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He claimed it for Spain
Ferdinand Magellan (1519) Continued the search for a water route to Asia with 3 ships Followed the South American coast for more than a year looking for
a strait Eventually they rounded the southern tip of South America
Became known as the Straits of Magellan
Landed in the Philippines Magellan and most of his men were killed 18 men returned in 1 ship First to circumnavigate the globe
Section 1: Age of Exploration
Section 1: Age of Exploration
The Columbian Exchange Transfer of people, products, and ideas between hemispheres
Both positive and negative exchanges
Positive Europeans brought cows, hogs, wheat and oats Americans returned llamas, squirrels, muskrats, corn
Negative - Thousands of Americans died from diseases
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Spanish Conquistadors Cortés and Pizarro
Both used similar methods to take the land from the Incas and Aztecs
The enemy of my enemy is my friend
Why were the Spanish victorious? Technology and Timing
Horses, muskets, armor, cannon vs. spears, knives, bows Aztecs were hated by other tribes, Inca had just finished a civil war
Conquest of the Aztecs
1518 Aztecs spotted sailors in ships in Gulf of Mexico. The emperor Montezuma thought the Spanish were sent to them by their gods.
The Spanish sailors led by Herando Cortez wanted the Aztec gold.
The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and destroyed their city.
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
A few years later, Francisco Pizzaro, a conquistador, conquered the Incas. He captured and executed the Incan emperor Atahualpa.
The Aztecs and Incas were easily defeated by the Spanish because they did not have guns, swords, cannons, horses, and armor.
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Spanish Explorers in North America Florida (Named for the beautiful flowers seen)
1513 – Ponce de Leon sailed north from Puerto Rico First Spaniard to set foot in what became America Tales of golden cities led other explorers north from Mexico
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Francisco Coronado
1540, Francisco Coronado explored southwest in search of the famous “Seven Cities of gold” in the area of the Grand Canyon today
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Hernado De Soto
1539 discovered the Mississippi River
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Colonizing Spanish America Plantations – large farms worked by laborers who lived on the
property. Encomiendas – land grants that included the rights to demand labor
or taxes from the Native Americans
Law of the Indies permitted 3 types settlements: Missions – religious settlements to convert Indians to Christianity Pueblo – civilian town for farming & trade Presidio – military settlement, forts
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Society on the Spanish Colonies (4 Social Classes) Peninsulares – colonists who had been born in Spain government
workers in New Spain Creoles – welathiest colonists born in America of 2 Spanish parents Mestizos – mixed Spanish and Indian blood. Farmers worked on
land owned by Creoles Mulattos – Spanish and African heritage. Poverty for hundreds of
years
Mestizos
Mulattos
Wealthier
Peninsulares
Creoles
Section 3: Europeans Compete in America
Conflicts in Europe Religious Conflict
By 1530 many countries had split with the Roman Catholic Church and followed Protestant teachings
John Calvin influenced Protestant Teachings Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church because they
would not grant him a divorce
Economic Conflict Religious tensions and wars caused European nations to depend only
on themselves Brought out Mercantilism
Colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful
Section 3: Europeans Compete in America
Mercantilism
Section 3: Europeans Compete in America
The Spanish Armada Protestant English Queen Elizabeth I renewed tensions with Catholic
Spain Phillip of Spain sent 130 warships to England in hopes of forcing
Elizabeth from the throne in 1588 English ships met the Armada off the coast of France
Less than half of Spain’s ships returned
The defeat of Spain and the shift of power allowed England and France to begin colonizing the Americas
Asia Continues to Beckon The Northern Voyages
In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot claimed a northern route rather than southern to Asia would be shorter and easier
Section 3: Europeans Compete in America
Cabot (with English funding) sailed west across the Atlantic and explored Newfoundland – possibly even as far south as the Chesapeake Bay
Europeans realized that Cabot had been not to Asia, but to an unexplored land
England, France and Holland all sent explorers to the new land in search of a Northwest Passage Water route through or around North America connecting the Atlantic
and Pacific
Many explorers searched for this passage including Giovanni Verrazano 1524 discovered the Carolinas Jaques Cartier 1530s sailed up St. Lawrence River to Canada Henry Hudson 1609 sailed into New York Harbor
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
New France Life in New France
Differed from New Spain
New France New Spain
Profited from fur and fish
Traded with Native Americans
Treated Natives with respect, almost as equals
Sought precious metals
Forced Native Americans into labor
Interested in changing the culture and religion of Natives
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
Employees from fur companies used canoes to travel up and down rivers Coureurs de bois – runners of the woods 1605, 1st permanent French colony settled by Samuel
Champlain, Port royal Negotiated with Native Americans for furs and fish
Many settled in Native American villages and married Native American women
Exploring the Mississippi Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
Found a water route from the north to the gulf of Mexico
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
New Netherland The Dutch also hoped to profit in America. 1626, Peter Minuit founded land along the Hudson River Valley
(present day New York and NYC) He purchased Manhattan from the Natives and named it New
Amsterdam. The entire colony was named New Netherland The Dutch & French formed alliances with the local Native
Americans. Agreed to help each other. Many Ditch customs were brought here like Christmas and Ice
Skating. Dutch also brought African slaves to build their colonies.. Dutch lands were based on Henry Hudson’s explorations
Dutch lands were a barrier to English expansion to the west
King James (of England) granted these Dutch lands to his brother the Duke of York When he took the lands over, they were renamed in his honor
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
The Impact on Native Americans Long before Europeans came, Native American groups had
disagreements The Iroquois and Huron were enemies The Iroquois had alliances with the Dutch The Huron had alliances with the French
Both Dutch and French provided the Natives with Guns Natives used those guns against each other
As demand for fur decreased – the value of Native Americans to the Europeans decreased The Europeans began to value their land more