A Type of the Financial Statements 1)Balance Sheet: a financial statement showing the financial position of the firm at a specific date.2) Income or Profit/Loss(PL) Statement: a financial statement showing profit or loss during the operating period of time.3) Cash Flow Statement: a financial statement showing cash outflows and inflows during the fiscal year.4) Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity: a financial statement showing change in the owners’ equity.
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The Example for A Balance Sheet: B/SDebit: Asset(things that a firm has)Ex) Tangible Asset Cash or equivalents Acc. Receivable Short-Term Investment Inventories Properties, Plant & Equipment Buildings Computers & IT etc. Intangible Asset Patents Trademarks Copyrights, etc.
Balance SheetCredit:Liabilities & Equity(things that a firm is obliged)Ex) Liabilities Accounts Payable Wages Payable Acc. Unearned Accrued Taxes, etc. Bonds Other Long-Term Debts Ex) Equity Preferred Stocks Common Stocks & Capital Retained Earnings
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A Balance Sheet
This system was invented by Pacioli in Italy during the 15th century.
It allows us to record the economic events or financial transactions by discriminating them into debt and credit of the independent account.
- Ex) A firm purchased a CAD/CAM system by paying 300 million won in cash in May of 2009
T-Accounting(Double Accounting)
Dr. Cr.
300,000
Cash Acc.
Dr. Cr.CAD/CAM Acc.
300,000
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Accounting Equation The sum of all the accounts in a debt section must be equal to that in a credit section Asset = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Dr. Cr.Acc. w. r. t. Asset
Dr. Cr.Acc. W. r. t. Liabilities & Equities
Increase Decrease Decrease Increase
A Guide to Record the Financial Transactions into the T-Accounting System
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Income Statement
It is a financial statement which presents the result of
operation during a specific period of time It also shows the concrete operating activities It is also called an operating or management
performance statement The Key Issues in Preparing An Income Statement
: To clearly indentify the items of revenues(earnings) and cost
Revenues: inflows of assets received in exchange for goods or services provided to customers as part of the major or central operations of the business.
Costs: the monetary value of the resources to be consumed to produce products or services
Expenses: outflows or using up of assets as a result of the major or central operations of a business.
RevenueExpenses: COGS Depreciation O&M, Adm.Taxable IncomeTaxNet Income
Income Statement
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Cash Flows & Net Income Net Income- A profitability measurement according to the accounting concept- Profit defined as a matching principle- The time for a cash flow to occur is ignored- It is determined corresponding to the accrual-basis principle Cash Flow- Given the value of money, the value of the cash flow today is greater than that tomorrow if the size of the cash flows is equivalent- So, it is desirable to perform an economic evaluation of the project based on the cash flows- It is determined according to the cash flow-basis principle
A Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity Statement of Changes in Stockholder’s Equity
- It shows the beginning and ending balances of the owner’s equity, and also changes in the owner’s equity occurring during the fiscal
The Key Factors of the Statement- Initial Capital- Net Income- New investment by the Owners- Loss or Dividend
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The Relationships among the Major Financial Statements
Beg. Balance Sheet End. Balance SheetCash Flow Statement
Owner’s Equity
Income statement
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Prepare the Financial StatementsThere are many things to be done for the work. However, we will focus on the way of how to record the transactions in the accounting system based on the T-Account in this sectionEx 3.1] the way to prepare the financial statements using the T-account
Transaction 1] The owner invested 30million won of cash and opened the bank account with the money in HanKuk Copy Center on Dec. 1 in.
(unit: ooo won)
Capital
30,000
Cash30,000
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Transaction 2& 3] HanKuk Copy Center purchased the copy machine for 2 million won and the copy materials for 2.5million won in cash
Transaction 4] The center purchased the materials for 1.1million won and equipment for 6million won on credit
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Transaction 5] A center made the net income of 2 million won in cash
Transaction 6& 7] The center paid a rent fee of 1million won and wage of 700 thousands won in cash
Cash30,000
2,0002,5002,000
Unit: 000 won
Capital
30,0002,000
Cash 2,500
20,0001,000
700
30,0002,000
Capital30,000
2,0001,000
700
Unit: 000 won
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Transaction 8& 9] The center had provided service for 1.7million won on credit and collected the whole amount of money in 10 days
Transaction 10] The center repaid an account payable of 900 thousands won in cash
Cash2,500
20,0001,000
700
30,0002,0001,700
Unit: 000 won
Acc. Receivable1,700
1,700
Unit: 000 won
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Changes in the Balance Sheet Equation Created by All Transactions
Tran. Cash Acc. Rei v. Mater . Equi p. Capi tal Acc. Pay.
1 30000 30002 (2500) 2500 3 (20000) 20000
Bal . 7500 2500 20000 300004 1100 6000 7100
Bal . 7500 3600 6000 30000 71005 2000 2000
Bal . 9500 3600 26000 32000 71006 (1000) (1000)
Bal . 8500 3600 26000 31000 71007 (700) (700)
Bal . 7800 3600 26000 30300 71008 1700 1700
Bal . 7800 1700 3600 26000 32000 71009 1700 (1700)
Bal . 9500 0 3600 26000 32000 710010 (900) (900)
Bal . 8600 0 3600 26000 32000 620011 (400) (400)
Bal . 8200 0 3600 26000 31600 6200
Asset Liability & Equity
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The Financial Statements
Balance Sheet Assets Liability & Equity Cash 8,200 Acc, Payable 6,200Materials 3,600 Capital 31,600Equipment 26,000 Total Asset 37,800 Total Lia.&Equity 37,800
Income StatementFrom Dec. 1 to Dec. 31 in 2008Revenue: Copy Service 3,700Operating Expenses: Rent 1,000 Wage 700 Total operating expense 1,700Net Income 2,000
Changes in Owner’s EquityEquity: Capital Invested 30,000 Net Income 2,000 Total 32,000 Dividend 400Net Equity 31,600
(unit: 000 won)
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(unit: 000 won)
Cash Flow Statement Cash Flow from the Operating Activities:
Cash Inflow from the Copy Service 3,700 Cash outflow for Rent (1,000)
Cash outflow for Wage (700) Cash outflow for the Purchase of the
Materials(2,500)
Net Cash Increase from the Operating Activities
(500)
Cash Flow from the Investing Activities: Purchase of the Copy Machine (20,000)
Net Cash Increase from the Investing Activities
(20,000)
Cash Flow from the Financing Activities:Initial Capital 30,000
Dividend (400) Loan Repayment (900)
Cash Flow from the Financing Activities 28,700 Net Increase in Cash Flow 8,200
Cash on Dec. 1 in 2008 -0-Cash on Dec. 31 in 2008 8,200
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The Financial Ratio AnalysisAs discussed before, the main purpose of accounting is to provide information for
decision making. They will tell what has happened during a particular point in time. In that sense, the financial statements are essentially historical documents. However, most users of financial statements are concerned about what will happen in the future. For instance,
Stockholders are concerned with future earnings and dividends Creditors are concerned with the company’s ability to repay its debts] Managers are concerned with the company’s ability to finance future expansion Engineers are concerned with planning actions that will influence the future course
of business events
There are in general 5 types of the financial ratio analyses. 1) debt management analysis 2) liquidity analysis 3) asset management analysis 4) profitability analysis 5) market value analysis
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Debt Management Analysis All businesses need assets to operate. To purchase them, a firm needs to raise capital through debt and equity. The firm needs information on how to use debt financing and whether or not to meet debt repayment obligation. To this end. The firm need the following information.debt ratio: the ratio of the total debt to the total asset Ex]The ratio of 16.6% means that the copy center has 16.6% of debt of the total asset. Or it means that the creditors have supplied 16.6% of the copy center’s total financing.times-interest-earned ratio : The times-interest-earned ratio is the most common measure of the ability of a firm’s operation to provide protection to the long-term creditor.
EBIT: before interest and income taxEx] A firm’s amount of the total EBIT and total interest expense are 317.27million won and 17million won, respectively.
Total DebtDebt Rati o=
Total Assets620 0.166
3,740DebtRatio
EBITTi mes- I nterest-Earned Rati oI nterest Expense
300,270 17,000 18.661,700
Times Interest EarnedRation multiple
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Liquidity Analysis Short-term creditors want to be repaid on time. Therefore, they focus on the firm’s cash flows and on its working capital , as these are the firm’s primary sources of cash in the near future. current ratio: It is obtained by dividing current assets by current liabilities
Ex] Current Assets: 8.20million won in cash, 3.60million won in inventories Current Liabilities: 620,000won in the account payable
-This ratio means that the company hold enough money to pay the current liabilities as much as 19 multiples
CurrentRatio Current AssetsCurrent Li abi l i t i es
8,200 3,60019
620CurrentRatio multiple
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acid-test ratio: this ratio is obtained by dividing the difference between the current assets and the inventories by the current liabilities
Ex] Current Asset: 8.2 million won, inventories: 3.6million won, current liabilities: 620,000won
( )QuickRatio Acid TestRatio Current Assets- I nventori esCurrent Li abi l i t i es
8,200 13.2620
QuickRatio multiple
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Liquidity Analysis
The ability to sell inventory and collect the accounts receivable is fundamental to business success. So, the asset management analysis measures how effectively the firm is managing assets.
inventory turnover: It measures how many times the company sold and replaced its inventory during the year. It is obtained by dividing sales by the average inventory balance. The average inventory balance is computed by taking the average of the beginning and ending inventory figures.
Ex] Sales: 3.7 million won, inventory: 3.6 million won
- The ratio means that it takes almost one year to turn inventory to sales
- It also implies that the copy center has held excessive inventory
days-sales-outstanding(account receivable turnover) ratio: It roughly measures how many times a company’s accounts receivable have been turned into cash during the year. It is obtained by dividing the accounts receivable by the average sales per day. The average sales per day is computed by dividing the annual sales by 365.
-The ratio indicates the average length of time the firm must wait after making sales before receiving cash.
InventoryTurnover Sal esAverage I nventory Bal ance
3,700 1.033,600
InventoryTurnover multiple
Re/365
Account ceibaleTurnOver Recei val bl e Recei val eAverage Sal es per Day Annual Sal es
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Asset Management Analysis
Ex] A firm’s accounts receivable and annual sales are 2.5million won and 35million won, respecitively - The account receivable of 26 days means that the firm must wait for 26 days to get the accounts receivable into cash. total asset turnover ratio - It measures how effectively the firm uses its total assets in generating its revenues. It is the ratio of sales to all the firm’s asset. - It also implies the number of times that the firm’s assets have been used per year Ex] total assets 37.8million won, annual sales: 3.7 million won
- It may be concluded that the firm’s total asset had been used in much ineffective way.
2,500Re 26
35,000 / 365Account ceivableTurnOver days
TotalAssetTurnOver Sal esTotal Assets
3,7000.1
37,800TotalAssetsTurnOver multiple
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Asset Management Analysis
One of the most important goals for any business is to earn profit. The ratios examined thus far provide useful clue as to the effectiveness of a firm’s operations, but the profitability ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt on operating results. Therefore, the ratios that measure profitability play a large role in decision-making.profit margin on sales : it is obtained by dividing net income available to common stockholders by sales
Ex] Net Income: 2million won, Sales: 3.7 million won
- The copy center earned 540 won per sale of 1,000won
Pr argofitM inonSales Net I ncome Avai l abl e to Common Stockhol dersSal es
2,000Pr arg 54%
3,700ofitabilityM inonSales
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Profitability Analysis
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Profitability AnalysisReturn on total asset(ROA): it measures a company’s success in using its assets to earn profit. The ratio of the net income to total assets measures the return on total assets after interest and taxes:The reason for adding back the interest expenses to the net income results in an adjusted earnings figure that shows what earnings would have been if the asset had been acquired solely by selling shares of stock.Ex] Net Income=2 million won, No interest expenses, total asset=37.8million won
RetunonTotalAsset Net I ncome*(1- tax rate)Average Total Asset
5.3%RetunonTotalAsset 2, 00037, 800
return on equity(ROE): The ratio shows the relationship between net income and common stockholder’s
investment in the company. It is obtained by dividing net income by average common equity.
Ex] Net Income: 2million won, Equity: 31.6million won
RetunonCommonEquity Net I ncome Avai l abl e to Common Stockhol ders
Average Common Equi ty
2,000Re 6.3%31,600
turnonEquity
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Profitability Analysis
When you purchase a company’s stock what would your primary factors in valuing the stock? In general, the value of the stock consists of two parts: (1) gains(or losses) and (2) dividends. The market ratios relates the firm’s stock price to its earnings and book value per share. They give management an indication of what investors think of the company’s past performance and future prospects. Price-Earning Ratio: it shows how much the investors are willing to pay per dollar of reported profit. It is obtained by dividing the current stock price by the earning per share Ex] Stock Price=30,000won, a number of stock outstanding=667 shares.
Market Value Analysis
Pr iceEarningRatioPri ceEPS
2,0003,000
667won EPS
30 103
PER
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EeaningsperShare Net I ncomeA Number of Shares Outstandi ng
book value per share :it measures the amount that would be distributed to holders of each share of common stock if all assets were sold at their balance sheet carrying amount and if all credits were paid off. It is computed by dividing total stockholders’ equity-preferred stock.
Ex] Total Equity: 31.6 million won, No Preferred Stocks, # of Stocks Outstanding: 667Shares
BookValueperShareTotal Stockhol der' s Equi ty - Preferred Stock# of Stock Outstandi ng
31,60047,400
667BookValueperShare won
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Market Value Analysis
The Historical Background about The Costing System
The Development States of the Costing System Stage 1) The 19th Century (The Introduction of the Costing System) The costing system required proper for the industry environment which was characterized by a
variety and complexity of production methods The main purposes of then costing system was to measure a performance of the internal
operations and to calculate direct
Stage 2) 1880~1910 (Taylor’s Scientific Management) Since the product was sophisticated and thus the production methods was so, the company needed
to standardize the worker’s work to calculate a product cost in a scientific manner.
Stage 3) 1910~1920 (Du Pont) The characteristics of the industries: it was the period of time in which the companies
independently founded for the manufacturing, purchasing, transporting, and distributing activities
had been integrated
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The important themes of the costing system
the headquarter company needed to direct, supervise, and control the department activities to
accomplish a common goals
the methodology to plan the rational budget was required
the technique to estimate the investment profitability was required
the performance measurement system to compare the department performance with a company-wide
performance was asked for Stage 4) 1920~1930 (GM) The characteristics of the industries: it was the period of time in which the companies independently
founded were integrated into the company to maximize the economic advantages in the manufacturing
and financing management fields The main purpose of the costing system: to measure and appraise the performance internally achieved
and calculate a product’s direct cost The important themes
the professional managers had to secure on average 80% of the facility utilization and at least 20%
of the after-tax return to satisfy the stockholders’ required yield.
it was asked to set up a standardized product cost before manufacturing products such that it might
be applied to all the products over the year, which affected to minimize the uncertainty caused by the
short process cost and product demand.
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Stage 5) From the management accounting to the cost accounting The characteristics of the industries: those were changed from the economies of scale to the economies
of scope The important themes
it became difficult to collect a product information due to a variety of products and a coarse
information technologies
it became necessary to provide a objective and overall financial information for the outside
investors to invest
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Traditional and Activity-Based Cost SystemThe Influence Diagram of The Market Competition Factors
TMS(traditional manufacturing systemAMS(advanced manufacturing systems)TCA(traditional cost accounting)36
The Comparison of TMS with AMS in Terms of Their Characteristics
TMS AMS
Diversity Small Various
Prod. Volume Mass Small/Medium
Process Method Labor-Intensive Capital-Intensive
Market Domestic Global
Ratio of the Direct Labor Cost
70~80%* About 10%
*:It was based on the ratio that the direct labor cost took up in the total manufacturing cost except for the material cost in 1920s
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The Comparison of TCA with ABC System
TCA ABC
Allocation BasisDirect Labor H/C,
Machine Time, Material Cost
# of Cost Drivers
Denominator for The Facility Cost
Forecasted Pro. Vol. Practical Capacity
Expenses Full Absorption Partial Absorption
Depreciation SL Machine Time
GA.M.S Period Expense Product Cost
The Main Subject to Cause Cost
Product Activities
The Main Purpose Inventory Valuation Product Costing
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The Cost Elements for the Projects accounting costs: a product cost in a traditional costing system(manufacturing cost, inventory cost) a product cost is cost before sold to the customers in the balance sheet a product cost becomes expense after sold to the customers in the income statement ex. Direct labor cost, direct material cost, and indirect manufacturing cost
economic costs they are the costs which are used to make an economic decision and cannot be recorded in the accounting
system. opportunity cost: the alternative advantage foregone as a result of the commitment of resources to one
particular end
cf: highest price or rate of return an alternative course of action would provide marginal cost: increase or decrease in the total costs of a business form as a result of one more or one less
unit of output sunk cost: cots already incurred in a project that can not be changed by present or future actions.
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The Cost Classification by the Usage Purpose1) By Consumption : material cost, labor cost, indirect manufacturing costs, and so on
2) By Traceability: Direct costs, indirect cost
3) By A Business Function: Manufacturing cost, Marketing Cost, Administrative cost
4) By A Cost Behavior Pattern: Variable Cost, Fixed Costs
5) By A Computation Time: Actual cost, standard cost
6) By a Measurement Unit: product cost, period cost
7) By Controllability: controllable cost, discretionary cost
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A Cost Classification by Consumption Manufacturing cost Direct material cost: cost of materials used to manufacture a product
ex) woods used to manufacture furniture, steel used to construct a bridge, and so on Direct labor cost: cost of labor consumed to produce a product
ex) a welder wage to make a steel panel, a carpenter wage or in an apartment construction field, and
so on Indirect Manufacturing Cost: all the other costs incurred in the manufacturing field except for the
direct
costs
ex) indirect material cost, indirect labor cost, maintenance cost, supervisor’s salary, and so on
nonmanufacturing Overhead: depreciation, property tax, heating, and lighting cost related to sales & administrative
activities Marketing : advertise, transportation, marketing promotion, sales commissions, salesman salaries Administrative costs: executive , organizational, and clerical cost associated with the general
management of an organization Administrative function: executive compensation, general accounting, public relations, and secretarial
support
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Classifying Costs for Financial Statements Matching Principle the costs incurred to generate particular revenue should be recognized as expense in the same period that the revenue is recognized. The Important Criteria to Discern a Product cost and Period Cost - period cost: those costs that are charged to expense in the period in which they are incurred. ex)administrative cost, selling expenses, insurance & income taxes - product cost: costs incurred to manufacture a product ex) direct material costs, direct labor costs, indirect manufacturing costs
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A Cost Classification for Predicting A Cost Behavior
fixed cost Definition• cost of providing a company’s basic operating capacity• cost that remains constant in total regardless of production volume within a certain range of a production volume
ex) automobile insurance expense, property taxes, rent fee, depreciation, license fee, salaries of administrative and production personnel
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variable cost
Definition• the total cost changes according to change in a production volume. ex) the cost of the tires for a car
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A Cost Classification for Predicting A Cost Behavior
A Break-even Point Analysis A production volume which makes a sum of the fixed and variable costs equal to the total revenue which results in a zero profit
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Re / Pr
arg
veune FixedCost VariableCost unit oductionVolume
P X FC VC XX P V FC
FCXP V
P V A ContributionM in