Chapter 8 P. 121-141 America Secedes from the Empire
1775-1783
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DVDs America: The Story of Us Disc 1 Revolution Chapter 4
Saratoga Founding Fathers Volume 2 You Say You Want a
Revolution
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American Revolution British 7.5 million Wealth/naval power Army
50,000 Hired mercenaries Hessians 50,000 American Tories/Loyalists
Served in British army Some as spies Older generation Many fled to
England @ 80,000 left Indians Colonists 2.5 million No funds
Wretched militia Patriots Outstanding leadership Washington
Franklin Adamses Jefferson Marquis de Lafayette
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Londoninept/confused Generals second rate Soldiers capable but
brutally treated Provisions scarce 3,000 miles away Orders
three-month delays American geography 1,000 x 600 miles No main
city Self-sustaining Tough, resilient Marksmen Moral advantage
Belief in a just cause Poorly organized Lacked unity Jealousy among
the states Money problems Military supplies few Manufactured goods
in short supply Profiteering American Revolution British
Colonists
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Colonial Army Poorly clothed and fed A few thousand regulars
General Baron Friedrich von Steuben Recruited by Franklin
Organizational genius Trained the troops February 23, 1778 arrived
in the camp at Valley Forge Held their own against the British
Blacks at Trenton, Brandywine, Saratoga Profiteering hurt the army
Some colonials sold to British because British paid in gold
Benedict Arnold/traitor Baron von Steuben
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Baron Friedrich Von Steuben (1730-1794) German officer who
served with the Continental Army by training the forces stationed
at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778
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Philadelphia All thirteen colonies Agreed to raise a
Continental Army in case the petition failed Elected George
Washington commander of the army Immense moral strength of
character Patience, courage, discipline, justice Served without pay
July 1775 Wrote an Olive Branch petition Loyalty to crown Last
ditch effort to reconcile with the King Second Continental Congress
May 10, 1775 The Great Seal of the United States Created in 1782 E
Pluribus Unum Out of many, one.
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George Washington
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Independence Hall May 1775, the Second Continental Congress
convened at the State House (now Independence Hall) in
Philadelphia.
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Washington Taking Command of the Army at Cambridge July 1775,
General George Washington assumed command of the Continental Army
in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Marquis de Lafayette Gave America not only his military
services but $200,000 of his private funds. He returned to France
after the American Revolution to play a role in the French
Revolution.
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Following the Continental Congress August 1775 George III
proclaimed Colonies in rebellion Thus treason if continue September
1775 Arranged to hire Hessian mercenaries November, 1775 Congress
learned George III once again refused to look at the colonial
petition Americans still affirmed loyalty to the king, however
Raised an army Shot kings troops War of inconsistency fought from
April 1775 to July 1776
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Portrait of King George (1738-1820) by Thomas Gainsborough King
George III ruler of Great Britain during the American
Revolution
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Battles of Ticonderoga and Crown Point May 1775 Upper New York
Benedict Arnold Ethan Allen Henry Knox Led a small force and
Surprised and captured the British garrisons and gunpowder and
artillery that would have been used against Boston Thus Boston
protected Major General Henry Knox
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Major General Henry Knox (1750-1806) by John Francis Eugene
Prud'homme American general during the Revolution, the first
Secretary of War under the U.S. Constitution. Knox is well known
for bringing captured British artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to
Boston in 1776.
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Revolution in the North 1775-1776
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Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 Breeds Hill Seized by
sharpshooting colonials Mowed down British Ran out of ammunition
British took the hill, however Cost was frightful slaughter of
British troops Moral victory for colonials After Bunker Hill George
III proclaimed colonies in rebellion
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Bunker Hill Monument The first major battle of the Revolution
June 1775 Saw over 1,000 British and 450 American casualties
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Common Sense Thomas Paine January, 1776 75 page pamphlet Called
for independence and creation of a new political societydemocratic
republic Power flowed from the people Popular consent Written to
convince people why the colonies should be independent of Britain
Used Enlightenment ideas to convince the common man that separation
was necessary Directly answered the arguments that loyalists gave
for why we should not separate
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Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration
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Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin by Joseph Siffred
Duplessis
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Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Richard Henry Lee June
1776 These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent states Continental Congress assigned a Five man
committee Robert R. Livingston and Roger Sherman Ben Franklin and
John Adams did not want to write it Thomas Jefferson (33 years old)
got the job Borrowed from John Locke Radical Formal statement
against a king and a legitimate government Heated debate over nine
months Made with an eye to foreign opinion John Hancock first to
sign 55 others signed
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Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson of
Virginia Chosen to write a declaration separating the colonies from
Great Britain June 10-28, 1776-Jefferson wrote the Declaration June
28, 1776-Declaration presented to Congress June 28-July 2,
1776-Delegates edited the document July 2, 1776-Continental
Congress voted for independence July 4, 1776-Congress adopted the
Declaration of Independence July 5, 1776- 100-200 broadsides
(poster size copies) made in Philadelphia
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Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 When in the course of
human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the
political bands which have connected them with another, and to
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self evident: That all men are created
equal: that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness: that to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed: that whenever any form of government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter
or abolish it, and to institute new government
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Declaration of Independence Signers All protestant and white
Only one Catholic One third were slave holders Washington had the
Declaration read aloud in camp New Yorkers marking the adoption of
the Declaration brought down the George III statue
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Pulling Down the Statue of George III by William Walcutt A
statue of George III, standing in the Bowling Green in New York
City, was one of the first casualties of the American Revolution;
colonists marked the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by
pulling it down. Much of the metal was melted to make bullets, but
in the twentieth century the head--largely intact--was unearthed in
Connecticut.
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Declaration Copies rushed to the 13 colonies and the sites of
the Continental Army to be read aloud to the people July 19, 1776
Congress ordered an official copy to be printed on parchment paper
August 2, 1776 most members of Congress signed the Declaration
Historians are not sure if King George himself ever received a copy
of the Declaration Declaration was not so much to tell the King but
for the Congress to let the colonists know that their delegates had
agreed on independence and to get ready to fight for it No longer
fighting for rights as Englishmen, from July 4, 1776, Americans
fighting for creation of a separate nation
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Drafting the Declaration of Independence by Jean Leon Ferris
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Jefferson
drafted the Declaration drawing from established political
philosophy justifying the need for independence. Franklin and Adams
helped revise.
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Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull, 1817 Jefferson
delivers the Declaration, July 4, 1776 to the Continental
Congress
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Liberty Bell Rung to celebrate the first public reading of the
Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776 in Philadelphia
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Battle of Long Island New York July 1776 Battle to protect New
York British fleet arrived 500 ships 35,000 men Largest armed force
in America General William Howe led the British General George
Washington Outnumbered18,000 ill-trained Outmaneuvered Humiliating
defeat Disasterlost 1,500 men Washington managed to evacuate 10,000
troops in the fog General Howe failed to finish the job A storm
came in
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War in the North 1775-1777 The early phase of the Revolutionary
War was dominated by British troop movements in the Boston area,
the redcoats' evacuation to Nova Scotia in the spring of 1776, and
the subsequent British invasion of New York and New Jersey.
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Burgoynes Campaign 1776 Britains failed invasion British
planned an invasion from Canada to Capture the Hudson Valley Led by
General John Burgoyne American General Benedict Arnold planned 15
boats Recruited 800 men to blockade Lake Champlain Oct 1776 British
flotilla attacked American fleet shattered All boats damaged But
bought the patriots time Arnold bought the country another season
to fight General Benedict Arnold
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Washington Crossing The Delaware by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze,
1851 Driven out of New York and into Pennsylvania General George
Washington regrouped his army and crossed the Delaware River to
launch a victorious surprise attack on Hessian troops. The attack
took place in Trenton, New Jersey around Christmas, 1776
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Battle of Princeton by James Peale At the Battle of Princeton
in early 1777, American forces under George Washington cemented the
victory they had won a few days earlier at Trenton. This view was
painted in 1787 by James Peale, who fought in the battle.
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George Washington and General Mercer at Princeton By John
Trumbull 40 Patriots and 275 British soldiers died in the Battle of
Princeton. Washington proved victorious and the British abandoned
New Jersey.
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The American Crisis December 1776 Thomas Paine Brilliant
essays, The Crisis Communicated the ideas of the Revolution to
common farmers as easily as to intellectuals Creating prose that
stirred the hearts of the fledgling United States THESE are the
times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine
patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their
country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks
of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet
we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the
more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too
lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value.
Washington had it read to his troops
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Battle of Saratoga October 1777 Upstate New York along Hudson
River British bogged down and surrounded Burgoyne surrendered his
entire command One of the decisive battles in world history Major
turning point in the Revolutionary War Convinced the French to join
the war and take sides with the Americans Formal alliance 1778
Americans successful in destroying the British hopes to split the
colonies in two Reinvigorated the colonial cause General Benedict
Arnolda hero
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Burgoyne Surrenders to Gates October 1777 by John Trumbull
Battle of Saratoga/Turning point in the war British General John
Burgoyne (on the left) surrendered to American General Horatio
Gates
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General Horatio Gates By Gilbert Stuart
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The Burgoyne Campaign Battle of Saratoga Defeat of General John
Burgoyne Major turning point in the war Led to the recognition of
American independence by France and later by Spain
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Valley Forge Dec. 1777- June 1778 10,000 troops camped on the
Schuylkill River twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia High ground
and position near the river easily defensible Close enough to the
Philadelphia to maintain pressure on the British General Friedrich
von Steuben Trained the troops Washington in February 1778 sent
Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to New Jersey To gather food and
cattle for the men Returned with 50 head of cattle and 30 horses In
March 1778 disease struck Influenza, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery
all erupted
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Results of Valley Forge Turning point for those who survived
Ill-equipped irregulars became a genuine army of professional
soldiers General Von Steuben 2,000 men died at Valley Forge Over
two-thirds were killed by disease Outbreaks were eventually
contained through Sanitation regulations Inoculations and the work
of surgeons Surviving Valley Forge was a moral victory
Slide 45
Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters Shows the commander
and his friend, the young aristocrat from France, sharing a moment
of conversation while soldiers huddle together around a fire. While
British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General
Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate
food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a
situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military
suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps.
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Statue of General Anthony Wayne Valley Forge National
Historical Park Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
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Line of Cannons at Valley Forge By winter of 1777-1778,
Washington's forces had relinquished Philadelphia to the British,
setting up winter camp in Valley Forge
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The Prayer at Valley Forge Troops were low on supplies,
starving, and freezing in Valley Forge. Washington said his men
displayed patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce be
paralleled.
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Original Stars and Stripes 1777 Continental Congress adopted
the "Stars and Stripes" as the national flag of the United
States.
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Campaign of 1777 Fought on two fronts: Along the upper Hudson
and Mohawk River valleys, In vicinity of Philadelphia The rebels
won in the north. Capture of Philadelphia did the redcoats little
good, and they abandoned the city the following year. The British
triumphed--at least nominally--in the south.
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New YorkPennsylvania Theater 1777-1778
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American Revolution in the NORTH 1776-1779
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Results of Saratoga Colonial war became a world war 1778-1783
Franco-American Alliance Promised to wage war until U.S. won
independence First entangling alliance 1779 Spain entered against
Britain 1780 Comte de Rochambeau 6,000 troops arrived in Rhode
Island Morale rose
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Benedict Arnold General Benedict Arnold Close to Washington
Hero of Saratoga Ambitious, greedy, unscrupulous Felt he was not
appreciated 1780 Plotted with the British to sell out a key
stronghold West Point on the Hudson River Promised money and an
officers commission Plot was detected Morale was staggered
Washington, Whom can we trust?
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Benedict Arnold Handing John Andre Papers Benedict Arnold
(1741-1801, on the left) American officer who shifted his
allegiances to Britain, handing papers to his British contact Major
John Andre. Andre was later captured and Arnold's betrayal
exposed.
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Nine World Wars DatesIn EuropeIn America 1688-1697War of the
League of AugsburgKing Williams War 1689-1697 1701-1713War of
Spanish SuccessionQueen Annes War 1702-1713 1740-1748War of
Austrian SuccessionKing Georges War 1744-1748 1756-1763Seven Years
WarFrench and Indian War 1754-1763 1778-1783War of the American
RevolutionAmerican Revolution 1775-1783 1793-1802Wars of the French
RevolutionUndeclared French War 1798-1800 1803-1815Napoleonic
WarsWar of 1812 1812-1814 1914-1918World War IWorld War I 1917-1918
1939-1945World War IIWorld War II 1941-1945
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Southern Campaign British hoped to win because there were so
many loyalists Georgia overrun in 1778-1779 Charleston, SC fell in
1780 Warfare in the Carolinas bitter Patriots vs. Loyalists brutal
Battle of Kings Mountain 1781 American rifleman wiped out British
detachment 1781 General Nathaniel Greene (Fighting Quaker) Strategy
of delay Stand, retreat, exhaust the enemy Ultimate success in
clearing out most of Georgia and South Carolina of British
troops
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War in the South 17801781
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American Revolution in the South 1778-1781
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The War in the South The southern war--after the British
invasion of Georgia in late 1778--was characterized by a series of
British thrusts into the interior, leading to battles with American
defenders in both North and South Carolina. Finally, after
promising beginnings, Cornwallis's foray into Virginia ended with
disaster at Yorktown in October 1781.
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1779 South Carolina Continental currency Every state issued
paper money to finance its part in the Revolution. Because this
currency had little solid backing, it lost value almost
immediately. By the time these South Carolina notes were printed,
their real value was only 10 percent of their face value. One
outcome of such drastic drops in the value of money was that even
inelegant dressers like patriot Samuel Adams had to pay $2,000 for
a new hat and suit.
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War in the West Six Nations of the Iroquois joined Britain
Chief Joseph Brant and British Ravaged large areas of backcountry
Pennsylvania and New York Even during war, westward movement
Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky Illinois country Britain
vulnerable to attack George Rogers Clark victories along the Ohio
River May have forced the British to cede the region north of the
Ohio
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George Rogers Clark's Campaign, 17781779
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American Revolution in the West 1776-1779
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The War in the West, 1776-1782 Carolina militiamen drove
attacking Cherokees far back into the Appalachians in 1776. George
Roger Clark's victory at Vincennes in 1779 gave the United States
effective control of the Ohio valley. In retaliation for their
raids on New York and Pennsylvania, John Sullivan inflicted
widespread starvation on the Iroquois by burning their villages and
winter food supplies in 1779.
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American Navy Infant navy Commanded by daring officers John
Paul Jones Father of the American navy Destroyed British merchant
shipping Privateers Privately owned ships armed and authorized by
Congress to prey on enemy shipping > 1,000 American privateers @
70,000 men Captured 600 British ships Brought in gold, harassed the
enemy, raised morale Unfortunate effect was that it diverted
manpower from main war effort British shippers so hurt by
privateers and the regular navy that British shippers and
manufacturers pressured Parliament for an honorable end to the war
John Paul Jones
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John Paul Jones (1747-1792) American naval war hero renowned
for his victories during the American Revolution.
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Second Southern Campaign 1778-1781 Second attempt by Britain to
crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in
the Lower South before Cornwallis's encampment at Yorktown and his
surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the
military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist,
French, and American ground forces and British and French naval
fleets.
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Yorktown October 19, 1781 Spring 1781 Lafayette persuaded King
Louis XVI to Send a fleet to America Admiral Francoise de Grasse
Carrying 4,000 fresh troops Arrived at the Chesapeake in August
1781 Surprised, ambushed and mauled British fleet Washington and
Rochambeau marched to Virginia 16,000 strong Surrounded British
General Charles Cornwallis Cornwallis surrendered his entire force
of 7,000 men
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Yorktown 1781
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Washington before Yorktown by Rembrandt Peale Washington riding
his beloved horse, Nelson
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Surrender of the British at Yorktown French naval power
combined with American military savvy to produce the decisive
defeat of the British.
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Surrender of Cornwallis By John Trumbull British General
Cornwallis formally surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown,
Virginia, bringing the American Revolution to a close.
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Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon The brilliant
young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a
Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette,
James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender.
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Charles Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis was defeated by
American troops at Yorktown, Virginia, assuring the end of the
American Revolution.
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The British Surrender This article announced the surrender of
British General Cornwallis in 1781, assuring an American victory in
the war.
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Yorktown Battlefield, Virginia 1781 French troops joined
American forces at Yorktown, and attacked British fortifications by
land and sea. The campaign was successful. British General Charles
Cornwallis surrendered.
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Slide 79
Treaty of Paris 1783 Benjamin Franklin John Adams John Jaymade
secret overtures to London Instructions from Congress Make no
separate peace Consult the French at every stage TERMS 1. British
formal recognition of INDEPENDENCE 2. Generous boundaries West to
Mississippi River North to Great Lakes South to Spanish Florida 3.
Retain a share in fisheries in Newfoundland
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Treaty of Paris 1783 Painting by Benjamin West American
delegates John Jay, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Henry Laurens and
William Temple Franklin. Painting is unfinished. The British
delegation refused to pose.
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Results of Treaty of Paris 1783 Britain gave generous terms to
U.S. to woo Americans from the French France formally approved the
terms Relieved the conflict was over Did not want to deal with
concessions to Spain
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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Washington Resigns as Commander-in-Chief by John Trumbull
Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris, 1781 Washington
retired as commander in chief of the Continental Army, allowing the
setup of a true republic.
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Fourth of July Fireworks in New York City Fireworks are a major
part of the traditional Fourth of July celebration. New York City
is known for putting on one of the largest and most elaborate
displays.