7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
1/15
1
1
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IIGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM II
(SUG554)(SUG554)
Assoc. Prof. Sr. Zamani Bin IsmailAssoc. Prof. Sr. Zamani Bin Ismail
Room B501Room B501
Contact: 03Contact: 03--55444528 or 01955444528 or 019--36052183605218
Selamat menyambut
Ramadan Al-Mubarak dan
Selamat berpuasa
3
Quote of the dayQuote of the day
Success seems to be largely a matter of hanging onSuccess seems to be largely a matter of hanging on
after others have let goafter others have let goWilliam Feather
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
2/15
2
44
Part 2Part 2
GIS DevelopmentGIS Development
5
InformationInformation
& Data& Data
HardwareHardware
MethodsMethods
& Business Rules& Business Rules
GISGIS
SoftwareSoftware
PeoplePeople
GIS has Five Key Elements:GIS has Five Key Elements:
GISGISs Componentss Components
6
Main PointsMain Points
Human factors rather nonHuman factors rather non--human factorshuman factors
are the major cause for the failure of GISare the major cause for the failure of GIS
Awareness of the weakness in the presentAwareness of the weakness in the present
system & the availability of computersystem & the availability of computer
technology can improve the present workingtechnology can improve the present working
systemsystem
Understand the role of GIS in anUnderstand the role of GIS in an
organization to benefit from itorganization to benefit from it
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
3/15
3
7
How to avoid failure in GIS?How to avoid failure in GIS?
Conducting a systematic planning andConducting a systematic planning and
design process prior to GIS acquisitiondesign process prior to GIS acquisitionNeeds to know the anatomy of GIS i.e. itsNeeds to know the anatomy of GIS i.e. its
components and assess their needs (needscomponents and assess their needs (needs
assessment)assessment)
More critical when developing enterpriseMore critical when developing enterprise
GISGIS
Realizes that GIS hasRealizes that GIS has life cyclelife cycle
8
GIS system developmentGIS system development
Somers (1990) developed the GIS Lifecycleconsisting of a data core and four cyclical phasesof GIS adoption
9
GIS Life CycleGIS Life Cycle
At the center of the Lifecycle are the spatial datathat are to be managed and analyzed by the GISuser. In this framework data appropriate to thedesired analyses are the core of the GIS effort.
The four cyclical phases of the GIS Lifecycle arecommon-sense steps in project design andanalysis that are often overlooked in the
technical arena of GIS.
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
4/15
4
10
GIS Life Cycle (Planning)GIS Life Cycle (Planning)
Phase 1planningbegins with the crucialquestion why consider a GIS?
The idea to has GIS when someone in theorganization realized that the current methods of storing, retrieving and using
information are creating problems and GIS technology is able to offer a better way to the
current operation .
GIS managers need to be aware of what a GIS isand is not designed to accomplish.
11
Problem recognitionProblem recognition Aronoff (1989) suggests six problems that prompt GIS interest .
Aronoff, S., 1989. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. WDL,Ottawa.
1. Spatial information is out of date or of poor quality e.g. often land information documents (maps and lists) are seriously
outdated and questions regarding the current situation cannot beanswered without digging through a stack of "updates" since the lastmajor revisions
2. Spatial data is not stored in standard formats
e.g. a city's parcel maps will often vary in quality from one area toanother one area may have been "flown" and mapped using aerial
photography at 1:1000 scale some years ago, but updated byhand drafting
other areas may have been mapped by photographically enlarging1:24,000 topographic maps, or city street maps of unknownquality, and hand drafting parcel boundaries
maps may have been reproduced by methods which introducesignificant errors, e.g. photocopy
12
Problem recognitionProblem recognition
3. Several departments collect and manage similar spatialdata this may result in different forms of representation, redundancies
and related inefficiencies in the collection and management of thedata
4. Data is not shared due to confidentiality and legalconcerns
5. Analysis and output capabilities are inadequate
6. New demands are made on the organization that cannotbe met within the data and technological systems
currently available.
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
5/15
5
Success in GISSuccess in GIS
14
Success in GIS requiresSuccess in GIS requires
Emphasize advantages of GIS to individual usersEmphasize advantages of GIS to individual users
and entire organizationand entire organization
Require high level of competency by all participantsRequire high level of competency by all participants
Ensure high level of management commitment fromEnsure high level of management commitment fromall management levels in the organizationall management levels in the organization
Require participation in team building and teamRequire participation in team building and team
participation within & between departmentsparticipation within & between departments
15
Success in GIS requiresSuccess in GIS requires
Ensure minimum data quality and access for allEnsure minimum data quality and access for all
usersusers
Require development team to set realisticRequire development team to set realistic
expectationsexpectations
Minimize time between user needs assessmentMinimize time between user needs assessment
and availability of useful products.and availability of useful products.
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
6/15
6
Success in GIS requiresSuccess in GIS requires
Develop positive attitude toward change withinDevelop positive attitude toward change within
organizationorganization
Ensure level of technology is appropriate forEnsure level of technology is appropriate for
intended usesintended uses
HighlyHighly visible Pilot Project that is successfulvisible Pilot Project that is successful
Management issuesManagement issues
18
Managing GISManaging GIS Getting supportGetting supportfrom top managementfrom top management
GIS manager must aware that it is difficultGIS manager must aware that it is difficult
to accurately estimate theto accurately estimate the timetime taken totaken to
developmentdevelopment enterpriseenterprise GIS and hence theGIS and hence the
uncertainty inuncertainty in costcost associated with it as GISassociated with it as GIS
development is a process of technologicaldevelopment is a process of technological
innovation.innovation.
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
7/15
7
19
Thus, it is important that top managementattention and support be obtained.
20
What are top management concernsWhat are top management concerns
Large upLarge up--front costfront cost
Long time before break evenLong time before break even
Uncertainties of high riskUncertainties of high risk
Cultural changeCultural changeDocumentation of benefitsDocumentation of benefits
21
Key GIS Benefit AreasKey GIS Benefit Areas
Labor savingsLabor savings
Ensured assetsEnsured assets
Competitive advantageCompetitive advantage
Quantitative and graphic analysisQuantitative and graphic analysis
Faster response to regulatory pressuresFaster response to regulatory pressures
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
8/15
8
Justification PackageJustification Package
23
Justification PackageJustification Package
Prepare executive summaryPrepare executive summary
Prepare a clear report on performance andPrepare a clear report on performance and
business casebusiness case
Use professional graphicsUse professional graphics
Provide easy reference to all tables and supportProvide easy reference to all tables and support
materialsmaterials
Short agenda for presentationShort agenda for presentation Take backup materials & source documentsTake backup materials & source documents
Know exactly what decisions you want from yourKnow exactly what decisions you want from your
funding groupfunding group
24
Managing GISManaging GIS Getting supportGetting supportfrom the usersfrom the users
GIS manager must realize thatGIS manager must realize that
management, users, GIS staff may havemanagement, users, GIS staff may have
veryvery different expectationsdifferent expectations for the project.for the project.
It is critically important for all expectedIt is critically important for all expected
participantsparticipants fully understand thefully understand the
development processdevelopment process andand they mustthey must activelyactively
participateparticipate in the planning and developmentin the planning and development
efforteffort in order to reap the benefits of thein order to reap the benefits of the
systemsystem..
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
9/15
9
25
Project OrientationProject Orientation
(What is GIS and how will it benefit my(What is GIS and how will it benefit my
department or organization?)department or organization?)
seminars and discussions
Products:
Seminar booklet Introduction to GIS
26
Managing GISManaging GIS -- Resources forDeveloping a GIS
Developing a GIS involves investment in five
areas: computer hardware, computer
software, geographic data, procedures and
trained staff.
Developing the geographic database (whichincludes some of the procedure and staff
costs) can account for 60% to 80% of the
GIS development cost.
27
Data Input is a Major Bottleneck in theData Input is a Major Bottleneck in theApplication of GIS TechnologyApplication of GIS Technology
Costs of input and conversion oftenconsume 80% or more of project costs
Data input is labor intensive, tedious, anderror-prone
High danger that the construction of thedatabase may become the end in-and-ofitself
Essential to find way to reduce costs BUTmaximize accuracy
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
10/15
10
28
Corporate database
Sharing of data isSharing of data is
one way aroundone way around
the inputthe input
bottleneck.bottleneck.
29
Policy on Data SharingPolicy on Data Sharing
The corporate database is a singleThe corporate database is a single
organizationorganization--wide data resource.wide data resource.
Establishing the corporate database is muchEstablishing the corporate database is much
more a question of policy, managementmore a question of policy, management
cooperation and coordination.cooperation and coordination.Sharing of data among governmentSharing of data among government
agencies is a virtual necessity.agencies is a virtual necessity.
Data SharingData Sharing
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
11/15
11
31
Several Issues on Data SharingSeveral Issues on Data Sharing
Who and how will the data be collected?Who and how will the data be collected?
How will the data sharing be arranged?How will the data sharing be arranged? purchased?purchased? licensed?licensed? other agreement?other agreement?
Who will own the data?Who will own the data?
How will the new GIS data be integrated to the existing dataHow will the new GIS data be integrated to the existing data
files?files?
Who will be responsible in updating the data?Who will be responsible in updating the data?
Who will provide the budget for data creation and maintenance?Who will provide the budget for data creation and maintenance?
Who will provide public access to the data?Who will provide public access to the data?
Who will be responsible for data archiving and retention?Who will be responsible for data archiving and retention? ofof
the original?the original? the copies?the copies?
32
Issues when Integrating DifferentIssues when Integrating Different
Data SourcesData Sources
33
Managing the DatabaseManaging the Database
To be functional, a project database should containcoverages that have the following characteristics:
The accuracy of feature locations has been verifiedAttribute tables are present The accuracy of attribute values has been verifiedA system of ground control points existAll geographic features are recorded using real-world
coordinatesAll related databases are in one common coordinate
system and datum The features of each coverage are spatially referenced
against features in associated coverages Each coverage contains clean topology
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
12/15
12
34
Planning phase (continue)Planning phase (continue)
The substance of phase 1 is a systematic assessment of1. who the GIS users are,
2. what their goals are,3. what the anticipated products are,4. what data and analyses are needed to provide these products,5. how decision-makers will use this information.
Also during this phase it is critical that all users assesstheir roles and responsibilities in GIS adoption becausemost users will not be GIS technicians trained to usethe software. Rather, they will provide data to beentered into the GIS, will use the products created bythe GIS, or will work with a GIS technician to posequestions during what-if scenarios.
35
Design phaseDesign phase
Phase 2designmatches user needs andexpectations to the appropriate GIS functions.
Included in this phase are tasks of
software selection,
allocation of resources to training and education, and
staging or scheduling tasks and outcomes so thatprogress toward planning goals can be measured.
36
ImplementationImplementation Phase 3implementationis where many users assume
that GIS projects actually begin. During phase 3, data are compiled,
maps digitized,
metadata records compiled,
analyses conducted, and
output products (for example, maps, tables, charts) are generated.
Phase 3 is the realization of the planning and design goals.The structured planning process should carefully considerthe design and adoption of GIS, with the setting of clear,reasonable design goals that can be used to measure thereturn on a GIS investment. In many instances, users maydecide that pilot or prototype projects are useful for testing
the feasibility and costs of a GIS solution.
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
13/15
13
37
MaintenanceMaintenance
Finally, in phase 4maintenancedata must be
kept current and up to date. Users may requireadditional training in use of software, systemupgrades may be needed, and the overall effortmay be expanded from a pilot to a fullimplementation.
These maintenance tasks clearly are necessary tosupport ongoing GIS use but may also be requiredeven if the project has no longer termprogrammatic use.
38
MaintenanceMaintenance
Maintenance of data and expertise developedearlier in the GIS Lifecycle guards that investmentand provides the opportunity for a longer termreturn on the original investment.
Users need to be aware of the limitations andadded costs of selecting GIS-based datamanagement and analysis. The success of a GISproject will ultimately be measured against theabilities of the system to meet and respond touser needs and expectations
39
Ten step GIS Planning MethodologyTomlinson, Thinking About GIS
Consider the strategic purpose
Plan for the planning
Conduct a technology seminar
Describe the information products
Define the system scope
Create a data design
Choose a logical model
Determine system requirements
Benefit-cost, migration and risk analysis
Make an implementation plan
Needs Assessment
Concept. Design
Physical Design
Implementation
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
14/15
14
17 steps GIS implementation17 steps GIS implementation
ProcessProcess
40The GIS Book, Korte 2001
41
Implementing GISImplementing GIS
Clarke has proposed a general model ofClarke has proposed a general model of
how to specify, evaluate and choose GIShow to specify, evaluate and choose GIS
that is based on 14 steps grouped into 4that is based on 14 steps grouped into 4
stages, i.e.;stages, i.e.;
Analysis of requirement,Analysis of requirement,
Specification of requirements,Specification of requirements,
Evaluation of alternativesEvaluation of alternatives
Implementation of systemImplementation of system
42
14 Steps in GIS acquisition14 Steps in GIS acquisition
Source: Longley, et. al. p. 391
7/28/2019 Chapter3-GIS Management Policy
15/15