Charles the FirstCharles the First‘-that man of blood’‘-that man of blood’

Part 2Part 2‘1629 - 1640’‘1629 - 1640’

Personal Rule 1629-1640Personal Rule 1629-1640

It was Charles’ prerogative to It was Charles’ prerogative to call and dismiss Parliamentscall and dismiss Parliaments

He had become disillusioned He had become disillusioned with Parliamentswith Parliaments

With a personal rule Charles With a personal rule Charles would be personally liable for would be personally liable for all successes and failuresall successes and failures

The QueenThe QueenCharles grew closer to his Queen Charles grew closer to his Queen after the death of George Villiers.after the death of George Villiers.

Their first child was born soon afterTheir first child was born soon after

Henrietta was not an influential Henrietta was not an influential force before force before 16351635

Charles allowed her to continue Charles allowed her to continue with her Catholicism which caused with her Catholicism which caused resentmentresentment

1629-16301629-1630

Charles made peace with Charles made peace with France and SpainFrance and Spain

The debt was now The debt was now £1,500,000£1,500,000

There was no Parliament There was no Parliament to grant taxesto grant taxes

Charles devised other Charles devised other means to raise moneymeans to raise money

Raising MoneyRaising Money

There was compulsory There was compulsory purchasing of knighthoodspurchasing of knighthoods

Forest boundaries were Forest boundaries were extended and then people extended and then people

were fined for trespassingwere fined for trespassing

1635 Ship Money 1635 Ship Money was applied to was applied to the whole country not just port the whole country not just port areasareas

Charles sold many monopoliesCharles sold many monopolies

Ship MoneyShip Money

John Hampden John Hampden challenged the challenged the validity of Ship Money by refusing validity of Ship Money by refusing to payto pay

He was judged by twelve judgesHe was judged by twelve judges

The judges ruled against him 7:5The judges ruled against him 7:5

Charles did not have the full Charles did not have the full support of the judiciarysupport of the judiciary

People paid Ship Money but People paid Ship Money but resented itresented it

John Hampden

English Prayer BookEnglish Prayer Book

Charles appointed William Laud as Charles appointed William Laud as archbishop in archbishop in 16331633..

In In 16371637 he decided to impose the he decided to impose the English Prayer Book on the ScotsEnglish Prayer Book on the Scots

The Scots were mainly The Scots were mainly PresbyterianPresbyterian (similar to Puritan). They hated (similar to Puritan). They hated Bishops and Prayer Books.Bishops and Prayer Books.

This action was a major contributor to This action was a major contributor to the Civil warthe Civil war

Scottish RiotsScottish Riots

The Scots rioted over the imposition of The Scots rioted over the imposition of the Prayer Book.the Prayer Book.

Charles was unable to quell the riots.Charles was unable to quell the riots.

In In 16401640 Charles called Parliament for Charles called Parliament for helphelp..

Arrest of MPsArrest of MPs

16421642 Charles entered the Charles entered the House of Commons to House of Commons to arrest the five leading MPs arrest the five leading MPs who opposed him at every who opposed him at every turn.turn.

The MPs had been warned The MPs had been warned and had already left.and had already left.

Charles noted the Charles noted the “the “the birds have flown”birds have flown”

Charles LeavesCharles Leaves

London was in an uproar.London was in an uproar.

Charles fled north.Charles fled north.

He raised his standard at He raised his standard at NottinghamNottingham..

The The Civil War Civil War began.began.

A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

Most of the prosperous south-east including Most of the prosperous south-east including London supported Parliament.London supported Parliament.

Charles had the support of most of the rest Charles had the support of most of the rest of the country including Scotland.of the country including Scotland.

GenerallyGenerally Catholics supported Charles and Catholics supported Charles and Protestants supported Parliament.Protestants supported Parliament.

Cavaliers and RoundheadsCavaliers and Roundheads

The King’s followers were called The King’s followers were called CavaliersCavaliers and were dressed more and were dressed more flamboyantly.flamboyantly.

The Parliamentarians were called The Parliamentarians were called RoundheadsRoundheads which reflected the dress which reflected the dress of the of the New Model ArmyNew Model Army

Prince RupertPrince Rupert

Charles’ German born nephew Charles’ German born nephew Prince Rupert, Prince Rupert, aged 23, came to aged 23, came to help his uncle.help his uncle.

Charles made him commander of Charles made him commander of the Royalist army.the Royalist army.

He specialised in lightening cavalry He specialised in lightening cavalry charges.charges.

He was an outstanding military He was an outstanding military commander.commander.

Robert DevereauxRobert Devereaux

The The Earl of Essex Earl of Essex led the Parliamentary led the Parliamentary army.army.

He was an experienced military He was an experienced military commandercommander

EdgehillEdgehill

The two armies met in The two armies met in Warwickshire on the Warwickshire on the 2323rdrd October 1642.October 1642.

Both armies suffered losses.Both armies suffered losses.

At the end of the day there At the end of the day there was no clear winner.was no clear winner.

The next day the The next day the Parliamentarians withdrew.Parliamentarians withdrew.

Marston MoorMarston Moor

The Royalists had been undefeated under The Royalists had been undefeated under Prince Rupert.Prince Rupert.

The Parliamentarians had an outstanding The Parliamentarians had an outstanding Victory at Marston Moor under Oliver Victory at Marston Moor under Oliver Cromwell.Cromwell.

Rupert called Cromwell and his men Rupert called Cromwell and his men “Ironsides”.“Ironsides”.

Fairfax and Rupert

NasebyNaseby

This battle was a turning point.This battle was a turning point.

It took place in It took place in June 1644.June 1644.

It was the first major engagement for the It was the first major engagement for the Parliamentarians’ Parliamentarians’ New Model Army.New Model Army.

Charles fled to Scotland for help. The Scots betrayed Charles fled to Scotland for help. The Scots betrayed him and handed him over to the Parliamentarians.him and handed him over to the Parliamentarians.

He managed to escape but He managed to escape but was was soon recaptured.soon recaptured.

Charles was incarcerated in Charles was incarcerated in Carisbrooke Castle where he tried to Carisbrooke Castle where he tried to organise an invasion force of Scots.organise an invasion force of Scots.

This sparked off the second Civil War.This sparked off the second Civil War.

The Royalists were defeated at Preston The Royalists were defeated at Preston in in August 1648August 1648..

Charles was truly defeated.Charles was truly defeated.

TrialTrialThe trial was held at Westminster Hall.The trial was held at Westminster Hall.

It began on It began on 2020thth January 1649. January 1649.

He was found guilty of treason.He was found guilty of treason.

The death warrant was signed by 59 The death warrant was signed by 59 republicans.republicans.

However, many felt that imprisonment would However, many felt that imprisonment would have been enough.have been enough.

ExecutionExecution

Sentence was passed on the Sentence was passed on the 2727thth January 1649 January 1649..

Charles was dignified to the Charles was dignified to the end.end.

At 10am on the At 10am on the 3030thth January January he he was escorted to St James’ was escorted to St James’ Palace.Palace.

The execution was to take place The execution was to take place at 2pm.at 2pm.

Nightcap worn by Charles the night before his execution

Charles wore two shirts so that Charles wore two shirts so that his shivering from the cold his shivering from the cold would not be mistaken for fear.would not be mistaken for fear.

The crowd The crowd groanedgroaned when the when the axe fell.axe fell.

The huge crowd then surged The huge crowd then surged towards the scaffold.towards the scaffold.

They bought relics of their dead They bought relics of their dead king – some for remembrance king – some for remembrance and others for a trophyand others for a trophy..

His hair and blood were sold.His hair and blood were sold.

The block was broken and cut into chips and sold.The block was broken and cut into chips and sold.

The sand on the platform, soaked in gore, was sold.The sand on the platform, soaked in gore, was sold.

His body was manhandled.His body was manhandled.

Charles was buried at St George’s Chapel.Charles was buried at St George’s Chapel.

His coffin was covered in snow- a sign of innocency.His coffin was covered in snow- a sign of innocency.

He was in his forty-eighth year of life and his twenty-He was in his forty-eighth year of life and his twenty-second year of his reign.second year of his reign.