Vindenergi
Niels-Erik ClausenDTU Vindenergi
Folkeuniversitetet 26 September 2017Aarhus
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Aftenens program - vindenergi• Introduktion – hvem er jeg og hvad laver vi på DTU Vindenergi?
• Vidste du?
• Vindmøllens opbygning
• Vindmølleparker
• Kaffepause
• Miljøpåvirkninger
• LCA - livscyklusanalyse
2Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017
Opklarende spørgsmål undervejs-Hvad betyder….. ?
Generelle spørgsmål til sidst
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Introduktion af underviser
• Uddannelse civilingeniør (DTU-M) 1980• PhD (DTU-M) soldrevne køleanlæg 1984• Kaptan 1984 – 85 soldrevne køleanlæg• Atlas og Alfa Laval 1985 – 1992 Design af anlæg til
afsaltning af havvand• BWSC 1992 – 2000 Design af dieselkraftværker i
udviklingslande inkl. miljøvurdering• DTU Vindenergi (tidl. Risø Vindenergiafdeling) 2000 -Undervisning i planlægning og udvikling af vindmølleparker del af kandidatuddannelsen i vindenergi. Forskning i vedvarende energi og klima, miljøpåvirkninger, socialt engagement
Folkeuniversitetet3 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
DTU Wind Energy Department
DTU Wind Energy 246 staffmembersIncluding 150 academic staffmembers and 40 PhD students
…From resource to grid
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Research FacilitiesExisting• Wind turbines at Risø Campus for research and teaching• 850 kW V52 research wind turbine• Test Station for Large Wind Turbines at Høvsøre• Test Station for ”Very” Large Wind Turbines at Østerild• Risø met-mast• Blade test Facility for Research• 1 MW drive-train test facility • Measurement stations and equipment, incl. Lidars• Structural test laboratory• Material tests lab, incl. Microscopes etc• Fiber laboratory• Small wind tunnels• WindScanner facility
Under development or in planning phase• National Wind Tunnel at Risø Campus (2018)• Large-scale blade test facility (2017)• Østerild Grid Test Facility
5 Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
R&D experiments and testing at DTU Wind Energy
Commercial testing at Blade Test centre A/S, a private limited company with the following shareholders: DNV-GL AS Technical University of DenmarkFORCE Technology
Wind turbine blade testing
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NEW Large scale test facility at DTU Wind Energy from 2017. Testing up to 45 m blades
Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
DTU Test Stations – Prototype Testing
Risø 1979Høvsøre 2007
Østerild 2012
5 test beds< 165 m< 8 MWSpacing 300 m
7 test beds< 250 m< 16 MWSpacing 600 m
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet8
Hvorfor installerer vi vindmølleri Danmark?
26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Klimaudfordringen på én slide
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Hvad betyder det?
Roskilde efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013
Frederikssund efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013
Folkeuniversitetet10 DTU Wind Energy
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet
En række førendeklimaforskere har 29. juni2017 publiceret en artikel iNature der dokumenterer at vores CO2 udslip skal nå sit højeste senest 2020 ellers kanvi ikke holde os under de 2grC temperaturstigning somanses for det maksimaleJorden kan tåle (navnlig visseø-stater)
Mandag morgen 27 august 2017
Politiken 26 september 2017
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Nogle tal for vindmølleindustien(2016)
•Beskæftigelse i Danmark 32900 •Omsætning: 118 Mia DKK•Eksport: 56 Mia DKK •Elproduktion 12.6 TWh svarer til 42.5% af DK elektricitetsforbrug (I 2016: 37.6%)
•Der blev installeret 54 GW i verden og 220 MW i Danmark (netto 162 MW)
•EU: 11% fra vind heraf 1% fra offshore vind
Kilde: Vindmølleindustrien, windpower.org
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Ny kapacitet til elproduktion i EU 2000-2016
Kilde: WindEurope 2017
26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
EU-28 ændring i installeret kapacitet
Kilde: WindEurope 2017 Folkeuniversitetet14 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
The wind turbine (gearbox)
G earbox G enerator
N acelle
B lade
Y aw drive
Foundation
T ower
T ransformer
H igh vol-tage cable
Control
W ind H ub
Power curve
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Typical modern wind turbine
Wind turbine 2016 Three bladed upwind Pitch-controlled Variable speed Grid connected 27% with direct drive Average size 2.0 MW 8-10 MW being developed
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Størrelsen af vindmøller er stigende
0
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1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001
Year
€cen
t/kW
h
201?
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Østerild National Test Center The crane for erection ofVestas V164 8 MW January 2014(222 m to blade tip)
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet20 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind energy in Denmark
offshore onshore
Dec 2016: 5225 MW
On land 3954 MW
Offshore 1271 MW
Number of wind turb. 5225
Electricity prod. 2015 14.1 TWh (42%)
Electricity prod. 2016 12.6 TWh (37.6%)
Source: Energistyrelsen Stamdataregister for vindmøller
Events in 2015• Wind energy > consumption 409 hrs (4.5%)• 26 July kl 06-07: wind = 139% of consumption• 2 Sept: No power plant online in Western Denmark
Summer 2017: Several days with no power plants
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Vedvarende energi ogelsystemet
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Integration af variable energikilder
Source: Helle Juhler-Verdoner, Intelligent Energy, Sept 2016
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Drift af elsystemet med meget vind og sol
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Ny analyse fra Energinet.dk
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Tjener til at imødegå fejl og stabilisere nettetved opståede fejl.Blev tidligere leveret af centralekraftværker. Årlig omkostning for Energinet ca 200 mill DKK i 2013-15. I 2016 var det ca. 50 mill DKK.
Ny rapport fra Energinet.dk
Systembærende egenskaber:• Frekvensstabilitet• Spændingsstabilitet• Kortslutningseffekt
26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Forskel fossile vs vedvarende
• Fossile brændsler findes kun koncentreret bestemtesteder, hvor de udvindes.
• Brændslet importeres og brændes af i nogle få store kraftværker.
• Vedvarende energikilder er distribueret og findes overalt.
• De udnyttes der hvor de findes og gerne i nærheden afhvor behovet for elektricitet er.
• Det betyder at vedvarende energikilder vil befinde sig tættere på hvor mennesker bor og ofte være synlige.
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
From centralised to de-centralisedpower system
…from 15 power plants to 415 CHP and 5000 wind turbines
CHP: combined heat and power
Graphics: Gehrke, Infrastructures for power system integration and control of small distributed energy resources , Risø DTU PhD Thesis 2008
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Elsystemet 31 maj 2017 21:55
Vind: 106%
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Vind: 2%
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind electricity vs % of electricity demand
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Source: Wiser & Bolinger: 2016 Wind Technologies Market report, L. Berkeley National Lab. August 2017
DK 2016: 37.6%
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Ny vindkapacitetinstalleret i2016
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Kaffepause 15 min
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Miljøforhold
26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Primære områder der kræver mere forskning:
1. Noise
2. Visual impact 3. Radar systems
4. Birds5. Marine mammals 6. Bats
7. Decommissioning
8. Ice throw and blade failure
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems. Megavind May 2016
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Støj = lyd man ikke har bedt om
“Naboen glemte at fortælle om sin fest”
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Noise sources
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Impact from noise
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Noise Limits• Danish Law 1284 December 2011• a) 44 dB(A) at 8 m/s (open land)• b) 42 dB(A) at 6 m/s• Sensitive areas (residential areas)• a) 39 dB(A) at 8 m/s• b) 37 dB(A) at 6 m/s• Low frequency noise 20 dB at 8 m/s and 6 m/s. (10-160
Hz; indoor)• Limits apply for all wind turbines in an area; new and
existing• Noise limits do not apply at owners propertyNoise regulations vary from country to country. In practice the same machine designs are used with different layout and distances to neighbours applied.
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet39 26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Background noise
Background noise
Stall regulated wind turbine
Modern pitch regulated turbine
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Reduction of noise vs loss of production
Source: Siemens Wind Power
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Dræby fed noise calculation
From EIA report January 2009
”If I live outside the blue line does that mean I cannothear the turbines?”
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Visual impact• Larger on-land turbines may be
visually more acceptable– one 3 MW machine has much lower
visual impact than fifty 55 kW machines– lower rotation speed (same tip speed)
• For some locations (repowering) medium sized turbines may be preferable
Photo:NEG-Micon
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Visualisations Knuthenborg
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Before construction – N1 Egehusgård
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Main proposal - N1 Egehusgård
Source: EIA report Wind turbines at Knuthenborg (in Danish) Lolland Municipality Aug 2011. Distance to neighbour N1 is 716 m
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Total height 150 m – distance 2 km
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Total height 150 m – distance 4 km
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Total height 150 m – distance 6 km
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Total height 150 m – distance 12 km
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Visual impact – Great Belt example
4 Nov 2016
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Middelgrunden
Curved layout give a beautiful overall impression with a perspectivePhoto: Mads Eskesen
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Birds and wind turbines
In general few examples with a conflict. Altamont pass California, Golden Eagle:A rare species + slow reproduction = great care.Old wind turbines with lattice towers provide outlook post for
the hunting eaglesWith modern wind turbines we have seen a conflict recently in
Norway at the Smøla wind farm (150 MW) in Norway. Ninesea eagles were killed since 2005 where phase II of the windfarm were opened.
Loss of habitat
Deterioration or fracmentation of habitat or disturbance from human activity
Collision risk
The birds are hit by the blades or hit the tower. Especiallymigrating birds
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Displacement of seabirds
The issue
Mitigation Implications
- Some bird species tend to avoid offshore wind farms
- Loss of feeding habitat- Cumulative impact issue- Common scoter, red-throated
diver
- On the plan level (number, size and location of wind farms)
- Large UK offshore wind farms aborted
- Nearshore projects limited in numbers
- Nearshore project area reduced in shallow part
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Energy payback time
At 10 m/s wind speed:
• 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m
• Generates in ?? electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time)
• 90% can be recycled
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Energy payback time
At 10 m/s wind speed:
• 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m
• Generates in 6-7 months electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time)
• 90% can be recycled• LCA focus lead to new tower
concept
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Recycling of Vestas V80 - 2 MW
Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA confe
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Re-use of wind turbine blades in GermanyIn Germany the old wind turbine blades can be reused for cement production in Melbeck near Lüneburg. Capacity 20.000 t per year. The blades are crushed and burned and the glass fibers end up in the cement replacing sand.
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet59
Kilde www.gate21.dk
26 sept 2017
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Østerild Nationalt test center
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
R&D cooperation with industryExample: CORAL– community and radar controlled lights
1. Aircraft approaching Zone
2. Detectionby RADAR
RADAR
Light Control Server
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS
6. Aircraft exits Wind Farm Zone
3. Aircraft enters Wind Farm Zone
© The Terma Group 2014
Project partners: Aalborg University and Terma
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DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Vedvarende energi er moderne
Fashion week Oct 2012 in Paris
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