NEAR – TERM CLIMATE PROTECTION AND CLEAN AIR FOR
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
-Transport Sector-
Sergio Sanchez Bogota, Colombia
October 31st – November 2nd 2012
Contents
• Latin American Context
• Policies and instruments
– Brazil
– Colombia
– Chile
– Mexico
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
Greening Global Transport
• Greening transport systems requires to affect both activity and emission factors:
• It should be based on an Integrated Avoid-Shift-Improved Approach
• Prevent or eliminate unnecessary trips
Avoid
• Change to clean and efficient modes of transport
Shift • Deploy clean and
efficient technologies and fuels
Improve
Public Transport
Land use & transport planning
Non-motorized transport
Travel demand
management
Freight Transport
Fuels & technologies
Methodologies, and tools for
policy & project assessment
Knowledge plataforms
Mainstreaming
activities
Project Monitoring
and Evaluation
Enabling regional sustainable transport and air quality interventions
Latin American Context
• 582 million inhabitants in 2011 – 677 million in 2050
• GDP per capita (PPP): 10,271 USD
• Most urbanized region of developing world
– urban population: around 70% (2010), 90% (2030)
• Expected GDP growth: 3% (through 2030)
• More than 100 million inhabitants exposed to air pollution levels exceeding WHO standards
• Air pollution related health effects cost around 2% of GDP annually
• Transport sector is the major source of urban air pollution
• It is also one of the largest and fastest growing sources of GHG emissions
Motorization trends
Source: BBVA (2010)
Source: BBVA (2010)
An Overwhelming Increase in the Number of Motorcycles in Latin America
Source: Montezuma (2011)
Sulfur Content in Vehicle Fuels Diesel and Gasoline sulfur content standards
Country Diesel Gasoline
Argentina Gas Oil G3 (10ppm) is available
50ppm in cities
Bolivia 50ppm
Brazil 50ppm for public transport
Chile 50ppm nationwide / 15ppm in metropolitan areas
30ppm / 15ppm in metropolitan areas
Colombia 50ppm in Bogota and for public transport nationwide
Costa Rica 50ppm
Mexico 15ppm available in Mexico City, Guadalajara,
Monterrey and US border
30ppm available in Mexico City, Guadalajara
and Monterrey
Peru 50ppm in Lima and Callao
Puerto Rico
15ppm 15ppm
Virgin Islands
15ppm 15ppm
Fuel Subsidies in the Americas
Used LDVs Flows Around the World
Source: OECD 2009
Massive entrance of in-use vehicles at the Chilean-Bolivian border (Source: Lacy 2011)
Brazil - Highlights
• National 2009 legislation – 36% reduction of GHG in 2020 based on 2005
• State of Sao Paulo 2009 legislation – 20% reduction of GHG in 2020 based on 2005
• State of Sao Paulo is discussing a sustainable transport plan.
• City of Sao Paulo 2009 legislation – requirement for urban buses: gradual substitution of entire bus fleet for vehicles fueled with renewable non-fossil fuels until 2018 – 10% each year
Colombia - Highlights
• Middle class growth
• Increased income
• Reduction of retail car prices as a result of growing competition
• Growing automobile imports (60% of total sales in 2009)
• Duty tax exemption policy favoring SUV’s
• New transport systems (e.g. SITP)
IES Approach in Bogota Scope definition and team buiding
Baseline and emission scenarios
Air Quality Modeling
Health effects assessment
Economic valuation
Measures prioritization and results sharing
Formulación de recomendaciones para implementar medidas
Desarrollo de pericia técnica
Fortalecimiento de capacidades
Apoyo a la construcción de
consensos
Chile - Highlights
• Broad diversity of emissions and vehicle standards
• Lower requirements to larger vehicles including a discount incentive on VAT taxes when bought through companies
• 244% increase on SUV and light duty sales during the last six years reaching beyond 30% of total country sales.
Mexico - Highlights
• On June 6th 2012, Mexico adopted a General Law of Climate Change.
– Implements treaties and protocols signed by Mexico and harmonize Mexican regulations with international negotiations and agreements.
– The country commits to reduce GHG emissions nationwide (compared to base year 2000):
• 30 per cent by 2020; and
• 50 percent by 2050,
Portal of Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Indicators
Conclusions
• More stringent emission standards have resulted in cleaner fleets in countries/cities where they are applied
• Further vehicle emission reductions require:
– Speed up phase-in of ultra low sulfur automobile fuels and alternatives.
– Effective I&M programs
– Scrapping schemes
• Standards, taxes, labeling and other instruments to improve fuel efficiency, and reduce GHG and short life climate pollutants, are needed to ensure a climate friendly fleet.
• Measures to deal with negative impacts of high motorization and VKT growth rates are essential for avoiding offset benefits of greener fleets.
• Transboundary flow of used cars is a substantial carbon leak issue that demands both national international life cycle approach.
Recommendations
• Foster a policy dialogue among decision makers and technical leaders to share knowledge on: – Emission and fuel efficiency standards – Economic instruments (taxes, feebates, rebates, etc.) – Develop guidelines to implement labeling system – Technology options – Policy assessment – Other
• Implement a consumer oriented online database with LAC region-wide information on: – automobile technologies, – emissions and fuel efficiency of brands/models – Environmental, social and economic benefits of greener fleets.
Contact Information
Sergio Sanchez Executive Director
The Clean Air Institute
1100 H Street NW, Suite 800 Washington DC, 20005
Ph. No. +1 (202) 785 4222 ext. 13 Fax +1 (202) 785 4313
http://www.cleanairinstitute.org
http://www.cleanairnet.org/lac