Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
of Socio-Ecological Systems (VASES): Part 1. Approach and Methods
Hanoi
20 December 2016
Content 1. Starting point for EbA and Socio-ecological systems (SES)
2. Vulnerability Assessment – steps
3. Ecological, Social, Economic and Climate Profiles
4. Identification, mapping and prioritisation of SES
5. Climate Impact and adaptive capacity assessments
6. Identification of pilot sites for village-level assessments
Starting Point for EbA:
• Ecology, society and economy cannot be separated.
• Natural ecosystems are the basis for human existence on this planet, and of all our economic activities.
• Our ecological foundations have been profoundly modified and in many places weakened from their original state, by people pursuing economic activities in unsustainable ways.
EbA & Socio-ecological systems
• EbA uses biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change (CBD 2009)
• The first step…...is to implement a vulnerability assessment, which is necessary to set the context of adaptation, including who and what components of the Socio-ecological systems (SES) are vulnerable and what are the risks or threats (ISPONRE, 2013)
• SES: A human- environment system that has bio-physical components, social components and economic components that regularly interact with each other in a sustained way.
Vulnerability Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of
climate variation to which a system is exposed; the system’s
sensitivity; and its adaptive capacity
Linking Social and Ecological Vulnerability
Steps 1. Conduct Social, Ecological, Economic Scoping Profiles
2. Define, Identify and map SESs across the entire province and prioritise SESs in order of importance
3. Review historical climate hazards, future scenarios Profile
4. Climate Impact assessment: exposure x sensitivity = impact
5. Impact/adaptive capacity = vulnerability
6. Identify EbA and related actions to address vulnerabilities
Scoping-Baseline Component Scope/Objective
Ecosystem Profile
Identify main ecosystem types, their area and condition; connectivity in the landscape; ecological processes; Ecosystem services important for local livelihoods, economy well-being, etc. Which are the key ecosystems to work on for EbA?
Social Profile Overall socio-cultural, and political context patterns of poverty, ethnicity, labour, migration, gender issues. Which social groups and which types of livelihoods are most vulnerable? Where are these groups and these livelihoods found?
Economic Profile What are the main sectors of the economy - contribution to employment, food production, tax revenue, GDP; what are the Key Economic Assets (KEA) - e.g. transport, energy and water infrastructure; what are the main development trends and drivers
Methods and Tools Literature review, expert opinion, key informant interviews, focal group discussions;
SES and KEA Vulnerability Component Scope/Objective Tools/Methods
SES Profile Identifying, mapping and prioritising Socio-ecological Systems (SES) and Key Economic Assets (KEA)
Understanding how many SES and KEAs there are in the province, where they are found, and how important they are
Overlaying maps of ecosystems, social groups and economic activities, use of Google Earth and field visits. Iterative process requiring expert judgement of team members
Climate Profile and Impact Assessment: Understanding climate pressures on socio-ecological systems and key economic assets – using 7 climate factors
Identifying, understanding and ranking actual and potential impacts on socio-ecological systems and Key Economic Assets based on both exposure and sensitivity considerations
ICEM CAM Methodology Climate Projections Literature review, expert opinion, key informant interviews, focal group discussions; group exercises
Adaptive Capacity Assessment: Understanding capacity to make appropriate changes
Identifying and understanding aspects of adaptive capacity at the provincial level – provincial institutions and planning systems
Review of policy and planning processes and institutional capacity at the provincial level. Management of ecosystems for resilience at provincial level
Overall Vulnerability Assessment and EbA Identification
Overall vulnerability score for each SES and KEA; identify appropriate interventions to address key vulnerabilities
Combine SES/KEA impact and adaptive capacity elements; identify EbA actions through expert knowledge, best practices, key informants, etc
Key components of SESs Ecological Social Economic
Mountains > 700 m Kinh smallholders Paddy rice (irrigated or not)
Sub-tropical moist evergreen broad-leaf forest Coniferous forest Forest over limestone Caves, Streams and rivers
Ethnic minority smallholders Upland rice/cassava/maize
Hill Areas < 700 > 10 m Kinh SME commercial Field crops
Tropical broad-leaf moist evergreen forest Forest over limestone Caves, Streams and rivers
Kinh large scale enterprise Forest product gathering
Lowland Coastal < 10 m State-owned enterprises Small-holder acacia
River systems Foreign owned enterprise Commercial rubber
Estuary mudflats + mangroves Industrial fruit crops
Coastal Sandy Area/sand-dunes Livestock production
Lagoons and lakes Shellfish gathering
Inshore marine areas Fish + shrimp aquaculture
Offshore marine areas Capture Fishery
Example
Ecological/Biophysical Coastal Sandy areas and Sand Dunes
+
Social Kinh, commercial and small-holder
+
Economic Shrimp aquaculture
= Kinh commercial and small-holder aquaculture on
coastal sand dunes
Kinh commercial and small-holder aquaculture on coastal sandy areas
Mapping SES/KEA in Ha Tinh
Mapping SES/KEA in QB
Kinh smallholder inland valley/transition
mixed paddy field and tree crops
Inland valley:
along the valley
of Gianh and
Dinh rivers
Transition: Along Son,
Ron river and transition
from valley to hilly area
Total area: 101,859 ha
Three districts: Tuyen Hoa,
Bo Trach and Le Thuy
Prioritisation 32 SES/KEA Ha Tinh
Code
No. SES Name
Ecological Social Economic Climate/
Environment
Rank
Provider
of ES
Depend
on ES
Popu-
lation Poverty
Other
Vulnerable
Group
direct
GDP
Future
emphasis
(SEDP)
Land
use %
*<5%;
***>15%
Labour
used
Base for
Value
Addi-tion Climate
damage
trends
Neg
Environ
Impact
1+2
PA1
PA2
SUBTROPICAL FOREST >700 M, MOIST
TROPICAL FOREST < 700M
State SUF Management (Vu Quang)
State SUF Management (Vu Quang, Ke Go) xxx xx x x - x x xx
13.5 x xxx x - 3
FPMB1
FPMB2
FPMB on subtropical forest >700m
FPMB on moist trop forest< 700m xxx x x x x x x
xxx
17.4
x xxx x - 6
2
2b
MOIST TROPICAL FOREST < 700M
Kin/Ethnic minority smallholder field + tree
crops x xx xx xx x xx xx
xx
6.5 xx x xx x 8
2c Kinh commercial forestry on hill forest (Huong
Son and Chuc A LLC) xx xx x x - x xx xx
5.5 x xx xx xx 14
2d Kinh smallholder inland valley paddy
cultivation + tree crops (pine acacia, citrus,
rubber, tea) xx xx xx x - xx xx
xxx
15.3 xx xx xx xx 9
2e EM smallholder inland paddy + field crops +
forest product collection xx xxx x x x x x x
0.0 x xx xx xx 30
2f Kinh commercial rubber plantations (Ha Tinh;
Huong Khe) x x x x - x xx x
4.5 x x xx xx 15
Prioritisation 32 SES/KEA Ha Tinh 2g Kinh commercial livestock raising enterprises
x xx x - - xx xx x
0.0 x xx xx 16
3
3a
COASTAL FLOODPLAIN
Kinh smallholder lowland irrigated floodplain
paddy rice cultivation x xxx xxx x - x x
xx
7.2 xx xx xx x 4
3b Kinh smallholder floodplain-hills transition: paddy
rice + mixed farming, tree crops x xx xx x - x x xx
9.8 x xx 5
4
4a
INLAND FRESHWATER
Kinh smallholder/commercial mixed freshwater
aquaculture x xx x x - x x
x
4.0 x x x x 23
4b Kinh small holder freshwater capture fishery x xxx x x - x x
x
0.0 x x x x 24
5
5a
ESTUARY
Kinh commercial brackish water fish / shrimp cages
and ponds x xx x - - x xx
x
0.1 x x x xx 21
5b Kinh artisanal shell fish collecting x xx x x - x x
x
0.0 x x x 29
5c Kinh smallholder salt production - xx x x x x
x
0.0 x xx xx 25
6
6a
COASTAL SAND DUNE
Kinh small holder vegetable gardening (oft
combined with 7b) x xxx x x - x x
x
0.1 x xx x 26
6b Kinh smallholder livestock (cattle) raising x xx x x - x x
x
0.1 x x xx 28
6c Kinh smallholder freshwater fish ponds x xxx x x - x x
x
0.1 x xx x 27
6d Kinh commercial shrimp aquaculture x xx x - - xx xxx
x
0.1 x x xx xx 10
6e Kinh commercial and small enterprise beach
tourism x xx x x - x x x
0.0 x xx xx xx 22
7
7a
MARINE
Kinh artisanal and commercial offshore fishing (> 6
nm from coast. xx xxx x x - xx xxx
x
0.0 x xx x x 13
Prioritisation 32 SES/KEAHa Tinh
7b Kinh artisanal inshore fishing (< 6 nm from
coast) xx xxx xx xx - x x xx
(11.8) xx xx xx xx 11
8
8a
KEY ASSETS
Commercial and state water management
infrastructure (dams, weirs, saline intrusion
barrages, irrigation canals) xxx xxx xx x - x xxx
xx
??
xx xxx xx xx 1
8b commercial mining - iron ore ,quartz, clay,
sand, titanium x x x - - x xx x
0.8 xx xx x xx 20
8c state transport and associated
infrastructure x xx xxx x x xx* xx x
?? xx xxx xx xx 12
8d commercial coal-fired energy production
facilities and distribution infrastructure - x xxx x x xx* xx x
0.0 xx xxx x xx 18
8e state managed special economic and
industrial zones (coastal) - x xx - - xxx xxx x
0.3 xx xxx x xxx 7
8f state managed special economic and
industrial zones (montane) x xx xx - x x xx x
3.0 x xx x x 17
8g State port and river transportation
infrastructure - x x - x xx xxx x
0.0 x xx xx x 19
8h urban and rural settlement, industry,
services x xx xxx x x xxx xx x
1.2 x x x xx 2
Climate change – Rainfall change
Climate change – Rainfall change
Rainfall Change in SES/KEA
SES CODE
Rainfall change (6-8) in 2050 (%)
Rainfall change (6-8) in 2100 (%)
Rainfall change (3-5) in 2050 ( (%)
Rainfall change (3-5) in 2100 (%)
Rainfall change (9-11) in 2050
Rainfall change (9-11) in 2100
MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN
1a 4.9 5.0 5.0 9.4 9.5 9.5 -5.3 -5.2 -5.3 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 3.8 4.0 3.9 7.4 7.6 7.5
2a 4.4 5.4 4.7 8.5 10.3 9.0 -5.5 -5.1 -5.2 -10.5 -9.7 -9.9 2.4 3.0 2.6 4.6 5.8 5.1
3a 4.6 4.7 4.7 8.8 9.0 8.9 -5.2 -5.1 -5.1 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.4 5.4 5.4
4a 3.9 5.4 4.8 7.4 10.3 9.2 -5.1 -4.5 -4.8 -9.8 -8.6 -9.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 6.1 6.6 6.5
5a 3.4 4.7 4.2 6.5 9.0 8.0 -5.2 -4.3 -4.9 -9.9 -8.3 -9.4 3.2 4.2 3.5 6.1 8.1 6.7
5c 4.4 6.1 5.3 8.5 11.7 10.1 -5.1 -5.0 -5.1 -9.9 -9.6 -9.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 6.1 6.4 6.2
6a 4.5 4.8 4.6 8.7 9.2 8.9 -5.2 -5.1 -5.2 -10.0 -9.8 -9.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 4.9 5.3 5.2
6b 4.3 6.4 5.2 8.3 12.3 10.0 -4.8 -4.6 -4.6 -9.1 -8.8 -8.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 5.8 6.4 6.2
8a 4.4 6.0 5.0 8.4 11.4 9.7 -5.6 -5.0 -5.2 -10.7 -9.6 -10.0 2.4 3.7 3.0 4.6 7.1 5.7
9a 4.7 5.5 5.1 9.0 10.5 9.8 -5.4 -5.2 -5.3 -10.4 -10.0 -10.2 2.6 3.0 2.8 5.0 5.8 5.3
9b 4.4 5.7 4.9 8.4 11.0 9.4 -5.6 -5.1 -5.3 -10.8 -9.7 -10.1 2.4 3.1 2.7 4.6 6.0 5.1
9c 4.4 5.8 5.1 8.5 11.1 9.8 -5.6 -5.1 -5.3 -10.8 -9.8 -10.1 2.4 3.9 2.9 4.6 7.6 5.6
11a 4.9 5.0 4.9 9.3 9.6 9.5 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -10.1 -9.9 -10.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 5.4 5.8 5.6
10c 4.1 4.4 4.3 7.9 8.4 8.2 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -8.8 -8.7 -8.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 6.2 6.5 6.3
Wa 4.3 6.3 5.1 8.3 12.1 9.8 -5.6 -4.7 -5.2 -10.8 -8.9 -10.0 2.4 4.0 3.0 4.6 7.7 5.8
Determining Impact
Exposure of system to climate threat
Sen
siti
vity
of
syst
em t
o c
lima
te t
hre
at
1
Very Low
2
Low
3
Medium
4
High
5
Very High
5
Very High Medium Medium High Very High Very High
4
High Low Medium Medium High Very High
3
Medium Low Medium Medium High
Very High
2
Low Low Low Medium Medium High
1
Very Low Very Low Low Low Medium High
22
Impact
Ad
ap
tive
Ca
pa
city
1- Very Low
Inconvenience
(days)
2- Low
Short disruption to
system function (weeks)
3- Medium
Medium term disruption to
system function (months)
3- High
Long term damage to
system property or function
(years)
5- Very High
Loss of life, livelihood or
system integrity
1- Very Low Very limited institutional capacity
and no access to technical or financial resources
Medium Medium High Very High Very High
2- Low Limited institutional capacity and
limited access to technical and financial resources
Low Medium Medium High Very High
3- Medium Growing institutional capacity and
access to technical or financial resources
Low Medium Medium High Very High
4- High Sound institutional capacity and
good access to technical and financial resources
Low Low Medium Medium High
5- Very High Exceptional institutional capacity and abundant access to technical
and financial resources
Very Low Low Low Medium High
VULNERABILITY = Impact /Adaptive Capacity
23
Determining Vulnerability
Village-Site Selection: SES Locations
SES 5a: Ethnic
Minority
swidden
cultivation +
forest products
SES 5b:
Kinh
smallholder
transition
paddy + field
and tree
crops
Multi-SES
Sand
dune
landscape
S z e
e P
D D 2 2 2 2 S z e P
O D
£ |
| | I |
Sand dune
nshore capture fisheries up to 6 nautical miles from coast/depth of 50m
Coastal protection forest small scale vegetable
growing on sand
pond aquaculture on sandy areas
Inshore fishery for
small pelagics –
squid, mackerel,
anchovy, sardine,
etc – over 3,000
boats <50 H.P.
Large sandy areas and also coastal protection forest has been converted to intensive white shrimp - 3 crops/year and 10-15 tons/crop Casuarina planted
since 1960s to control moving sand, as a windbreak and to maintain fresh water resources along coast
2015: more than 900 ha of vegetables in sandy areas, income 70 m VND/ha/year
9a - Coastal protection forest on sandy areas
97 bnVND for new planting coastal protection forest in Quảng Bình province New planting in hot sandy at Lệ Thủy. 2016
Coastal erosion in Đức Trạch commune 2016
Forest fire in Bảo Ninh commune 2015
Poor coastal protection forest in Quảng Ninh
Ngu Thuy Bac Commune
Ngu Thuy Bac Commune, Le
Thuy District FPMB on sand, with bare sand areas
Vegetable growing on sandy areas
Smallholder/commercial shrimp aquaculture
Freshwater pond fish aquaculture
Artisanal inshore capture fishery
NTB fishing
Villages:
Trung Hoa
Tan Thuan
Tan Hai
Bac Hua
Participatory assessment
Introduction
Profile-context (PRA tools)
– livelihoods inventory , what how many people, incl migration/remittances (FGD, ranking)
– Key ecosystem resources, services = ecosystem dependency of livelihoods (Transect walk)
– Vulnerable groups (wealth ranking)
– Climate pattern, livelihood activities – (seasonal calendar)
– Development history, trends, pressures incl land use; climate event/change history, trends, pressures; ecosystem responses and coping/adaptation (timeline)
Participatory analysis (village)
Analysis – climate change in VN
and what to expect here, integrating with community perceptions
– Village land use and climate hazards (map)
– Vulnerability matrix
– Institutional support for CCA/EbA (Venn diagram)
Participatory planning
• Hazard/Problem prioritisation
– existing village/commune development plans (climate proofing)
– Review participatory assessment outcomes
• For priority problems
– Existing adaptive capacity and coping
– Solutions, preferred solutions (EbA/non-EbA)
– Actions, Resources (people, materials, VND)
– Timelines
• Report Back to whole village
• Concept Note preparation
Thank You
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
of Socio-Ecological Systems (VASES): Part 2: Results and Recommendations
Hanoi
20 December 2016
Content 1. Priority Ecosystems and their vulnerabilities
2. Identifying EbA interventions
3. EbA recommendations for each proirity SES
4. Overall EbA recommendations and conclusions
CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS (2050 &
2100) Exposure Explanation (E ) Sensitivity Explanation (S) Impact
Adaptive
Capacity Explanation (AC) Vulnerability
TEMPERATURE
Hot season hotter and
longer; Summer av.max
temp. will increase 1.8
degree C in 2050, 3.5
degree in 2100
3
Both VQNP and KGNR
will be exposed to
these changes 3
Species close to the limit of
their temperature tolerance
will be most at risk –
especially those already only
found at higher elevations
3 3
PAs management in
place, but no
planning for long-
term survival of
species impacted by
temp. increases
3
Number of Dry days
increase 17 in 2050, 15
in 2100, Number of hot
days > 35oC increase 23
24 in 2050, 34 - 35 days
in 2100
3
Both VQNP and KGNR
will be exposed to
these changes 3
Increased number of dry
days and very hot days will
increase risk of forest fire 3 3
PAs have in place
management but
need more resources
for future forest fire
management
3
Temperature will
increase faster and
earlier in Spring 3
Both VQNP and KGNR
will be exposed to
these changes 3
This may affect phenology
of plant species, emergence
of insects, and reproductive
behavior of many species
3 3
little understanding
of what changes
might happen/how to
respond to them
3
PRECIPITATION
Rainfall in Summer will
increase 5% in 2050, 9
- 10% in 2100; FLOOD
RISK 3
Both VQNP and KGNR
will be exposed to
these changes 2
increased erosion and
landslides in some places.
Extended waterlogging of
the soil problem for some
plant and tree species
3 3
There is not much
that can be done
beyond normal
management of the
area
3
Dry season will be
drier, spring rainfall
decrease 5% in 2050,
10% in 2100 -
DROUGHT RISK
3
Both VQNP and KGNR
will be exposed to
these changes 3
This will also add to the
forest fire risk, together
with the increase in dry days
and very hot days (above) 3 3
more resources will
be needed for forest
fire management in
the future 3
STORM/ TYPHOON
Higher speed/stronger
Difficult to forecast the
frequency/season
2
further inland from
the cost VQNP will be
less exposed KGNR is
a bit closer to coast a
bit more exposed
2
Some tree species may be
damaged by storms
2 3
There is not much
that can be done
about this beyond
normal management
of the area
3
SEA LEVEL RISE
Increased 3mm/year in
last 20 years
1
Both VQNP and KGNR
are sufficiently inland
and elevated 1
• High elevation
• Far from the sea 1 5
There is no need to
take any adaptive
action on this issue 1
2.9 2.4 2.9 4.1 2.7
HT Priority SES - Vulnerability Imp
Rank Socio-Ecological System
Vulnerability
Score (7 factor mean)
Rank
1 Water Infrastructure 3.3 2
2 Urban and rural settlements, industry and services
3.3 2
3 SUF – VQNP and Kego NR 2.7 8
4 Kinh smallholder lowland irrigated paddy rice
3.4 1
5 Kinh small-holder/commercial transition area rice and mixed farming systems
3.3 2
HT Priority SES - Vulnerability
Imp Rank
Socio-Ecological System Vulnerability
Score (7 factor mean)
Rank
6 Protection Forest on coastal and terrestrial upland areas
2.7 8
7 Coastal Special Economic Zone (Vung Ang)
2.6 10
8 Kinh and Ethnic minority upland field and tree crops
3.3 2
9 Kinh smallholder Inland valleys paddy rice and tree crops
3.3 2
10 Commercial Shrimp Aquaculture on sandy areas
3.1 7
QB Priority SES - Vulnerability Imp
Rank SES Vulnerability
Score (7 factor mean)
Rank
1 Kinh smallholder coastal floodplain irrigated paddy rice cultivation
3.4 2
2 Kinh smallholder mixed paddy and tree crops
3.4 2
3 Phong Nha-Ke Bang NP and WHS
2.7 9
4 Lowland Moist TRF State Forest Enterprise
2.7 9
5 Kinh small-holder/ commercial shrimp aquaculture,sand dunes
3.3 5
QB Proirity SES - Vulnerability Imp
Rank SES Vulnerability
Score (7 factor mean)
Rank
6 Forest PMB on coastal sand dunes and sand
2.9 6
7 Kinh inshore capture fishermen (estuary to 6 km offshore)
2.9 6
8 Upland Ethnic minority swidden cultivation
4.0 1
9 Hilly forest commercial rubber estates
2.8 8
10 Irrigation/ hydropower reservoirs and related infrastructure
3.3 4
Vulnerability Assessment/EbA
manage
manage
Socio-economic environment
manage
Implementation of EbA action
KEA EbA recommendations Water Infrastructure
• Protect reservoir infrastructure from physical damage from storms through planting of wind-breaks
• Increase working life of reservoirs - reduce sediment inflow through improved watershed management, using longer rotations in forest plantations, and stopping further conversion of natural forest
• Conduct scenario planning exercises for future water demand (including climate change considerations) in the area supplied by each reservoir
• Manage operation of reservoirs (quantity and timing of releases) to ensure environmental flows in downstream rivers
• Install floating solar panels on reservoir surfaces to generate electricity and reduce evaporation losses
KEA EbA recommendations Urban and Rural Settlements • Create more green spaces, plant
more roadside trees, reduce heat island effects/heat stress impacts
• Adopt “living with the floods” approach – allow flood waters to pass through settlement - streams, canals and flood water drains while causing reduced damage to better flood-adapted housing/ buildings; create ponds/lakes to absorb large amounts of water; relocate most important buildings away from the lowest lying areas, etc.
• Protect existing urban and peri-urban wetlands from being filled in for development
KEA EbA recommendations Coastal Special Economic Zone
• Create more green spaces and plant more shade trees (especially around workers housing areas) to reduce heat trap/heat island effects and reduce heat stress impacts of increased temperature and increased number of very hot days
• Adopt an approach of “living with the floods” – allowing flood waters to pass through the SEZ in canals and flood water drains while causing reduced damage to better flood-adapted workers’ housing and other buildings; create ponds and lakes within the SEZ that can absorb large amounts of water;
SES EbA recommendations: SUF Vu Quang + PNKB N.P., Ke Go N.R.
• Continue to improve management of NP and NR
• Strict enforcement against illegal logging and wildlife poaching
• Strengthen outreach acrivities to build relationship between park management and local communities
• Increase focus on forest fire prevention
• Improve visitor education and nature interpretation services
• In Kego expand enrichment planting with native species in areas tpreviously planted with acacia
SES EbA recommendations: Forest Protection Management Boards
Upland terrestrial protection forests - improve watershed function and other environmental services by:
• Using a diversity of native species in all new planting
• Introducing native species through enrichment planting of old plantations
• Start with pilot project including establishment of native species tree nurseries and provinding training
SES EbA Recommendations: State Forest Enterprises
• Manage all production forests for increased economic and ecosystem service benefit (QB makes more money from value addition than from primary production)
– Plantations – move to longer rotation products –
sawn timber, garden furniture, etc.
– Natural Forests continue with additional FSC Certification and long-term sustainable logging for quality hardwoods
SES EbA recommendations Ethnic Minority Swidden farming and forest product collection
• Improve fallow management to enhance nutrient cycling and soil formation
• Improve water conservation and soil fertility management practices using “S.A.L.T.” contour planting, mulching, alley cropping, etc.
• Plantation of perennial crops to supplement swidden crops e.g. shade grown coffee
EbA recommendations for Ethnic Minority Swidden farming and forest product collection • Establish community-based
management groups to for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs for income generation
• Enrichment planting of high value NTFPs using varieties suitable to future climate conditions
• Protection of small watercourses for domestic water supply in settlements away from river.
SES EbA recommendations: Kinh small-holder rice/tree + fieldcrops, inland valleys/transition areas
• Build on existing Climate Smart Agriculture work already being done (SRI Rice, shifting crop calendar, ratoon rice, SNV work on sustainable cassava, etc.)
• Move out of paddy into less water intensive, more valuable species where appropriate
• Apply Sloping Agriculture Land Techniques (SALT) on hilly slopes (contour planting, mulching, etc)
• Introduce more diverse species and varieties of tree and field crops that are better adapted to the future climate conditions and will also increase diversity of insects and animal pollinators in the landscape
SES EbA Recommendations Commercial Rubber, hilly areas
Avoid storm and wind damage to rubber plantations by
• Locating plantations in sheltered areas protected from wind and storm damage
• Planting windbreaks of other trees
• Inter-cropping with other species and mulching of resideues
• Application of organic fertilizers
SES EbA recommendations: Coastal Plains irrigated/rain-fed paddy
• Build on existing Climate Smart Agriculture
work already being done (SRI Rice, ratoon rice, shifting crop calendar, etc.)
• Move out of paddy into less water intensive, more valuable species where appropriate in some rain-fed areas
• To ensure future adequate supply of irrigation water from upstream SESs on which irrigated paddy SES depends, protect vital reservoir infrastructure through improved watershed management
• Restore environmental flows (and re-nature some sections of rivers) to combat salinization
9a - Coastal protection forest on sandy areas
Natural woods in Vĩnh Sơn villages, Quảng Đông commune
Natural woods in Trung Tân village, Sen Thủy commune
Natural woods in
SES EbA recommendations _______________________
Coastal Protection Forests on sandy areas • Raise awareness of importance and value of natives species (250+spp.)
• Publish manual on identification and propagation of native species
• Identify and map remaining areas of natural forest, and establish co-
management arrangements between PFMB and local communities
• Establish nurseries and provide training to support production of seedlings of
native species for sandy areas
• Use native species in planting new coastal protection forests and in enrichment
planting of existing casuarina and acacia plantations
SES EbA recommendations: Aquaculture on sandy areas
• Restore natural beach vegetation around ponds for physical protection, shade
• Investigate ground water supply/condition, assess future demand (tourism aquaculture, vegetables) develop management plan
• Assess feasibility of organic shrimp production
SES EbA recommendations: Inshore capture fisheries
• Establish fisheries co-management systems with local communities
• Identify, map protect and restore coral reefs and sea-grass that provide spawning, nursery and feeding grounds supporting fisheries productivity
• Monitor responses of key species to ocean changes
Trade-offs, limits to adaptation and mal-adaptation 1. New irrigation
reservoir constructed inside Vu Quang National Park
2. Saline intrusion barriers
3. Dykes and sea walls
EbA Final Conclusions • Poor people are more vulnerable – coastal fishers and upland communities
including ethnic minorities – focus assistance on their needs first
• Natural resource based livelihoods are more vulnerable Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries use largest areas of the provinces and employ the most people – but also offer the most significant oppoerunities for EbA
• Reservoirs, roads, railways, ports, can also be partially protected by EbA
• State direct control of large areas – therefore must take leading role in EbA
• Effective land-use planning and enforcement are key to EbA
• SEDP is the critical planning document - EbA mainstreaming
Thank you!