Collectivism
1 Collectivism is discussed extensively by Objectivists.
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Collectivism
1 A Cooperative|cooperative enterprise would be an example of horizontal collectivism, whereas a military hierarchy would be an
example of vertical collectivism.[http://www.sjdm.org/dmidi/Horizontal%20%26%20Vertical%20Individualism
%20%26%20Collectivism%20I.html Horizontal and vertical dimensions of
individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement] Singelis, T
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Collectivism - Typology
1 Primarily, collectivism describes how groups orient themselves naturally within a society
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Collectivism - Typology
1 Horizontal collectivism is based on the assumption that each individual is more or less equal, while vertical
collectivism assumes that individuals are fundamentally different from
each other
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Collectivism - Typology
1 Horizontal collectivists tend to favour democratic decision-making, while vertical
collectivists believe in a strict chain of command. Horizontal collectivism stresses
common goals, interdependence and sociability. Vertical collectivism stresses the integrity of the ingroup|in-group (e.g. the
family or the nation), expects individuals to sacrifice themselves for the in-group if necessary, and promotes competition
between different in-groups.
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Collectivism - Culture and politics
1 We also see, that in regards to a police department, an individual can
be detained whether he or she wishes to or not, overriding their will
as an example of collectivism.
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Collectivism - Culture and politics
1 Collectivism does have its advantages as compared to
individualist societies as people in collectivist societies almost always have access to a group and as such are known to be considered happier, less lonely, and have lower rates of
mental illness in studies done by psychologists and political scientists
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Collectivism - Classical liberal criticisms
1 There are two main objections to collectivism from the ideas of individualism. One is that
collectivism stifles individuality and diversity by insisting upon a common social identity, such as nationalism or some other group
focus. The other is that collectivism is linked to statism and the diminution of freedom
when political authority is used to advance collectivist goals.Heywood, Andrew. Key
Concepts in Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 122
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Collectivism - Classical liberal criticisms
1 Criticism of collectivism comes from liberal Individualism|individualists, such as Classical liberalism|classical liberals,
Libertarianism|libertarians, Objectivism (Ayn Rand)|Objectivists, and Individualist
anarchism|individualist anarchists. Perhaps the most notable modern criticism
of economic collectivism is the one put forward by Friedrich Hayek in his book The
Road to Serfdom, published in 1944.
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Collectivism - Classical liberal criticisms
1 As soon as a faction has succeeded in winning the support of the
majority of citizens and thereby attained control of the government machine, it is free to deny to the
minority all those democratic rights by means of which it itself has
previously carried on its own struggle for
supremacy.[http://www.mises.org/story/2528 The Fallacy of Collectivism]
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Collectivism - Socialist criticisms
1 Socialists argue that modern capitalism and private property, which is based on
Socialization (economics)|socialized production and joint-stock or Corporation|corporate ownership structures, is a form
of organic collectivism that sharply contrasts with the perception that
capitalism is a system of free individuals exchanging commodities.Capital, Volume
1, by Marx, Karl
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Collectivism - Socialist criticisms
1 George Orwell, a dedicated democratic socialist,George Orwell|
Orwell, George [http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/es
says/whyiwrite.htm Why I Write] believed that collectivism resulted in the empowerment of a minority of
individuals that led to further oppression of the majority of the
population in the name of some ideal such as freedom.
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Collectivism - Socialist criticisms
1 It cannot be said too often - at any rate, it is not being said nearly often
enough - that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the
contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisition|Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of.George Orwell, review of
The Road to Serfdom (1944)
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Collectivism - Socialist criticisms
1 Marxists criticize this use of the term collectivism, on the grounds that all societies are based on class interests and therefore all
societies could be considered collectivist. The Liberalism|liberal ideal of the free
individual is seen from a Marxist perspective as a smokescreen for the collective interests
of the capitalist class. Social anarchists argue that individualism is a front for the interests of the upper class. As anarchist
Emma Goldman wrote:
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Collectivism - Socialist criticisms
1 In response to criticism made by various pro-capitalist groups that claim that public ownership or common ownership of the means of production is a
form of collectivism, socialists maintain that common ownership over productive assets does not infringe upon the individual, but is instead a liberating force that transcends the false dichotomy of individualism
and collectivism.http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/i/n.ht
m#individualism Socialists maintain that these critiques conflate the concept of private property in the means of production with personal possessions
and individual production.
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Collectivism - Other criticisms
1 She argued that collectivism means the subjugation of the individual to a group, and that throughout history, no tyrant ever rose to power except
on the claim of representing the common good
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Issues in anarchism - Individualism vs. collectivism
1 Tucker argues that collectivism in property is absurd: That there is an
entity known as the community which is the rightful owner of all land,
Anarchists deny...I...maintain that ‘the community’ is a non-entity, that
it has no existence..
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Anarcho-collectivism
1 'Collectivist anarchism' (also known as 'anarcho-collectivism') is a
revolutionaryPatsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54 doctrine that
advocates the abolition of both the State (polity)|state and private property|private ownership of the means of production. It
instead envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and
managed by the producers themselves.
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Anarcho-collectivism
1 Thus, Bakunin's Collectivist Anarchism, notwithstanding the title,
is seen as a blend of individualism and collectivism.Morriss, Brian
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Anarcho-collectivism - Comparison with communist anarchism
1 The collectivist anarchists at first used the term collectivism to
distinguish themselves from the Mutualism (economic theory)|
mutualism of the followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon and the state socialists associated with Karl
Marx
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Bureaucratic collectivism
1 'Bureaucratic collectivism' is a theory of social class|class society. It is used
by some Trotskyism|Trotskyists to describe the nature of the Soviet
Union under Joseph Stalin, and other similar states in Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere (such as North Korea).
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 Theorists, such as Yvan Craipeau, who hold this view believe that
bureaucratic collectivism does not represent progress beyond capitalism—that is, that it is no closer to being
a workers' state than a capitalist state would be, and is considerably
less efficient
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 Bureaucratic collectivism was first used as a term to describe a theory originating in
England, shortly before the World War I|First World War, about a possible future social organisation. After the war, the Russian
Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution and the rise to power of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hugo Urbahns and Lucien
Laurat both began to critique the nature of the Soviet state in a similar manner.
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 However, Trotsky doubted that a state of pure bureaucratic
collectivism would ever be reached; he believed that, in the absence of a proletarian revolution to return the
Soviet Union to socialism, a comprehensive counter-revolution
would return the nation to capitalism instead.
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 Soon after the Workers Party (US)|Workers Party in the United States (later the Independent
Socialist League), led by Max Shachtman, split from the Fourth International, it adopted the
theory of bureaucratic collectivism and developed it. As a result, it is often associated with Shachtmanite|Left Shachtmanism and the Third Camp. Its version had much in common
with Craipeau's, as developed by James Burnham and Joseph Carter (socialist)|Joseph
Carter, but little with Rizzi's.
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 The theory of bureaucratic collectivism was maintained by
socialists such as Hal Draper, and is now held by sections of Solidarity
(US)|Solidarity in the U.S. and Workers Liberty in the United
Kingdom and Australia.
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Theory
1 George Orwell's famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four describes a fictional society of Oligarchical
Collectivism. Orwell was familiar with the works of James Burnham having
reviewed Burnham's Managerial Revolution prior to writing Nineteen
Eighty-Four.
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Bureaucratic collectivism - Criticisms
1 He asserted that the theoretical poverty of the theory of bureaucratic
collectivism is not accidental and tried to show that the theory is only
negative; empty, abstract, and therefore arbitrary
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism
1 'The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism', by the
character Emmanuel Goldstein, is the fictional book that is used as a thematic and plot element in the
dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Background
1 Initially, he appears as such, especially in giving Winston a copy of
Goldstein's illegal book, which O'Brien says reveals the true,
totalitarian nature of the society the Party established in Oceania: full membership to the Brotherhood
requires reading and knowing The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, the true title of the
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Background
1 The term oligarchical collectivism refers not only to the Party's ideology of Ingsoc (English Socialism) but also
to the ideologies of the other two states (Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia; in
Eastasia, Death Worship or Obliteration of the Self)
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Chapter I
1 In reality, the social castes are no longer necessary, and collectivism
only serves to prolong the exploitation of the Low
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Later chapters
1 Winston never has the opportunity to finish reading The Theory and
Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, and learn the Why's? of Oceania and the world order in 1984 before the Thought Police arrest him; yet he
believes that the hope of change lies with the proletariat|Proles.
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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Author
1 In their torture chamber conversations, he tells Winston that
The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, the book by Emmanuel Goldstein, was written by
a committee that included him
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First impression (psychology) - Individualism versus collectivism
1 Similar to the number of viewers present, collectivism versus individualism can influence
impression formation
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