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Composting
Study on 9N site, Alexandria, Egypt
Mohamed Wahby
PowerPoint presentation as a partial fulfilment for the course Env. 706
Pre. M.Sc. In environmental sciences
Dec. 2012
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
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Sewage treatment
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman - Living in the Environment, 17 edition, Chapter 20
ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6
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Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman -
Living in the Environment, 17th edition,
Chapter 20 ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6
Primary sludge Secondary sludge Tertiary sludge
Output from waste watertreatment plants Biological sludge Chemical sludge(Advanced waste treatment)
Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 7th edition Lewis publisher, 2000
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What is the meaning of composting?
Aerobic process
involving the
biologicalstabilization of
sludge.
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255st
udents/mboks/p5/g06956figure01.jpg
Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -
Chapter3 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995
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Anaerobic composting
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.uk-energy-
saving.com/anaerobic-digestion.jpg
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
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Windrow composting
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e07.htm
http://organic.tfrec.wsu.edu/compost/Compost%20syste
ms/windrows%20mid.jpg
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Aerated static pile
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.greenprojectexchange.org/gpe/images/allmedia/Aerat
edStaticPileConstructionR.jpg
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In-vessel composting
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0424/5adf1ae758b89/5adf1aee61d22.jpg
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Growth curve
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0424/5adf1ae758b89/5adf1aef09bcc.png
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
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Why composting?
Reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers. Promote higher yields of agricultural crops.
Facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat
revitalization efforts by amending contaminated, compacted, and
marginal soils.
Capture and destroy 99.6 percent of industrial volatile organic
chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air.
Provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventional soil,
water, and air pollution remediation technologies, where
applicable. Serves as a marketable commodity and is a low-cost alternative to
standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments.
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.epa.gov/compost/basic.htm
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Application on agricultural lands
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States
U.S. EPA, Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division -Office of Solid Waste
EPA530-R-99-009 - September 1999
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Application on agricultural lands
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
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How sites are chosen?
Geological Stability
Protection of Wetlands
Protection of Surface Water
Protection of Ground Water
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of
Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -
chapter4 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995
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9N site
Site 9N is located 35 Km west of Alexandria
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New strategies for
wastewater
management and reuse
in Alexandria 2037
Oct., 2010 CEDARE
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Present and expected future input
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New strategies for wastewater management and reuse in Alexandria in 2037
Oct., 20120
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In Egypt, Alexandria (before 9N site)
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M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl. Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives
towards a Sustainable Agricultural Use - World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009
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Process in 9N (Physical)
Moisture
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting row
sludge
High moisture> 60%; can be reduced by blending the
sludge with bulking materialOptimum
moisture40% - 60%
Low moisture< 40%; adjusted by adding water to the
windrow
In final compost Moisture less than 8% 0.2%
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Process in 9N (Physical)
Temperature
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting row
sludge
Max. temp.
64.9C (after 1 month)
< 59 C; Some microorganisms can be
inhibited or killed and diversity oforganisms is reduced, thus results in
lower rates of decomposition
Optimum temp. 45C - 59C
Min. temp.
48C (at the beginning)
> 20 C; Decomposition slows down, asmicroorganisms do not proliferate
In final compost Temperature within optimum range
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Process in 9N (Physical)
pH
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting row
sludge
Max. pH
> 11; Kills many bacteria and
encourages the conversion of NH N to
NH resulting in a N-loss to the
atmosphere
Optimum pH 6 9
Min. pH< 6.5; Promotes leaching of heavy
elements (mobilization)
In final compost pH within optimum range
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Organic carbon:
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting row
sludge
Max. content (was not mentioned )
Optimum
contentNote less than 40% 2%
Min. content30; Adjusted by probably adjusting the
ration of bulking agent/sludge
In final compost Note less than 40% 2%
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Nitrogen:
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting row
sludge
Max. content (was not mentioned )
Optimum
contentNote less than 2% 0.1%
Min. content
2; Adjusted by using of bulking agent
rich in nitrogen e.g., Hay (2.5% 4%) or
rice straw. As nitrogen is significantly
reduced in the final compost.
In final compost Note less than 2% 0.1%
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Carbon to nitrogen ratio:
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Adjusting rowsludge
Max. content 22.1
Optimum
content 18.1-22.1
Min. content
18.1; Carbonaceous materials have to
be added to increase the ratio up to 30
in case if its low.
In final compost 18.1-22.1
* If the C:N ratio is too high (excess carbon), decomposition slows down. If
the C:N ratio is too low (excess nitrogen) you will end up with a stinky pile.
*http://www.composting101.com/c-n-ratio.html
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Ammonia (NH): Ranged between 0 0.55 mg/g
Higher in the first weeks (Risk of ammonium ion toxicity) and
then converted to NO at the end of maturation.
Nitrate (NO):
Ranged between 0 0.09 mg/g
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Volatile solids (VS):
Efficient composting achieved about 45% decrease of VS Some studied hence that it better to be lower than 40%
VS decrease indicates that organic waste breaks down.
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Process in 9N (Chemical)
Plant Nutrients:
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Primary
Phosphorous 4.3 6.2 mg/g
Potassium 2250 2630 mg/kg
SecondaryCalcium 30225 34033 mg/kg
Magnesium 4014 4580 mg/kg
NaCl (not regarded as a plant nutrient) Not to be more than 0.5%
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Process in 9N (Biological)
Bacteriological:
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapt
er%206/06-
24_MPNEstimate_L.jpg
Most Probable Number
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Process in 9N (Biological)
Parasitological: Treated sludge (compost)
should contain no more than
one helminthes egg/100 ml
Number of the eggs present
should not exceed more than
three genera of helmithes eggs.
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.polconsultant.com/contedu
c/immunology/images/Parasite-
helminths-6-900.jpg
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
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Standards for composting
Minister of agriculture No. 100/1967
Minister of agriculture No. 214/1997
Minister of agriculture No. 254/2003 Minister of housing, utilizing and urban communities
No. 222/2002
EPA standards for composting and California
Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery
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Standards for composting
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
FourthInternational
Water Technology
Conference IWTC
99, Alexandria,
Egypt
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Standards for composting
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Constituent Concentration (mg/kg)on dry weight basisCopper 1500
Cadmium 39
Chromium 1200
Nickel 420
Lead 300
Zinc 2800
Arsenic 41
Selenium 36
Mercury 17
Coliforms 1000 /gm ds
Salmonella 3/4g ds
California
Department of
Resources Recycling
and Recovery
Egyptian Sludge
Regulation (Decree
254 / 2003)
USEPA 40 CFR Part 503
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Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural
Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009
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Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural
Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
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Turning effect
From the results obtained in this study,
it can be concluded that the turning
frequency ofmore than once/week (as
in case of W4) is more efficient in
compost production from sewagesludge than the turning frequency every
7, 10 or 15 days. Although the C/N ratio
of all windrows could be less than the
optimum, all windrows were able to
achieve good microbial activity andhence temperature elevations (5570C),
which were sufficient for pathogens
inactivation.
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Site management and compliance
1- Groundwater
According to the sites
microbiological data
and frequent sampling
of 16 monitoring
wells, there is not
indication of leachates
reached thegroundwater
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.euwfd.com/assets/images/Gro
undwater-pollution02.jpg
d l
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Site management and compliance
2- Local people
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.alwafd.org
Sep., 30, 2011
http://gate.ahram.org.eg/
Sep., 23, 2011
http://www.elsaba7.com
July, 11, 2012
http://www.alwafd.org/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://www.alwafd.org/http://www.alwafd.org/7/30/2019 Composting - 9N Site Mohamed Wahby
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()
814/.
()1016/.
()
1220/.
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-/-9-2007
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:
.
1.5
..
.
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:
.
.
..
.
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Recommendations
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EIA study
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://ecx.images-
amazon.com/images/I/51FjsCnkVFL._BO2,204,
203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-
click,TopRight,35,-76_AA300_SH20_OU01_.jpg
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Future prospective
Other sites technology
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable
Agricultural Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009
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Future prospective
Production of biofuel
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Long run solution(Translocation)
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
http://www.narg.org.uk/images/egypt_satphoto_google.jpg
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Contents
Introduction (where does the sludge comes
from?)
Types of composting
Why composting is done?
Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt
Standards of the process Questions
Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012
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References G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman - Living in the Environment, 17 edition,
Chapter 20 ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6
M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl. Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt:
Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural Use - World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009
Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 7th edition Lewis publisher, 2000
Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -
Chapter3 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995
Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States U.S. EPA, Municipal
and Industrial Solid Waste Division -Office of Solid Waste. EPA530-R-99-009 -
September 1999
Fourth International Water Technology Conference IWTC 99, Alexandria, Egypt
New strategies for wastewater management and reuse in Alexandria in 2037.Oct.,2012.
A. I. Khalil M. S. Hassouna H. M. A. El-Ashqar M. Fawzi. Changes in physical,
chemical and microbial parameters during the composting of municipal sewage
sludge. World J Microbiol Biotechnol (2011) 27:23592369
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Acknowledgment
Prof. Alaa El-Din RamadanVice-Dean for Education and Students Affairs
Chemist. Hussein Al AshqarM.Sc. In environmental studies
9N site manager
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