Conference Proceedings
4th International Conference on Agriculture and
Forestry 2017
(ICOAF - 2017)
24th – 25th August, 2017
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Committee of the ICOAF - 2017
The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM)
Tel: +94(0) 11 3132827
ii
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Conference Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry
2017
Edited by Dr. Samih Abubaker, Prof. D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara and Others
ISSN 2362-1036 online
Copyright @ 2017 TIIKM
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Academic Partners:
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Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal, Nepal
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Supporting Ministry:
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Organized By:
The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM)
PROF. D.K.N.G. PUSHPAKUMARA (Co-Chair, ICOAF 2017)
Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
DR. SAMIH ABUBAKER (Co-Chair & Keynote Speaker, ICOAF 2017)
Former Dean, Faculty of Agricultural
Technology, Al-Balqa` Applied University,
Jordan
DR. NAFEES MEAH (Keynote Speaker, ICOAF 2017)
South Asia Representative
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
PROF. S. B. NAVARATHNE (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
DR. P. PERERA (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
DR. R. WIMALASEKERA (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
DR. I. SAFNI (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
DR. A. WINAYA (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
ICOAF 2017 Committee
iv
DR. M. M. MAHUSOON (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
Eastern University, Sri Lanka
DR. T. RAMANADANE (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture
and Research Institute, India
DR. M. MASDOEKIE (Session Chair, ICOAF 2017)
University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
DR. P. D. A. ABEYSUNDARA (Evaluation Panel Member, ICOAF 2017)
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
MR. T. CHANDRATILAKE (Evaluation Panel Member, ICOAF 2017)
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
MR. ISANKA P. GAMAGE (Conference Convener, ICOAF 2017)
The International Institute of Knowledge
Management
MR. OSHADEE WITHANAWASAM (Conference Publication Chair, ICOAF 2017)
The International Institute of Knowledge
Management
MR. VIRAJ MAYADUNNA (Conference Coordinator, ICOAF 2017)
The International Institute of Knowledge
Management
Editorial Board-ICOM 2013
Editors in Chief
Prof. D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. Samih Abubaker, Former Dean, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa` Applied University, Jordan
The Editors in chief is not responsible for the content of any full paper.
Editorial Board - ICOAF- 2017
v
Prof. C. M. B. Dematawewa, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. S. Athauda, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. J. Vidanarachchi, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. (Mrs.) S. Yatigammana, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. M. N. M. Fauzi, Department of Farm Animal Production & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine &
Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Pakistan
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Y. Esa, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Dr S. M. N. Amin, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. P. Mahalakshmi, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India
Dr. P. S. Asha, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India
Dr. N. F. M. Ikhsan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. M. W. Jye, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Dr. K. R. Salin, Asian Institute of Knowledge Management, Thailand
Dr. N. U. Karim, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Dr. R. M. Piah, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Dr. K. Overturf, United States Department of Agriculture, USA
Dr. N.VR. Chatterjee, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, India
Dr. Md. A. Kader, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Dr. P. Santhanam, Bharathidasan University, India
Dr. N. Musa, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (FISHA), Malaysia
Dr. P. Mahalakshmi, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India
Prof. A. H. Al-Harbi, Aquatic Animal Health Life science and Environment Research Institute, Saudi Arabia
Prof. Dr. N. Musa, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (FISHA), Malaysia
Mr. A. Hettiarachchi, Freelance Consultant, Sri Lanka
Scientific Committee - ICOAF- 2017
vi
Table of Contents Page No
01 Identification of Quality Enhancement Methods for Sweet
Orange (Citrus Sinencis) at 50% Maturity Stage
E.K.E.C. Nayana and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi
1-9
02 Implementation of Food Safety Activities: The Case Study in
Mandarin Orange Farmers by Agriculture Cooperative in Japan
Okta Pringga Pakpahan, Kenji Hosono, Masahiro Yamao and
Yoshiharu Shiratake
10-15
03 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Weed Seed Germination in
Paddy Soil Seed Bank
R.M.U.S. Bandara, T.K. Ilangakoon, H.M.M.K.K.H.
Dissanayaka, Y.M.S.H.I.U. De Silva, C.H.Piyasiri and D.M.C.B.
Dissanayaka
16-18
04 Analysis of Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural
Practices in Northern Nigeria
Saliu Akinlabi Tiamiyu, Uduma Bernadette Ugalahi, Timothy
Fabunmi, Rahman O. Sanusi, Enitan Oluwakemi Fapojuwo and
Adebayo Musediku Shittu
19-26
05 Towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by
Microalgae-Livestock Systems Integration: A Review
Aminu Bature, Lynsey Melville and Khondokar Mizanur Rahman
27-39
06 Study on Risk Identification and Pesticide Usage in Paddy
Cultivation in Alayadivembu Divisional Secretariat Division of
Ampara District, Sri Lanka
K. Prasannath, V. Prasannath and S. Sinthuja
40-45
07 Production and Economic Characteristics of Goat Management
Systems in Vavuniya District, Sri Lanka
M. Sarmini, S. Premaratne and S. Kalpana
46-53
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 1-9
Copyright © 2017 TIIKM
ISSN 2362-1036 online
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2017.3101
4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry 2017
IDENTIFICATION OF QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
METHODS FOR SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinencis)
AT 50% MATURITY STAGE
E.K.E.C. Nayana1* and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi1**
1Regional Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Bandarawela
Email: *[email protected]
Abstract: Fruits at 50% maturity stage were selected and six different treatments were applied to
find the best storage conditions where, ambient temperature packed in transparent polythene (T1),
stored in black polythene (T2), without packing (T3), refrigerator packed in transparent polythene
(T4), refrigerator packed in black polythene (T5) and refrigerator without packing (T6).Physiological
characters (weight, firmness, juice content and rotten %) and TSS, pH and Acidity of the initial and
stored fruits were examined on every 7th day for a period of 35 days. Sensory evaluation was
conducted using 10 panelists to find out consumer preferences. During storage period minimum
weight losses (from 85.1g to 73.1g), highest TSS (11.2), gradually decreasing of firmness, increase
of pH ( from 2.6 ± 0.1) and reduction of acidity (from 1.6 ± 0.1 to 1.2 ± 0.06) were observed in fruits
stored in refrigerator with packed of black polythene with glossy appearance yellow colour and 0%
of rotten fruits. Sensory evaluation results of black colour polythene covered fruit stored in
refrigerator had significantly higher (Pr>F 0.05) values such as 98% peel colour appearance, taste
(88) and juice content (88). Therefore, stored in refrigerator packed in black polythene were the best
quality fruits.
Keywords: quality enhancement; Sweet orange;maturity stage; storage conditions
Introduction
Sweet orange (Citrus sinensisL.) is, highly valued fruit crop in Sri Lanka which belongs to family Rutaceae,
subfamily Aurantioideae. At present sweet orange production widely distributed in dry and intermediate zone of
Sri Lanka, mainly in the Anuradhapura, Kurunegala and Badulla districts. The area under this fruit crop is
increasing rapidly as a result of dynamic crop production scheme launched by Government of Sri Lanka. The
sweet orange fruits primarily provide vitamin C and consisted with the other nutrients such as calcium,
potassium, thiamin, niacin and magnesium. Sweet orange fruits were consumed fresh and used in traditional
medicine as well. Therefore, it is increasingly becoming popular among people. Sweet orange variety Sisila was
recently released variety from the Department of Agriculture, which was recommended to the wet and
intermediate zones of Sri Lanka. This variety has good flavor, juice content and especially attractive yellowish
orange peel colour at fully mature stage. However, there are considerable post harvest losses of this sweet
orange fruits since it has shortest shelf life of 5-7 days (Sakhale and Kapse, 2012). Therefore, it is important to
determine different storage methods to extend the shelf life of sweet orange variety Sisila with higher consumer
acceptability for overall quality of orange.
The peel colour and flavor of sweet orange fruits are varying considerably with variety, climatic conditions in
cultivated area, and storage conditions. Therefore, peel colour and flavor are important parameters to catch the
quality perceived by consumers and to create reasonable price limits for farmers. The measure of peel colour
development, total soluble solids (TSS) content, pH, acidity, rotten percentage and firmness of fruits are
E.K.E.C. Nayana and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi / Identification of Quality Enhancement….
2
important to access keeping quality and fruit quality in storage studies. It is necessary to improve storage
conditions to keep sufficient shelf life to utilize the entire production in local as well as export market. Improper
storage results in rapid loss of sugars, ascorbic acids (Faasema et al, 2011). Efforts have been made in this
investigation to extend shelf life of sweet orange variety Sisila with reusable packing materials and storage
conditions.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in year 2013, Horticulture laboratory at Regional Agriculture Research and
Development Centre, Bandaraewla. Sisila oranges at physiologically 50% mature stage were harvested from
commercial orchard in Badulla district, packed in corrugated fiber boxes, transported to the laboratory, selected
for uniformity in size, weight, peel colour and absence of defects. Selected area belongs to up country
intermediate agro ecological zone. Badulla district situated in 1200m height from sea level, there average
temperature range is from 150C to 270Cand annual rain fall is around 1100 – 1400 mm. Red yellow podsolic
soil type is most commonly found in that area.Transparent and black colored low density polyethylene (LDPE)
bags were used as packaging materials with the same gauge of 200. Separately weighed fruits were packed in
transparent and black LDPE bags (200 gauge), as each bag consisting six fruits. Packed (treatments) and
unpacked samples (control) were then stored at ambient (24±1ºC) and refrigeration (8ºC) temperature. Six
treatments were arranged as fruits were stored in ambient temperature, packed in transparent polythene (T1),
packed in black polythene (T2), without packing (T3 – Control) and fruits were stored in refrigeration
condition, packed in transparent polythene (T4), packed in black polythene (T5), without packing (T6 -
Control). Fruit quality parameters were considered from each treatment at weekly interval such as weight, juice
content, pH, TSS (expressed as Brix), Firmness, titratable acidity (TA), rotting percentage and consumer
preference. Laboratory equipments; electrical balance, penetrometer, pH meter and hand held refractometer was
used to measure fruit weight, fruit firmness, pH and TSS respectively.
The experiment arranged according to the Two Factor Factorial Completely Randomized Design with four
replicates. Data were subjected to ANOVA to obtain treatment means using SAS 9.1.3 statistical software. The
statistical differences among treatment means were tested by DUNCAN procedure (P=0.05) test. Sensory
evaluation was done by using trained 10 number of panelist’s evaluation of citrus fruits. The parameters of taste,
colour and juiciness were measure. Ten numbers of panelists were involved for the sensory evaluation.
Results and Discussion
The effect of storage environment, packaging materials and storage period on fruit weight, firmness, juice
content and rotten percentage were mentioned in Table 1. The results revealed that, during the storage period,
highest weight loss was recorded in fruits which were stored ambient temperature without packing. The fruits
packed in black polythene, stored in refrigerator were shown the lowest weight loss.
The weight loss of six treatments was significantly increased with storage period. The main causes for weight
loss were respiration and transpiration at higher temperature and high humidity level at ambient temperature.
Therefore, it was observed that the fruits in ambient temperature without packing progressively increase weight
loss than fruits stored in refrigerator without packing within short storage period. The difference in water vapor
transmission rate in packing materials was affected to change time to reach heavy weight losses. Furthermore
Gonzalez et al., (1990) mentioned lower rate of weight loss of fruits in the package could be due to slow rate of
ripening and prevention of excessive moisture loss.
The storage environment and packing materials were significantly (Pr>F 0.05) affect the firmness of fruits. All
fruits stored under different treatments had gradually increasing possibility of firmness after 21 days storage
except fruit storage in ambient temperature without packing. The firmness of T3 was decline from 1st day of
storage up to 7th day. After on day 7 started again to increase firmness. But, fruits were stored in refrigerator
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 1-9
condition packed in black polythene treatment revealed the gradually reduction of fruit firmness during the
storage period.
According to the Faasema et al., (2011), reason to decrease of fruit firmness could be due to the degradation of
protopectin by pectinatase. The firmness increase could be due to the hardening of the skin or development of
leathery structure as a result of high water loss and the development of shriveling. The texture modifications
through degradation of polysaccharides such as pectins, cellulose and hemicellulose were that could be the
reason to reduce fruit firmness of T5 (Irtwange, 2006).
E.K.E.C. Nayana and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi / Identification of Quality Enhancement….
4
Table1: Fruit physiological characters changes in sweet orange variety “Sisila” with different storage conditions and packing materials during storage period
Store conditions Packing
materials
Parameters Storage periods (Days)
1 7 14 21 28 35
Ambient
temperature
(24ºC)
Transparent
Polythene
(T1)
Weight (g) 87.1 ± 0.3 85.6 ± 0.4 81.7 ± 1.6 78.5 ± 0.3 75.6 ± 0.3 72.1 ± 1.7
Firmness (lb) 15.7 ± 0.5 14.9 ± 1.6 11.1 ± 1.6 8.9 ± 6.1 9.6 ± 1.4 15 ± 16.7
Juice content (ml) 36.2 ± 7.3 34.8 ± 9.3 30.2 ± 5.5 29 ± 19.5 24 ± 10.8 23.8 ± 8.1
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Black
polythene (T2)
Weight (g) 85.6 ± 1.6 83.6 ± 0.3 82.7 ± 1.3 77 ± 0.1 72.5 ± 0.7 69.7 ± 0.03
Firmness (lb) 18.1 ± 0.9 16.4 ± 4.1 15.1 ± 6 12.8 ± 2.2 14.4 ± 3 14.5 ± 0.7
Juice content (ml) 32.4 ± 1.9 31 ± 2.8 28.2 ± 4.4 27 ± 4 25.2 ± 5 25 ± 18.8
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Control
(T3)
Weight (g) 86.7 ± 1.9 78.2 ± 2.3 69 ± 2.7 65.4 ± 3.1 62.8 ± 0.8 57.6 ± 1.9
Firmness (lb) 11.5 ± 1.7 9.7 ± 1.4 16.5 ± 2.3 22.4 ± 2.6 24 ± 7.4 0
Juice content (ml) 37.5 ± 5.4 36.2 ± 9.6 29.5 ± 4.1 28.4 ± 9 27.4 ± 5.8 0
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 50
Refrigerator
(8ºC)
Transparent
Polythene
(T4)
Weight (g) 85.2 ± 0.5 83.4 ± 2.3 81.5 ± 1.7 78.9 ± 1.3 77.6 ± 0.9 74.5 ± 0.6
Firmness (lb) 18.3 ± 2.6 14.8 ± 4.4 12 ± 3 8.4 ± 5.7 10.4 ± 1.5 10.2 ± 1.2
Juice content (ml) 35.2 ± 4.1 29.6 ± 4.9 28.3 ± 2.8 26.6 ± 18.8 25.2 ± 5.1 22.5 ± 6
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Black
polythene (T5)
Weight (g) 85.1 ± 2.6 84.7 ± 0.5 82 ± 1.1 80.4 ± 0.7 77.8 ± 0.4 73.1 ± 1.2
Firmness (lb) 19.1 ± 3.2 18 ± 7.6 14.6 ± 1 12.4 ± 0.9 11 ± 3.6 10.1 ± 3
Juice content (ml) 31.5 ± 1.9 28.8 ± 5.6 27.8 ± 6.8 27.3 ± 11.2 26.2 ± 4.6 25 ± 6.9
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Control
(T6)
Weight (g) 86.3 ± 1.7 83.1 ± 0.6 80.1 ± 1.3 77.5 ± 2.1 72.7 ± 2.3 69.4 ± 0.9
Firmness (lb) 16.4 ± 3.1 15.1 ± 1.7 13.8 ± 1.7 13.1 ± 1.6 14.6 ± 2.5 16.8 ± 3.4
Juice content (ml) 32 ± 4.2 27.7 ± 7.9 27.7 ± 3.2 23.5 ± 5 24.1 ± 5.2 22.4 ± 7
Rotten (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 1-9
Table 2: Fruit biochemical characters changes in sweet orange variety “Sisila” with different storage conditions and packing materials during storage period
Store conditions Packing materials Parameters Storage periods(Days)
1 7 14 21 28 35
Ambient
temperature (24ºC)
Transparent
polythene
(T1)
TSS 9.4 ± 0.3 9.7 ± 0.8 9.7 ± 0.5 9.8 ± 4.6 10.2 ± 0.6 10.4 ± 0.7
Ph 2.7 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 1.4 3.2 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.1
Acidity 1.5 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.7 1.5 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 04
Black polythene
(T2)
TSS 9.7 ± 0.7 10 ± 1 10.1 ± 0.8 10.4 ± 1.4 10.2 ± 0.8 10.2 ± 0.5
pH 2.9 ± 0.7 2.9 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.4 3.2 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.1
Acidity 1.6 ± 0.7 1.5 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.6 1.3 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.1
Control
(T3)
TSS 9.9 ± 1.2 9.9 ± 0.6 10.1 ± 1.2 9.7 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.2 0
pH 2.7 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.2 0
Acidity 1.5 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.05 1.5 ± 0.3 0
Refrigerator (8ºC)
Transparent
Polythene
(T4)
TSS 9.7 ± 0.5 9.8 ± 0.6 9.9 ± 0.8 10.4 ± 5.2 10.6 ± 0.9 10.8 ± 0.6
pH 2.7 ± 0.02 2.9 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 1.4 3.3 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.1
Acidity 1.6 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.1
Black polythene
(T5)
TSS 9.8 ± 0.6 9.9 ± 1.1 10.2 ± 0.9 10.8 ± 1.1 10.9 ± 0.9 11.2 ± 0.7
pH 2.6 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.2 3 ± 0.03 3 ± 0.04 3.2 ± 0.1 3.6 ± 0.08
Acidity 1.6 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.06
Control
(T6)
TSS 9.7 ± 0.2 8.9 ± 0.7 9.6 ± 0.7 9.6 ± 0.5 9.7 ± 1.4 10.8 ± 0.6
pH 2.8 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.08 3.1 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.2 3.3 ± 0.04
Acidity 1.6 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.3
E.K.E.C. Nayana and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi / Identification of Quality Enhancement….
6
Gradual decreasing pattern of juice content had been recorded in all treatments. Sweet orange fruits stored in
refrigerator and packed using black polythene were shown the low reducing pattern of juice content. The reason
to reduce juice content was transpiration of water from fruits.
From the beginning of storage of every treatment up to 28th day (4th week) were not shown significant rotten
percentage of fruits. Significantly higher rotten percentage had been shown in T3 (50%). Therefore, shelf life of
those fruits was end after 28th day and not suitable for human consumption.
In Table 2 was shown the TSS, pH and acidity of sweet orange fruits in different treatments. Different packing
materials and two different environmental conditions had been significantly affected (Pr>F 0.05) the TSS. The
significantly highest TSS values were recorded in fruits stored in refrigerator packed in black polythene (T5).
Throughout the whole experimental period, every treatment in refrigeration condition was shown gradually
increasing of TSS. Moreover, transparent and black polythene covered fruits stored in ambient temperature were
recorded gradual increasing of TSS up to 35th day. After 14th day of storage, TSS value of fruits stored in
ambient temperature without packing (T3) was gradually declined. The fruits of T3 have attained maximum
TSS of 10.10. The decrease in TSS because, exhaustions of acids and the conversion of sugars in to other
organic products as substrate for respiration (Faasma et al, 2011). The same results were recorded by Znidarcic
et al, (2010) as TSS increase in both storage conditions under ambient and refrigerator conditions. Because of
degradation of polysaccharide was reported as possible reason of increasing soluble solids contents in fruits with
the increase of maturity.
Rohani et al, (1997) mentioned, the increase in TSS is related to ripening of fresh commodities while slower
rate of respiration may reduce metabolic activities and thus result in to lower TSS values. The above statement
line with Ishaq et al, (2009), TSS value was considerably increased during storage due to fully conversion of
starches in to soluble sugars. At the same time decline in TSS during storage period attributed to fermentation of
soluble sugars in to alcohol, Co2 and water (Majidi et al, 2011).
The fruits which stored in refrigerator packed in black polythene were recorded significantly increasing pH
value. According to the Castro et al, 2005, pH value was increased with fruit maturity. It has been further
reported that packaging films significantly affected ripening rates of fruit (Faasema et al, 2011).
Acidity value of T5 (Pr>F 0.05) was lower than the acidity of fruits of other storage conditions. The all
treatments except T3 were shown the decreasing values of acidity during storage. Acidity values of T4 and T5
were not significantly different. As in literature, Faasema et al, 2011 mentioned, organic acids decline during
ripening of fruits and they used as substrates for respiration or converted in to sugars. According to that reason
pH value becomes higher.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 1-9
7
Figure1 Peel colour development percentage of sweet orange variety “Sisila” with different packing materials
at ambient temperature
According to the Figure 1, peel colour development percentage was gradually increase up to 35 th day of fruit
packed in transparent and black polythene. After the 28th day, sudden colour development improvement was
seen in black polythene covered samples, but not significantly different. Control sample in ambient temperature
was shown colour development improvement up to 21st day during storage period. After that, development of
discolouration was appeared.
Even though, samples stored in refrigeration condition were shown gradual increasing pattern in colour
development (Figure 2). The slow colour development percentage was observed only in control treatment up to
day 21 and other two treatments were shown significantly (Pr>F 0.05) higher colour development percentage up
to day 35. Within those two treatments, glossy appearance and smoothness were higher in samples packed in
black polythene.
Figure2 Peel colour development percentage of sweet orange variety “Sisila” with different packing materials
at refrigerator condition
E.K.E.C. Nayana and M.A.L.N. Mallawaarachchi / Identification of Quality Enhancement….
8
Sensory evaluation
Consumer preferences were measured by sensory evaluation of sweet orange fruits. Peel colour was measured
as percentage. Significantly highest peel colour development (bright yellow with glossy appearance) was
recorded in fruits stored in refrigerator packed in transparent and black polythene bags. The values were 95%
and 98% respectively. Very poor colour development was observed in fruits stored in ambient temperature
without packing. The reason was, the peel became shriveling by the heavy water losses through transpiration.
Therefore, instead of yellow colour development, brown colour appearance was taken place.
Table 3 Sensory evaluation of sweet orange variety “Sisila” with different treatments
Treatment Parameters
Peel colour (%) Taste Juiciness
T1 62b 58b 48c
T2 65b 63b 49c
T3 25d 12d 13d
T4 95a 72a 82a
T5 98a 88a 88a
T6 40c 28c 57b
CV% 7.2 5.3 11.7
Note: Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different at p=0.05
The value of “taste” was significantly highest in fruits stored in refrigerator packed in black polythene. The
lowest taste was recorded in fruits stored in ambient temperature without packing. The high level of
transpiration at ambient temperature directly affected the lowest quality of fruits. Juiciness also significantly
highest in fruits stored in refrigerator packed in transparent and black polythene.
Conclusion
Results revealed that the shelf life of fruits of Sweet orange variety “Sisila” could be extended in refrigeration
condition by packing with black polythene. Fruit physiological characteristics, biochemical properties and
consumer preferences were highest in fruits in black polythene cover stored under refrigerator. Similarly, fruit
quality was highest in fruits stored in refrigerator packed in black polythene up to day 35. Very poor shelf life
was observed in the fruits stored in ambient temperature without packing. Loss of glossy appearance, shriveling,
symptoms due to water loss and dryness of peel directly affected to the poor consumer preference and
marketability of those fruits.
References
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Breaakge on “Santa Clora”Tomato, Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 3, 49- 54.
Faasema, J., Abu, J. O., and Alakali, J. S., 2011, Effect of packaging and storage condition on the quality of
sweet orange (Citrus cinensis). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(3), 797-804.
Gonzale, G., Yahita, E. M., and Higuera, I., 1990, Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Mango and
Avacado fruit. ActaHort, 1-12.
Irtwang, S. V., 2006, Application of modified atmosphere packaging and related technology in post harvest
handling of fresh fruits and vegetables. AgricEng Inter, 4, 1- 12.
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9
Ishaq, S., Rathore, H. A., Masud, T., and Ali, S., 2009, Influence of post harvest Calcium Chloride application,
ethylene absorbent and modified atmosphere on quality characteristics and shelf life of apricot
(PrunusarmeniacaL.) fruit during storage. Pak. J. Nutr., 8(6), 861- 865.
Majidi, H., Minaeir, S., Almasi, M., and Mostofi, Y., 2011, Total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ripening
index of Tomato in various storage conditions. Aust. J. Basic App.Sci., 5 (12), 1723- 1726.
Rohani, M. Y., Zaipun, M. Z., and Norhayati, M., 1997, Effect of modified atmosphere on the storage life and
quality of Eksotika papaya.Journal of Trop. Agric. Food Sci., 25, 103-113.
Sakhale, B. K., and Kapse, B. M., 2012, Studies on shelf life extension of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L.).
Ïnteernational Food Research Journal, 19(2), 779-781.
Znidarcic, D., Ban, D., Oplanic, M., Karic, l., and Pozrl, T., 2010, Influence of post-harvest temperature on
physiochemical quality of Tomatoes (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill). Journal of Food, Agriculture and
Environment, 8, 21- 25.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 10-15 Copyright © 2017 TIIKM ISSN 2362-1036 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2017.3102
4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry 2017
IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD SAFETY
ACTIVITIES: THE CASE STUDY IN MANDARIN
ORANGE FARMERS BY AGRICULTURE
COOPERATIVE IN JAPAN
Okta Pringga Pakpahan1*
, Kenji Hosono1, Masahiro Yamao
1 and Yoshiharu Shiratake
2
1Hiroshima University, Japan 2Department of Agricultural Economics, Saga University, Japan
Email: *[email protected]
Abstract: A number of high outbreaks have raised questions regarding food quality and safety
assurance. Agriculture cooperatives as food business operators have a central role, challenged to
maintain standard demanded by customers, government, and international code which are
incorporated into their operations activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of
cooperatives in implementing food safety management at production (farmers) and consumer
(exporters, retailers or wholesale) levels. The research employed case studies in prefecture-level
cooperatives in Japan. Data were collected with a diagnostic tool for evaluation of food safety
activities on farms and traders and semi-structured interviews with safety assurance managers of the
cooperatives. Thirty mandarin orange farms, two traders, three cooperative staff, one processing
company and one exporter association, were evaluated. The findings indicate that cooperatives have
the double responsibility of managing quality and safety in the food chain. They are responsible for
operational decisions taken by farmers during cultivation period. At the same time, they make the
tactical decision concerning of quality and safety requirements between customers, and farmers,
including selling the products. Hierarchical relationships farmers with cooperatives and customers
with cooperatives show the good level in food safety activities (score 2). Therefore, this study useful
for assist quality assurance system into the food industry and agriculture sector in Japan.
Keywords: agricultural, cooperatives, food safety
Introduction
The risk of contamination is inherited since the output of one chain actor is the input for the next. Addition, the
performance of implemented food safety activities in food chain determine how satisfactory or unsatisfactory
the output. In line with theses idea, Verbekeet et al., (2006) define food has three credence attributes specifically
classified cannot verify consumers themselves. Firstly, credence production has concern the origin of the
product (e.g., GMO, organic). Secondly, credence processing has concentration the way food processing from
raw material (e.g., free of additives, GM ingredients). Thirdly, credence product contents had relating nutrient
and contamination of food (e.g., gluten, dioxin contamination).
In Japan, Agriculture cooperative had established nationwide by Japan government in 1947, in collaboration
with Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) (Godo, 2014). The principal activities provide
essential information, comprehensive service (i.e., procurement of input and marketing of produce), transferred
knowledge and guided the farmers on farming activity to produce agricultural commodities (Imran et al., 2014).
In additionally, cooperative also have responsibilities quality control of the product which selling under a
cooperative brand. Therefore, during cultivation period cooperatives provide several activities to ensure the
safety and quality product their members are meet with consumers requirements.
OP. Pakpahan et al /Implementation of food safety activities: the case study in…..
11
In order to consumer protection, food safety activities held by agriculture cooperative has arisen a question
relating to Quality Assurance (QA), control and monitoring systems are implemented in farms members. Since,
the study in Thailand (Pongvinyoo, 2015) and Myanmar (Waiyeelin, 2016) showed the QA at farm level
(cultivation process and product standards) is the critical point in the safety food chain. Moreover, food safety
hazards are related consumption of fresh produce such as Salmonella spp. (e.g., tomato, cilantro, peppers),
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (e.g., spinach), Listeria monocytogenes (e.g., cantaloupe outbreak) (Altmann et al.,
2011; Barton Behraveshet et al., 2011; Laksanalamai et al. 2012) appears due to the absence of an adequate
treatment before consumption.
The primary objective of this paper was to evaluate food safety activities in mandarin orange at Saga prefecture,
Japan. Specifically, this paper explores food safety activities during cultivation period, then assessing the current
status of food safety activities.
Quality assurance concepts
Quality assurance (QA) defined by Cruz et al. (2006) as the procedural and operational framework used by an
organization managing activity dealing with control of quality in each step of the process to prevent all hazards
involved in the food processing steps. Luningand Marcelis(2006) define QA systems onto assurance of food
safety depend on technological and managerial aspects. It implies that the safety of the final product is a result
of product characteristics and process conditions (technological), and human behavior and working conditions
(managerial) on the other hand.
The application of QA systems helps in identifying and managing the quality hazards and risks occurring in the
production process, and in providing the consumer with more certainty about the quality of products of origin
(Noordhuizen and Metz, 2005). However, the way in implementing systems and contexts QA which food
industry decides to take it depends on necessary consumers and production chain (Kupper and Batt, 2009).
Several of food safety hazards are related to the consumption of fresh produce due to natural contaminants are
arises from many sources (production activity, postharvest handling, and processing) (Beuchat, 1996).Such as
Salmonella spp (e.g., a tomato-cilantro-peppers outbreak in the USA in 2008), toxigenic molds produce
mycotoxins which are a group of chemical substances commonly grow on fruits (Van de Perre et al., 2013) and
pesticide residues (Van Boxstael et al., 2013). All these groups of hazards were taken into account in the
analysis of food safety activities in farms.
Materials and Methods
This paper uses data from mandarin orange farms in Saga Prefecture, Japan. Midori area was selected
purposively due to the central suppliers export of mandarin orange in Saga Prefecture.. The sample included
thirty mandarin orange farms, two traders, three cooperative staff, one processing company and one
representative exporter association. This study was employed Techno-Managerial approach. It allows studying
the dependence of food safety on the dynamics of the food system. It implies that the final product is a result of
reflected the technological applied during the process and managerial capability with respect to assurance of
food safety and environmental conditions. In the total, 22 indicators of activities were presented to the
respondents. Then, all indicators were ranked by their means and evidence to evaluate the level of food safety
status. The descriptive analysis was used to interpret the results analysis.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 10-15
12
Results
Status of food safety activity applied
Control activities
Table 1 shows the results for the indicators of the actual operation of control activities. The situation of
cooperative scored 3 (advanced level), corresponding to easily available and understandable procedures that
were regularly updated. Staff in cooperative were aware of the content of procedures and were strictly following
them. Even though farmers were mostly working according to habits, the staff of cooperatives gives a lot of
support to make sure the producers comply with their standards. All analyses related to pest, waste and chemical
compounds were done by external accredited labs (score 3, advanced level). Lower scores were given to the
actual performance of equipment and tools which were not known in the farms (score 1, low level). Farmers did
not check actual storage capacity in cooperatives warehouse (score 2, basic level).
Assurance activities
Assurance activities scored mostly 1 (basic level), which means that it was not done by own farmers and needed
cooperative as the third part. Similarly, the validating and verifying their activities by a technical staff (score 2,
average level). An exception was proactively translating stakeholder requirements (score 2, average level) and
using feedback information to update their activities (score 2, average level). All farmers had documentation and
record keeping at an average level (score 2), structured, up to date and computerize while cooperative staff also
has the same activity to make sure that nothing left behind.
Monitoring system design
Most activities were designed according to guidelines and standards (e.g., JGAP) and by using best available
equipment but the methods its need to improve (score 2, average level). Several activities were the hygienic
design of equipment, premises, and tools, which was mostly not considered (score 1, basic level); sanitation
program, incoming materials control and corrective actions, which were based on own knowledge and
experience (score 1, basic level). Cooperatives still not taking microbiological samples (score 1, basic level).
However, farmers were using organic fertilizers, applied according to cooperative suggestion (score 3, advance
level).
Output
Table 1 reveals the results for the indicators of the system output. All farmers were audited by cooperative staff
and buyers (consumers) representatives (score 2 or 3), did not have major recalls (score 3) or complaints about
pesticide residues (score 3). Showed better results for few visual complaints (score 3), the cooperative still not
established a microbiological sampling plan (score 1) with no idea of criteria (score 1), but was recording the
non-conformities of received products (score 3). All were sampling for pesticide residues on a cooperative level
(score 2).
Food safety activity assessing
In order to ensure quality and safety of mandarin orange farmers, cooperatives not only supporting and
monitoring cultivation period. Also, invest and construct their warehouse near the production area. The
characters of the warehouse are that: (1) the cooperatives construct the warehouse directly and make
investments in constructions and facilities; (2) all the input products are monitoring by technical staff and
accomplished with cooperatives criteria;(3) most mandarin orange from farms are selling in fresh.
OP. Pakpahan et al /Implementation of food safety activities: the case study in…..
13
Table 1. Result of FSMS-DI analysis
Therefore, cooperative under the food safety management activity has managerial activity and technological
aspect integrated into their business activity (Table 2).
Specificity, 8 indicators from managerial aspects and 15 indicators from technological aspects were performed
in food safety activities. The 23 indicators were all scored from assigned score 1 to 2 (53%) to assigned score 2 -
3 (32%) and assigned score 3 (15%). This result can be summarized that 68 percent of assessed QA activities
from the questionnaires were performed in "lower than moderate" and the other 32 percent of assessed QA
activities were performed in "moderate" level. An overall food safety activities by agriculture cooperatives
represent a lower level of validation of food quality and safety activities. These indicators could be considered
as challenges to the upgrade of food safety activities.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 10-15
14
Table 2. Assigned scores for food safety and quality activities
Managerial
Aspects Indicators Overall
score
Mean
score
Assigned
score
Decision-making
Identify critical control points 63 1.7 1
Validation 73 2.5 1
Traceability 86 3 3
Quality behavior Training 85 2.4 2-3
advice and support farming activity 85 2.7 2-3
Certification (Brand)
Sampling & laboratory analysis 75 2.0 2
Cross-check farming activity 78 2.5 2
Documentation & record 83 3 3
Technological
Cultivation period
Identification input 71 3 3
Pest identification 68 1.5 1
Chemical compound control 72 2.0 2
Waste system 69 2.0 2
Worker hygiene 65 1.5 1
Equipment hygiene 65 2.5 2
Warehouse
Chemicals 69 2.0 2
Cooling storage 75 2.0 2
Wash equipment hygiene 72 2.0 2
Packaging material 74 2.8 2-3
Quality control 73 2.8 2-3
Distribution Cleaning procedure 74 2.3 2
Cooling transport hygiene 69 1.5 1
Retail practices Traceability 82 3 3
Final food preparation Shelf life 84 2.9 2-3
Note : 0 – 1 Basic, 2 moderate, 2 – 3 Higher than moderate, 3 Advanced
Discussion
Contract sale between customers with cooperatives demonstrated adjusting levels of food safety activities and
less risky organization and chain, associated with the presence of a technical person with expertise in food
safety, higher competences of workers and more sophisticated logistic facilities. Moreover, commonly include
specifications on quality and safety parameters, which require further coordination between members and the
cooperative, and between the cooperative and the customers. These differences can be partially attributed to
differences in countries food control agreement.
Furthermore, additional training and advice by the cooperative correlated to farming activities, especially
regarding the knowledge-intensive assurance activities. These efforts were triggered by market demands from
retailers and other buyers as the cooperative was selling a large percentage of the mandarin oranges via
contracts.
OP. Pakpahan et al /Implementation of food safety activities: the case study in…..
15
Conclusions
This study expands the topic by defining the activities through which cooperatives play a role in food quality
and safety management in the fresh produce chain. This study identified a two-step role of cooperatives in the
supply chain. The first step, they are responsible for supply chain management, including tactical decisions
about coordination of quality and safety between farmers and customers. The second step, cooperatives sell the
products of their members and make strategic decisions about the governance of food safety requirements in the
supply chain, which ultimately may have an outcome single market channel. This condition was linked to
cooperatives effort put in a supply chain management and farming activities support during the cultivation
period. Such as control activities and assurance activities, training, and advice to the members to implement
quality and safety demanded cooperatives, providing logistics, sorting, packaging and traceability of the
products.
References
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2011.Timeliness of surveillance during outbreak of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coliinfection, Germany, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17.
Barton Behravesh, C., R. K. Mody, J. Jungk, L. Gaul, J. T. Redd, S. Chen, S. Cosgrove, E. Hedican, D.Sweat, L.
Chávez- Hauser, S. L. Snow, H. Hanson, T.-A. Nguyen, S. V. Sodha, A. L. Boore,E. Russo, M. Mikoleit, L.
Theobald, P. Gerner-Smidt, R. M. Hoekstra, F. J. Angulo, D. L.Swerdlow, R. V. Tauxe, P. M. Griffin, and I. T.
Williams. 2011. 2008 Outbreak of SalmonellaSaintpaul Infections Associated with Raw Produce. New England
Journal of Medicine.364:918-927.
Cruz, A. G., S. A. Cenci, and M. C. A. Maia. 2006. Quality assurance requirements in produceprocessing.
Trends in Food Science & Technology. 17:406-411.
Godo, Y. (2014). The Japanese Agricultural Cooperative System: An Outline.
http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=248&print=1. (accessed 15 Nov 2016).
Imran, Z., Yamao, M., Hosono, K., and Hiratani, K. (2014). Transformation of Japanese agriculturecooperative
toward trans pacific partnerships. Agricultural and Fisheries Economics ofHiroshima University. (14) 16 – 21.
Kupper, G and Batt, P.J, 2009. Barriers to the adoption of quality assurance systems in the food and beverage sector. Online ISSN: 1945-9656.
Laksanalamai, P., L. A. Joseph, B. J. Silk, L. S. Burall, C. L. Tarr, P. Gerner-Smidt, and A. R. Datta. 2012.
Genomic Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Involved in a Multistate Listeriosis Outbreak
Associated with Cantaloupe in US. PLoS ONE. 7:e42448.
Luning, P. A., and W. J. Marcelis. 2006. A techno-managerial approach in food quality managementresearch.
Trends in Food Science & Technology. 17:378-385.
Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M and Metz, J.H.M., 2005. Quality control on dairy farms with emphasis on publichealth,
food safety, animal health and welfare. Livestock Production Science. 94, 51-59.
Pongvinyoo, P. 2015. Development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Thailand: A case study of Thai
National GAP selected products. Hiroshima University. Doctoral Thesis.
Van Boxstael, S., I. Habib, L. Jacxsens, M. De Vocht, L. Baert, E. Van De Perre, A. Rajkovic, F. Lopez-Galvez,
I. Sampers, P. Spanoghe, B. De Meulenaer, and M. Uyttendaele. 2013. Food safetyissues in fresh produce:
Bacterial pathogens, viruses and pesticide residues indicated as majorconcerns by stakeholders in the fresh
produce chain. Food Control. 32:190-197.
Van de Perre, E., N. Deschuyffeleer, L. Jacxsens, F. Vekeman, W. Van Der Hauwaert, S. Asam, M.Rychlik, F.
Devlieghere, and B. De Meulenaer. 2013. Screening of moulds and mycotoxinsintomatoes, bell peppers, onions,
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Verbeke, W., Scholdere, J., and Frewer, L. 2007. Consumer perception of safety in agri-food chain. Safety in the
agri-food chain. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp 619-646.
Waiyeelin. 2016. Integrated Food Control Systems Toward Food-Safety and Trade-Promotion in Myanmar.
Hiroshima University. Doctoral Thesis.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 16-18 Copyright © 2017 TIIKM ISSN 2362-1036 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2017.3103
4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry 2017
EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON
WEED SEED GERMINATION IN PADDY SOIL
SEED BANK
R.M.U.S. Bandara*, T.K. Ilangakoon, H.M.M.K.K.H. Dissanayaka, Y.M.S.H.I.U. De
Silva, C.H.Piyasiri and D.M.C.B. Dissanayaka
Rice Research and Development Institute, Batalagoda, Ibbagamuwa, Sri Lanka
Email: *[email protected]
Abstract: A pot experiment was conducted employing CRD to study how weed seeds are
germinated in paddy soil seed bank under elevated temperatures in 2015/16 maha season. Pots were
filled with top soils up to 12cm and kept at 04 different temperatures namely 270C, 300C, 350C and
400C in a controlled growth chamber. Relative humidity of the growth chamber was maintained at
80%. Seedling counts were recorded at 10 days intervals up to one month. Results revealed that
Counts of Seedling Germinated (CSG) of all types of weeds (Grasses, Sedges and Broadleaves)
showed a significant increment at elevated temperature of 35oC. The CSG of sedges was not
significantly increased at 35oC. But the CSG of grasses and broadleaves types of weeds showed a
significant increment at elevated temperature of 35oC. Beyond 35oC CSG showed a significant
decline in all types of weeds. Elevated temperature up to 35oC causes significant increment in count
of seedling germinated and beyond 35oC it causes significant decline in count of seedling germinated
in tested paddy soils under 80% RH level. There is a potential of increasing populations of weed
species like Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Lindernia rotundifolia and Monochoria
vaginalis in rice growing fields under elevated temperatures.
Keywords: Elevated Temperature, Germination, Soil Seed-Bank
Introduction
The temperature and light are the most important environmental factors that promote the seed germination in
the soil when water is available (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). For most of the plants, if the light and water are
available, the temperature of the soil determines the fraction of the germinated seeds and the rate of the
germination (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). The germination of the seeds is a complex process where several
reactions and individual factors are involved, every process affected by the temperature (K. C. Gairola et al.,
2011). The temperature affects the germination and the state of dormancy of the seeds and the seasonal changes
of the dormancy state of the seeds of some species is directly related to the seasonal temperature changes. Some
species can present the seeds with the light requirement for the germination at one temperature and in another,
the light insensitivity (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). Seed germination is affected by the ecological conditions
prevailing in the habitat; it depends on several environmental conditions such as light, temperature, moisture
germination media (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). It is well known that seed of certain species have different
temperature responses according to variety and provenances and also reasonable to believe that these responses
are adaptive success or failure of a population in a particular environment depends on the way of its germination
responses fit in to the ecological conditions of the habitat (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). Thus in most of the seeds,
the rate of germination are strongly governed by temperature (K. C. Gairola et al., 2011). In order to study the
weed seeds germination with elevated temperatures this study was conducted.
R.M.U.S. Bandara et al / Effect of Elevated Temperature on…..
17
Materials and Methods
A pot experiment was conducted within a growth chamber at Rice Research and Development Institute,
Batalagoda during maha2015/2016 season. Soil was collected from a paddy field and mixed well. Black
coloured plastic pots having the height of 15cm and inner mouth diameter of 15cm were filled with the soil up
to 12cm and kept at 04 different temperatures namely 270C (room temperature), 300C, 350C and 400C in a
controlled growth chamber for 10days. Relative humidity of the growth chamber was maintained at 80%.
Seedling counts were recorded. Data were analysed adopting ANOVA using SAS software package. Counts
data were square root transformed and checked for the normality prior to analysis.
Results and Discussion
Figure 01. Count of Seedlings Germinated (CSG) under different temperatures
As shown in figure 01 CSG of all 03 types of weeds showed an increment at elevated temperature of 35oC. The
CSG of sedges was not significantly increased at 35oC. But the CSG of grasses and broadleaves types of weeds
showed a significant increment at elevated temperature of 35oC. Beyond 35oC CSG showed a significant decline
in all 03 types of weeds. Gairola et al. (2011) reported that Speed of germination was recorded highest at 35°C
(8.40±0.44) and lowest at 22°C (0.11±0.10). Different species showed different patterns of germination.
Ludwigia octovalvis seedling counts were decreasing with increasing temperatures. Echinochloa crus-galli
seedling counts were increasing with increasing temperatures. Seedling counts of Leptochloa chinensi,
Lindernia rotundifolia and Monochoria vaginalis were increasing with increasing temperature up to 350C and
decreased beyond 350C. Seedling counts of Cyperus deformis were decreasing with increasing temperature up to
300C and then increasing with increasing temperatures. It is concluded that different weed species behave
differently with increasing temperatures.
Co
un
ts o
f S
eed
lin
g
Ger
min
ate
d
Temperature in Centigrade
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 16-18
18
Conclusion
It is concluded that different weed species behave differently with increasing temperatures. Elevated
temperature up to 35oC causes significant increment in count of seedling germinated and beyond 35oC it causes
significant decline in count of seedling germinated in tested paddy soils under 80% RH level. There is a
potential of increasing populations of weed species like Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensi, Lindernia
rotundifolia and Monochoria vaginalis in rice growing fields under elevated temperatures.
References
Gairola, K. C., Nautiyal, A. R. and Dwivedi, A. K., 2011, Effect of Temperatures and Germination Media on Seed Germination of Jatropha Curcas Linn. ADVANCES IN BIORESEARCH, Volume 2, Issue 2, December
2011: 66 – 71
Gorai M, Neffati M. 2007. Germination responses of Reaumuria vermiculata to salinity and temperature. Annals
of Applied Biology 151: 53–59.
Grice AC, Westoby M. 1987. Aspects of the dynamics of the seed banks and seedling populations of Acacia
victonae and Cassia spp. In western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 12, 209–215.
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Huang Z, Zhang XS, Zheng GH, Gutterman Y. 2003. Influence of light, temperature, salinity and storage on
seed germination of Haloxylon ammodendron. Journal of Arid Environment 55: 453–464.
Jame YW, Cutforth HW. 2004. Simulating the effects of temperature and seeding depth on germination and
emergence of spring wheat. Agricultural and Forrest Meteorology 124: 207-218.
Koocheki A, Zarif Ketabi H. 1996. Determination of optimum temperature for seed germination and the
evaluation of the effects of salinity and water deficit on some forage species. Journal of Biaban. 1(1): 45-56.
Li L, Tsao R, Liu Z, Liu S, Yang R, Young JC, Fu Z. 2005. Isolation and purification of acteoside and
isoacteoside from (Plantago psyllium L.) by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of
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Loka DA, Oosterhuis DM. 2010. Effect of high night temperatures on cotton respiration, ATP levels and
carbohydrate content. Environmental and Experimental Botany 68:258–263.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 19-26 Copyright © 2017 TIIKM ISSN 2362-1036 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2017.3104
4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry 2017
ANALYSIS OF FARMERS‟ ADOPTION OF
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Saliu Akinlabi Tiamiyu1*
, Uduma Bernadette Ugalahi1, Timothy Fabunmi
2,
Rahman O. Sanusi2, Enitan Oluwakemi Fapojuwo
2 and Adebayo Musediku Shittu
2
1National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, PMB 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria 2Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
E-mail:*[email protected]
Abstract: Climate change is becoming a threat to sustainable agricultural production and food
security in Africa. Farmers need to be more resilient to climate change and produce more food
through adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices. The objective of this study was to
determine the extent of farmers‟ adoption of selected Climate Smart Agricultural practices in the
North Western geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select
sample of 577 farmers who cultivate rice and maize as major crops across three distinct vegetation
strata. Data were collected through interview schedule with the aid of questionnaire. Data were
analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that adoption of the selected agricultural
practices was generally low. Agronomic components were the mostly adopted practice. Practices
such as Integrated Pest/Weed Management, agro-forestry, efficient soil fertilization and water
management were not highly adopted. Bush burning remained a major setback towards effort of
building resilience to climate change in the study area. Sensitization of farmers on reality of climate
change and the need to adopt climate smart practices towards reduction of adverse effect of climate
change should continue. Policy and support programme that would enhance dissemination of
Climate-Smart Agricultural practices to a larger proportion of farmers is recommended.
Keywords: Climate Change, Climate Smart Practices, Adoption, Nigeria
Introduction
Agricultural activities relied greatly on climate. It determines the pattern of vegetation, types and yields of crops
and animals as well as the length of cropping seasons. It follows therefore that any change in climate may affect
the production and supply of food and raw materials thereby enhancing or limiting the capacity of agriculture to
play its major role as supplier of food and industrial raw materials. Climate change has been fairly rapid in many
regions around the world in the last few decades, while greenhouse gas emission keeps on increasing. The
uncertainty as to how the trend of climate change and greenhouse gas emission will continue in the future raises
many questions related to food security, one of which is whether the aggregate productivity of global agriculture
will be affected. According to FAO, 2014 climate change is likely to cause considerable crop yield losses
thereby adversely affecting small holder livelihoods in Africa. As a result, food security and income generation
opportunities for the farming households that are most reliant on agriculture may be in jeopardy (FAO, 2014). It
is projected that crop yield in Africa may fall by 10-20% by 2050 or even up to 50% due to climate change
(Jones, 2003, Nwaobiala and Nottidge, 2013). This is because African agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and
hence fundamentally dependent on the vagaries of weather (Zoellick, 2009). It is therefore, important that
measures are taken to mitigate the consequences of climate changes. The recent adoption of the Paris Agreement
demonstrates the global acknowledgement of the negative impacts of climate change to human populations and
the environment. The challenges of how to turn the promises of that historic Paris climate change agreement
into reality necessitates the need for an agricultural practices that would help farmers produce more, be more
Saliu Akinlabi Tiamiyu et al / Analysis of Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Smart…..
20
resilient to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, crops, and land use change.
Climate Smart Agriculture was developed to address those important needs.
Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices ensure food sufficiency despite unsuitable climatic conditions. This
is achieved through several soil management practices that sequester carbon in the soil, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and aids intensify production (FAO, 2013). Above all the practices enhance the natural resource base.
The most important premise of CSA is the building of healthy soils through increasing the soil organic matter
status of the soil. Soil management practices for CSA include; direct seeding under reduced-tillage (Zheng et al.,
2014); improved protective soil cover through cover crops, crop residues or mulch (Muzangwa et al., 2013); and
crop diversification through rotations (Lin, 2011; Davis et al., 2012). Integrated soil fertility management, which
involves combining inputs of organic matter i.e. mulch, compost, crop residues and green manure with
fertilizers to prevent macro- and micro-nutrient deficiencies is a good CSA practice as well (FAO, 2013).
Several studies on climate and agriculture have been carried out in Nigeria. Some of them focused on the effect
of climatic variables on agricultural production (Ogbuene, 2010, Olanrewaju, 2010, Ogundelele and Jegede,
2011, Akpenpuun and Busari 2013, Nwaobiala and Nottidge 2013, Oluyole, et al, 2013, Tiamiyu, et al, 2015)
while some reported farmers‟ perception of climate change and adaptation strategies (Ayanlade, et al 2017).
From these studies it is obvious that climate change is real and has significantly impacted on agricultural
production in Nigeria. Although studies have shown that various adaptation strategies were adopted by farmers
against the effect of climate change, little is specifically known about farmers‟ adoption of Climate Smart
Agricultural practices in Nigeria. The objective of this study therefore, is to analyse the extent of adoption of
CSA among cereals farmers in North Western Nigeria. The study is expected to provide baseline information
which can be used in formulating new policy and supportive programmes towards adoption of Climate Smart
Agricultural Practices by cereals farmers in Nigeria.
Methodology
The study was conducted in four states located in the North Western geo-political zone of Nigeria. The study
area lies between Latitude 5.064o to 13.087o East and Longitude 3.662o to 13.087o North. Major vegetation
strata of the area are guinea savannah, Sudan savannah and Sahel savannah which are suitable for production of
various kinds of crops especially maize and rice. Primary data was collected through interview schedule with
structured questionnaires. The interview was conducted by the researchers in conjunction with trained
enumerators chosen from among the staff of Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) of the selected
states. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondent farmers that provided information for this
study. The first stage involved purposive selection of one zone (North West) from the list of six geo-political
zones in Nigeria. The second stage involves selection of four states (Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi, Sokoto) from the list
of states in the selected zone based on predominant vegetation strata. The third stage of sampling was the
selection of villages from each Agricultural Development zones of the selected states. In the fourth stage, 10 to
15 farmers were randomly selected from each selected villages on the basis of probability proportionate to size.
A total of 577 respondents across three vegetation strata provided information for the study. The distribution of
sample respondents is as presented in Table 1.
The following Climate Smart Agricultural Practices (Branca, 2011, FAO, 2013, Saguye, 2017) were examined:
i. Agronomic practices (Improved seed varieties, crop rotation, intercropping, cover crop);
ii. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (Organic fertilizer, efficient use of inorganic fertilizer);
iii. Tillage and residue Management (Conservation tillage, incorporation of crop residues);
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iv. Water Management (Irrigation, bunds, terracing, Contouring, water harvesting);
v. Integrated Pest Management (blend of cultural, biological and chemical control);
vi. Agro-forestry (Intercropping crops and trees, Live fencing).
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including arithmetic mean and percentage. Adoption rate was
based on the percentage of adopters in the total sample (Saguye, 2017). The following criteria were used to rank
the rate of adoption:
Adoption rate greater than 70% = very high,
Adoption rate within 60 to 70% = high,
Adoption rate within 50 to 59% = fairly high,
Adoption rate within 40 to 49% = fairly low
Adoption rate below 40% = very low.
Table 1: Distribution of respondent sample according to location
Location Guinea savannah Sudan Savannah Sahel Savannah Total
Kaduna 149 1 2 152
Kano 1 104 36 141
Kebbi 2 61 91 154
Sokoto 6 0 124 130
Total 158 166 253 577
Source: Field Survey, 2017
Results and Discussion
Generally farmers‟ adoption rates of the agricultural practices examined in this study were very low. This
finding corroborates with a recent study which similarly indicated low adoption of climate smart agriculture in
Ethiopia (Saguye, 2017). Practices such as planting of early maturing, drought tolerant and use of farm yard
manure/compost were highly adopted. Cultivation of disease/pest resistant varieties and intercropping cover
crops with main crop(s) to improve soil fertility were also fairly adopted while adoption of other components of
climate smart practices was low. Distribution of respondents according to the level of awareness and adoption of
the selected practices were presented in Tables 2 to 7.
Table 2 presents the rates of awareness and adoption of agronomic practices. Cultivation of early maturing and
drought tolerant varieties was the most highly adopted practice. Cultivation of disease/pest resistant varieties
and intercropping cover crops with main crops as a way of improving soil fertility was also highly adopted.
Growing appropriate mix of crops in rotation on same parcel was fairly adopted. The high adoption of early
maturing and drought tolerant varieties is expected in view of short rainfall duration in the zone. Another reason
for high adoption of improved seed varieties is the favourable policy environment for development and
distribution of improved seed varieties to farmers. There is a specialized body- National Seed Certification
Council of Nigeria - which was established specifically to administered seed release and production in the
country. Research and extension activities were also widely focused on breeding of improved varieties which
has led to the release of some rice varieties to farmers (NCRI, 2014).
Saliu Akinlabi Tiamiyu et al / Analysis of Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Smart…..
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Table 2: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Agronomic practices
Agronomic practices Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adopted
(%)
Cultivation of early maturing and drought
tolerant varieties
13 24 63
Cultivation of disease/pest resistant varieties 20 25 55
Intercropping cover crops with main crop(s)
to improve soil fertility
20 24 56
Growing appropriate mix of crops in rotation
on same parcel
17 34 49
Fertilization
Fertilizer use enhances the capacity of improved seed varieties to express yield potential optimally. To be
climate smart however, the blend of both organic manure and inorganic fertilizer is recommended (FAO, 2013).
The level of awareness and adoption of fertilization is presented in Table 3. Farm yard manure was the most
adopted among the fertilization components. This could be attributed to mixed farming practices which make
farm yard manure relatively cheaper than other source of manure in the study area. However, farmers apply the
farm yard manure based on availability, there was no standard rate. The adoption of green manure and inorganic
fertilizer micro-dosing was very low. The low adoption of green manure is attributed to scarcity and lack of
knowledge on composite preparation and low awareness of the agro-forestry practices that would have enable
them to generate green manure cheaply on farmers‟ fields. Awareness of fertilizer micro-dosing was also low.
The reason was attributed to lack of training facilities and lack of access to soil testing equipments.
Table 3: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Fertilization practices
Fertilization practices Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adopted (%)
Deliberate cultivation and ploughing in of certain leguminous plants into the soil as
green manure
44 22 34
Preparation and use of Farm Yard Manure
and/or Compost
17 22 61
Efficient application of fertilizers in split - small but repeated -dosages based on
assessments of crop needs – micro-dosing
42 22 36
Tillage and residue management
Level of awareness and adoption of Tillage and Residue Management practices is presented in Table 4.
Generally the adoption rates of the practices was low. Awareness of incorporating plant residue into the soil
instead of burning during land preparation was very low. The practice of bush burning is common because of
the general believe that it provide cheap source of potash fertilizer. However, farmers lack the knowledge of the
danger pose by the practice to the environment. Low adoption of minimum tillage could be attributed to the
availability of tractor hiring services which makes cultivation of large expanse of land easy.
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Table 4: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Tillage and Residue Management practices
Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adopted (%)
Retention / incorporation of refuse into the
soil rather than burning
22 29 49
Minimizing tillage operation to conserve soil
moisture and health
33 34 33
Water management
Level of awareness and adoption of Water Management practices is presented in Table 5. Considering the short
rainfall duration of the Sudan and Sahel savannah which constitute more than half of the total land area of the
North Western zone of Nigeria, it is highly expected that large proportion of farmers in the study area should
adopt water management practices. The result showed a very low aadoption of the practice. The reason could be
traced to low level of technical knowledge.
Table 5: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Water Management practices
Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adopted (%)
Construction of terraces on sloppy / hilly
farmland
35 26 39
Use of Drip or Sprinkler Irrigation in
upland/dryland conditions
51 25 24
Use of controlled flooding before & during cultivation – i.e. alternate wet and dry systems
- in flooded rice / lowland production systems
48 22 30
Water harvesting and conservation by
construction of bounds
42 28 30
Mulching to conserve soil water 34 28 38
Integrated Pest Management
As presented in Table 6, the adoption rate of IPM was very low despite a fairly high awareness of the practice.
Although several training and lecture on IPM have been delivered by experts, the dissemination of the practice
to the end user especially biological and cultural methods by extension workers was rarely demonstrated.
Table 6: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Pest Management practices
Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adopted (%)
Integrated pest and/or weed management 49 22 29
Agro-forestry
The study area is mainly Sudan and Sahel savannah which are prone to desertification. The dissemination of this
practice to farmers is expected to be intensive in the study area. Contrary to expectation, the rate of adoption of
Agro-forestry is very low as presented in Table 7. Farmers in this area have exposure to tree planting; however
they prefer planting those ones that generate economic benefit in the short run. Trees like mango, oranges,
neem, shea and locust bean are commonly preserved by farmers in the study area for economic reason. Training
on agro-forestry practices should be extended to the famers in the study area.
Saliu Akinlabi Tiamiyu et al / Analysis of Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Smart…..
24
Table7: Level of awareness and adoption of Climate Smart Agro-forestry Practice
Agro-forestry practice Not aware (%) Aware but never
adopted (%)
Adoption rate
(%)
Integration cultivation of appropriate tree species along with crops on farm land either
by block planting, alley cropping, etc. –
agroforestry
46 29 25
Conclusion
The study examined the extent of farmers‟ adoption of climate smart agricultural practices as baseline for
intervention on climate mitigation measures. The results indicate that a large proportion of respondents was not
aware of most of the practices and so, adoption of most of the practices examined were very low. Agronomic
practices in term of cultivation of high yielding, drought tolerant, disease and pest resistant seed varieties was
the most adopted practice due to long time of research and extension activities on seed varieties as well as
favourable government policy and support prograrmme on seed production and utilization in the country.
Adoption of Integrated Pest Management, water management, integrated soil fertility management and agro-
forestry were very low. Burning of plant residues is a practice that farmers found very difficult to stop. This
raise the question as to when the age long practice of bush burning will end especially when considering the risk
posed by bush burning to climate change mitigation measure. Effort should be made to encourage farmers in the
study area to adopt climate smart agricultural practices as a whole by following the recommendations as listed:
- Sensitization campaign on reality of climate change and the need to adopt climate smart practices
towards reduction of adverse effect of climate change should be intensified.
- Policy and supportive programmes towards climate change mitigation and adaptation in the study area
should focus on adoption of all Climate Smart Agricultural practices especially those ones that were
not highly adopted by farmers.
- Efforts should be made by research institution to train extension staff properly about all the
components of climate smart agricultural practices.
- Extension staff should in turn disseminate extensively accurate information on Climate-Smart
Agricultural practices to cover a larger proportion of farmers in the study area.
- Government should provide incentives and enabling policy environment towards adoption of good
CSA practices in general and specifically those ones that were not highly adopted.
- Tree planting campaign should be modified in such a way that economic trees would be
accommodated.
- Credit facilities should be provided in order to enhance the capacity of farmers in procuring the
necessary climate smart inputs
Acknowledgement
This study was carried out by Federal University of Agriculture (FUNAAB), Abeokuta in collaboration with the
National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi, as part of the ECOWAS-RAAF-PASANAO project
0824/2016: „Incentivizing Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in Cereals Production in Nigeria:
The Socio-cultural and Economic Diagnosis‟ which was funded by the Regional Agency for Agriculture and
Food (RAAF) of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) under the Support Programme
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 19-26
25
for Food and Nutrition Security in West Africa (PASANAO). We appreciate the efforts of all the project
participants from FUNAAB, NCRI and the Agricultural Development Programmes of Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi and
Sokoto states towards the successful data collection in the North Western zone of Nigeria.
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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, 2017, pp. 27-39 Copyright © 2017 TIIKM ISSN 2362-1036 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2017.3105
4th International Conference on Agriculture and Forestry 2017
TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS BY MICROALGAE-LIVESTOCK
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION: A REVIEW
Aminu Bature1*
, Lynsey Melville2**
and Khondokar Mizanur Rahman2***
1Birmingham City University and PTDF Nigeria 2Birmingham City University
Emails: *[email protected]
Abstract: By reviewing the literatures on the interrelationships between livestock agriculture and
sustainable development in developing countries, this paper aims to explore how adapting and
modifying livestock systems management with alga-culture can contribute to the United Nations
(UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Specific objectives were to perform an in-depth
analysis of relevant interdisciplinary literature using Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
(SWOT) framework to identify knowledge gaps, and isolate sections of opportunities and
uncertainties that could shed light into areas that require further research. This is then followed by a
quid pro quo synthetization of areas of linkage between livestock and microalgae cultivation using
the SDGs as a unifying platform. The review identifies where integrated microalgae-livestock
systems inclusion may have direct impact on achieving the SDGs targets such as clean water and
sanitation (SDG6), hunger and malnutrition (SDG2), climate change (SDG13), responsible
consumption and production (SDG12), and life on land (SDG15). Moreove