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Bibliography: Metals handbook Vol. 2 Xa Ed.
The copper has a red-orange colour.
Melting temperature is 1083 C.
Lattice structure is FCC. Lattice structure is FCC.
Density of 8,900 Kg/m3 (3xAl).
Elastic Modulus 130 GPa.
Low electric resistivity (17 n at 20C).
Good thermal conductivity.
High corrosion resistance, (it is before hydrogen
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High corrosion resistance, (it is before hydrogenin electrochemical series).
High ductility and malleability (therefore highpossibility of conducting current in fine andflexible wire).
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Copper in pennies (USA)
1793-1837 US penny made from pure Cu
1837-1857 US penny bronze (Cu-Sn)
1857 penny 88% Cu + 12%Ni (whitish appearance) 1857 penny 88% Cu + 12%Ni (whitish appearance)
1864-1962* US penny bronze (95% Cu+5% Zn and
Sn)
1962-1982 - 95 percent Cu + 5% Zn
1982-present Cu-plated Zn (97.5%Zn + 2.5% Cu)
* In 1943, the coin's composition was changed to zinc-
coated steel - due to the critical use of copper for the war
effort.
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Over time, the copper roofs of Canada's Parliament Buildings and the statue of
liberty become covered with a layer of copper acetate, which produces the green
colour and prevents further corrosion.
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Typical applications Cu alloys
Electricity conduction (power/data Electricity conduction (power/data
transmission)
Heat conduction (radiators)
Marine condensers, or exposed marine
fixtures (heat/salt water exposure)fixtures (heat/salt water exposure)
Coin blanks (pennies)
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Effect of additions on conductivity
All decreaseAll decrease
conductivity
especially P
Then Si, Fe,
Ar, Be
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Deoxidizers Li, Na, Be, Mg, B, Al, C, Si and P can be used
Ca, Mg and Zn sometimes normally other roles
Requirements of a deoxidizer Requirements of a deoxidizer
1. affinity for oxygen in molten copper
2. relatively inexpensive compared to copper and any
other additions
EXAMPLE
Zn normally solid-solution strengthener, sometimes added Zn normally solid-solution strengthener, sometimes added
in small amounts as deoxidizer
In tin bronze, traditionally use P thus Phosphor bronzes
In chromium-coppers Si not P:
P severely reduces electrical conductivity
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Relative electrical and thermal conductivites
of commercially pure metals (at 20C)
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Cu and Cu Alloys
Advantages
Good corrosion
Disadvantages
Susceptibility to hydrogen Good corrosion
resistance
Excellent electrical and
thermal conduction
Variance in colour with
alloy addition (aesthetic
value)
embrittlement, stress
corrosion cracking
Relatively low
strength/weight alloy (when compared to Al or steel)
Properties are subject to
dramatic changes withvalue)
Ease of fabrication due
to excellent ductility
(rolled stamped, drawn)
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dramatic changes with
varying alloy content
(i.e. conductivity decreases
substantially with increasing
impurity content)
Copper and its alloys
Family Alloying element Solid solubility at%Family Alloying element Solid solubility at%
Brasses Zinc (Zn) 37
Phosphor bronze Tin (Sn) 9
Al bronze Aluminium (Al) 19
Si bronze Silicon (Si) 8
Cu-nickel,Nickel- Nickel (Ni) 100Cu-nickel,Nickel-
silver
Nickel (Ni) 100
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Copper and its alloys
Solid solution alloys (Zn, Sn, Al, Si) Solid solution alloys (Zn, Sn, Al, Si)
Age-hardenable alloys (Be, Zr, Cr)
Insoluble alloying elements (lead, tellurium,
selenium)
Deoxidizers (Li, Na, Mg, B, Al, C, Si and P) Deoxidizers (Li, Na, Mg, B, Al, C, Si and P)
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Name UNS Number Composition
Wrougth Alloys Copper C10100-C15760 > 99% Cu
Copper C16200-C19600 > 96% Cu
Brass C20500-C28580 Cu-Zn
Lead Brass C31200-C38590 Cu-Zn-Pb
Lead Brass C40400-C49080 Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb
Phosphorus Bronze C50100-C52400 Cu-Sn-P
P-Pb Bronze C53200-C54800 Cu-Sn-Pb-P
Cu-P and Cu-Ag-P Alloys C55180-C55284 Cu-P-Ag Cu-P and Cu-Ag-P Alloys C55180-C55284 Cu-P-Ag
Aluminium Bronze C60600-C64400 Cu-Al-Ni-Fe-Si-Sn
Silicon Bronze C64700-C66100 Cu-Si-Sn
Other Cu-Zn alloys C66400-C69900 . . . .
Copper Nickel C70000-C79900 Cu-Ni-Fe
Copper Nickel - Silver C73200-C79900 Cu-Ni-Zn
Cast Alloys Copper C80100-C81100 > 99% Cu
Copper C81300-C82800 > 94% Cu
Red and Pb Brass C83300-C85800 Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb (75-89% Cu)
Yellow and Pb Brass C85200-C85800 Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb (57-74% Cu)
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Yellow and Pb Brass C85200-C85800 Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb (57-74% Cu)
Mn and Mn-Si Brass C86100-C86800 Cu-Zn-Mn-Fe-Pb
Silicon Bronze and Brass C87300-C87900 Cu-Zn-Si
Sn and Sn-Pb Bronze C90200-C94500 Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb
Ni-Sn Bronze C94700-C94900 Cu-Ni-Sn-Zn-Pb
Aluminium Bronze C95200-C95810 Cu-Al-Fe-Ni
Copper Nickel C96200-C96800 Cu-Ni-Fe
Nickel-Silver C97300-C97800 Cu-Ni-Zn-Pb-Sn
Copper-Leas C98200-C98800 Cu-Pb
Different alloys C99300-C99750 . . . .
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The oxygen has a very
low solubility in Cu solid low solubility in Cu solid
solution; therefore even a
very low percentage
induces the precipitation
of oxide Cu2O, which
decrease the copper
electric conductivity.
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electric conductivity.
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Brasses
%Cu %Zn Brass
95 5 Gilding metal95 5 Gilding metal
90 10 Commercial bronze
85 15 Red brass
80 20 Low brass
70 30 Cartridge brass70 30 Cartridge brass
65 35 Yellow brass
60 40 Muntz metal (+)
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Brasses
Alloys of Cu-Zn - cheaper than Cu
Solid solution to ~38% Zn (~32.5% Zn)
3 alloys: 3 alloys:
(cold working alloys),
+ ,
(hot working alloys)
Strength increases a lot in the + region
Ductility drops more brittle
7030 or 6535 brass:
high strength,
high ductility
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Cu-Al phase diagram
aluminum bronzes
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Influence of Al on properties of bronzes
Increase ductility Increase ductility
(if adding < 8%)
what happens at 8%?
Increase strength
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Cu-Ni phase diagram
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Influence of Ni on properties
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Alloy C26000
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Brass ribbon (1 mm depth)
200
300
400
500
200 300 400 500 600 700 800Tensile strength [MPa]
Annealing Temperature[C]
0,12Alloy C22600.
0
0,03
0,06
0,09
0,12
200 400 600 800
Grain Size [mm]
Annealing Temperature[C]
Ribbon (1 mm - 1 hour
annealed) for jewellery.
Initial grain size of 0,035 mm,
cold rolled - 50% of
reduction.
60
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0
20
40
60
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Elongation %
(50 m
m)
Annealing Temperature [C]
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Age hardenable
1.87% Be solutionised @
800C, quenched, aged 4h
@ 350C.@ 350C.
intermediate
CuBe phase
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